abstract

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Medical Terminology A Living Language

CHAPTER

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

SIXTH EDITION

Endocrine System

11

Endocrine System at a Glance

• Endocrine glands secrete hormones

• Hormones regulate body activities

 Metabolic rate

 Water and mineral balance

 Immune system reactions

 Sexual functioning

continued on next slide

Endocrine System at a Glance

• Organs

 Adrenal glands

 Ovaries

 Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)

 Parathyroid glands

 Pineal gland

 Pituitary gland

 Testes

continued on next slide

Endocrine System at a Glance

• Organs

 Thymus gland

 Thyroid gland

Endocrine System Combining Forms

• acr/o – extremities

• aden/o – gland

• adren/o – adrenal glands

• adrenal/o – adrenal glands

• calc/o – calcium

• crin/o – to secrete

• gluc/o – glucose

continued on next slide

Endocrine System Combining Forms

• glyc/o – sugar

• gonad/o – sex glands

• iod/o – iodine

• kal/i – potassium

• ket/o – ketones

• mineral/o – minerals, electrolytes

continued on next slide

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Endocrine System Combining Forms

• natr/o – sodium

• ovari/o – ovary

• pancreat/o – pancreas

• parathyroid/o – parathyroid gland

• pineal/o – pineal gland

• pituitar/o – pituitary gland

• radi/o – radiation

• somat/o – body continued on next slide

Endocrine System Combining Forms

• testicul/o – testes

• thym/o – thymus

• thyr/o – thyroid gland

• thyroid/o – thyroid gland

• toxic/o – poison

Endocrine System Suffixes

• –dipsia thirst

• –emic pertaining to a blood condition

• –pressin to press down

• –tropic pertaining to stimulating

• –tropin to stimulate

Anatomy and Physiology of the Endocrine System

• Collection of glands

• Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream

 Chemicals that act on target organs

 Increase or decrease target's activity level

• Instrumental in maintaining homeostasis

 Maintain stable internal environment continued on next slide

Anatomy and Physiology of the Endocrine System

• Two types of glands in body

 Exocrine glands and endocrine

glands

• Exocrine glands

 Release secretions into duct that carries them to outside of body

 Example: sweat glands

continued on next slide

Anatomy and Physiology of the Endocrine System

• Endocrine glands

 Release hormones directly into

bloodstream

 Have no ducts, referred to as ductless glands

 Example: thyroid gland

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Adrenal Glands

• Two glands, one located above each kidney

• Each gland is composed of two sections:

 Adrenal cortex

 Adrenal medulla

Adrenal Cortex

• Hormones are referred to as corticosteroids

 Secreted by adrenal cortex

 Steroid hormones

• Three different families of corticosteroids

 Mineralocorticoids

 Glucocorticoids

 Steroid sex hormones continued on next slide

Adrenal Cortex

• Mineralocorticoid

 Example: aldosterone

 Regulates sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels

• Glucocorticoid

 Example: cortisol

 Regulates carbohydrates

continued on next slide

Adrenal Cortex

• Steroid sex hormones

 Androgens, estrogen, and

progesterone

 Regulate secondary sexual characteristics

Adrenal Medulla

• Inner portion

• Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

 Epinephrine is also called adrenaline

• Critical during emergency situations

 Increases blood pressure

 Increases heart rate

 Increases respiration rate Figure 11.1 The adrenal glands. These glands sit on top of each kidney. Each adrenal is subdivided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. Each region secretes different hormones.

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Ovaries

• Two ovaries located in pelvic cavity of females

• Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone

• Estrogen is responsible for:

 Female sexual characteristics

 Regulation of menstrual cycle

continued on next slide

Ovaries

• Progesterone

 Maintains suitable uterine environment

for pregnancy

Figure 11.2 The ovaries. In addition to producing ova, the ovaries secrete the female sex hormones,

estrogen and progesterone.

Pancreas

• Located along lower curvature of stomach

• Only organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions

continued on next slide

Pancreas

• Exocrine portion

 Releases digestive enzymes through

duct into duodenum

• Endocrine sections of the pancreas

 Islets of Langerhans

 Produce insulin and glucagon

continued on next slide

Pancreas

• Insulin

 Produced by beta cells

 Stimulates cells of body to take in glucose from bloodstream

 Lowers blood sugar level

 Occurs after eating a meal and absorbing carbohydrates

continued on next slide

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Pancreas

• Glucagon

 Produced by alpha cells

 Stimulates liver to release stored glucose into bloodstream

 Raises blood sugar levels

 Occurs when body needs more glucose

Figure 11.3 The pancreas. This organ sits just below the stomach and is both an exocrine and an

endocrine gland. The endocrine regions of the pancreas are called the islets of Langerhans and they secrete insulin and glucagon.

Parathyroid Glands

• Four tiny glands

• Located on dorsal surface of thyroid gland

continued on next slide

Parathyroid Glands

• Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

 Regulates level of calcium in

bloodstream

• If calcium levels in blood fall too low:

 Parathyroid hormone levels in the blood increase

 Stimulate bone breakdown

 Releasing more calcium into bloodstream

Figure 11.4 The parathyroid glands. These four glands are located on the posterior side of the thyroid

gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone.

Pineal Gland

• Small pine cone-shaped gland

• Part of thalamus region of brain

• Secretes melatonin

• Not well understood, but plays a role in regulating body's circadian rhythm

 24-hour clock that governs periods of wakefulness and sleepiness

continued on next slide

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Figure 11.5 The pineal gland is a part of the thalamus region of the brain. It secretes melatonin.

Pituitary Gland

• Small marble-shaped gland

• Located underneath brain

• Divided into anterior and posterior lobes

• Regulated by hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary

• Growth hormone (GH)

 Also called somatotropin

 Stimulates cells to grow and divide

• Prolactin (PRL)

 Stimulates milk production in breast

• Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

 Stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin

continued on next slide

Anterior Pituitary

• Referred to as "master gland"

 Secretes hormones that regulate other

endocrine glands

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

 Regulates function of thyroid gland

• Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

 Regulates function of adrenal cortex

continued on next slide

Anterior Pituitary

• Gonadotropins

 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

 Luteinizing hormone (LH)

• FSH

 Responsible for development of ova and sperm

 Also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen

continued on next slide

Anterior Pituitary

• LH

 Stimulates secretion of sex hormones

 Plays a role in releasing ova in females

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Posterior Pituitary

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

 Also called vasopressin

 Promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules

• Oxytocin

 Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery

 After birth stimulates release of milk from breast

Figure 11.6 The pituitary gland lies just underneath the brain. It is subdivided into anterior and

posterior lobes. Each lobe secretes different hormones.

Figure 11.7 The anterior pituitary is sometimes called the master gland because it secretes many

hormones that regulate other glands. This figure illustrates the different hormones and target tissues for the anterior pituitary.

Testes

• Two oval glands located in scrotum

• Secrete male sex hormone, testosterone

• Testosterone

 Produces male secondary sexual characteristics

 Regulates sperm production

Figure 11.8 The testes. In addition to producing sperm, the testes secrete the male sex hormones,

primarily testosterone.

Thymus Gland

• Located in mediastinum

• Part of immune system

• Also endocrine gland

 Secretes thymosin

continued on next slide

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Thymus Gland

• Thymosin

 Essential for growth and development of

thymic lymphocytes or T cells

 Critical part of body's immune system

• Present at birth and grows to largest size during puberty

• At puberty begins to shrink and eventually is replaced with connective and adipose tissue

Figure 11.9 The thymus gland. This gland lies in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity, just above

the heart. It secretes thymosin.

Thyroid Gland

• Located on either side of trachea

• Resembles a butterfly in shape

• Divided into right and left lobes

continued on next slide

Thyroid Gland

• Thyroid hormones

 Thyroxine (T4)

 Triiodothyronine (T3)

• Needs iodine to make hormones

• These hormones:

 Regulate energy production

 Adjust metabolic rate

continued on next slide

Thyroid Gland

• Also secretes calcitonin (CT)

 Regulates level of calcium in

bloodstream

• If calcium levels in blood rise too high:

 Calcitonin levels in blood increase

 Increases deposition of calcium into bone

 Lowers levels of calcium in bloodstream

continued on next slide

Thyroid Gland

• Minimum rate of metabolism necessary to support function of the body at rest is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

• Its action is opposite of parathyroid hormone

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Figure 11.10 The thyroid gland is subdivided into two lobes, one on each side of the trachea.

Additional Combining Forms

• acr/o – extremities

• aden/o – gland

• adren/o – adrenal gland

• adrenal/o – adrenal gland

• calc/o – calcium

• carcin/o – cancer

• chem/o – drug

• cortic/o – outer portion continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• crin/o – to secrete

• cyt/o – cell

• glyc/o – sugar

• glycos/o – sugar

• gynec/o – female

• immun/o – protection

• kal/i – potassium

• ket/o – ketones continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• lapar/o – abdomen

• lob/o – lobe

• mast/o – breast

• natr/o – sodium

• neur/o – nerve

• ophthalm/o – eye

• or/o – mouth

• ovari/o – ovary continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• pancreat/o – pancreas

• parathyroid/o – parathyroid gland

• pineal/o – pineal gland

• pituitar/o – pituitary gland

• radi/o – ray

• retin/o – retina

• testicul/o – testes

• thym/o – thymus gland continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• thyr/o – thyroid gland

• thyroid/o – thyroid gland

• toxic/o – poison

• vas/o – vessel

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Additional Suffixes

• -al pertaining to

• -an pertaining to

• -ar pertaining to

• -ary pertaining to

• -dipsia thirst

• -ectomy surgical removal

• -edema swelling

• -emia blood condition continued on next slide

Additional Suffixes

• -emic relating to a blood condition

• -graphy process of recording

• -ia condition

• -ic pertaining to

• -ism state of

• -itis inflammation

• -logy study of

continued on next slide

Additional Suffixes

• -megaly enlarged

• -meter instrument to measure

• -oma tumor

• -osis abnormal condition

• -pathy disease

• -prandial relating to a meal

• -scopic pertaining to visually examining

continued on next slide

Additional Suffixes

• -tic pertaining to

• -uria urine condition

Additional Prefixes

• anti- against

• endo- within

• ex- outward

• hyper- excessive

• hypo- insufficient

• pan- all

• poly- many

• post- after

Building Anatomical Terms

• Ovarian



 Pertaining to the ovary

• Testicular



 Pertaining to the testes

ovari/o + -an

testicul/o + -ar

continued on next slide

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Building Anatomical Terms

• Thymic



 Pertaining to the thymus gland

• Thyroidal



 Pertaining to the thyroid gland

thym/o + -ic

thyroid/o + -al

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Hyperkalemia



 Condition of excessive potassium in the blood

• Glycosuria



 Condition of sugar in the urine

+ kal/i + -emiahyper-

glycos/o + -uria

continued on next slide

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Gynecomastia



 Condition of female breasts

• Hyponatremia



 Condition of insufficient sodium in the blood

+ natr/o + -emiahypo-

+ mast/o + -iagynec/o

Diabetes Mellitus Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

• Also called Type 1

• Develops early in life

• Destruction of islet cells

• Person makes too little insulin

• Must take insulin injections

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

• Also called Type 2

• Develops later in life

• Person makes enough insulin, but it has lost ability to regulate cells

• Do not take insulin

• Treated by diet, exercise, and oral medications

Building Pathology Terms

• Retinopathy



 Disease of the retina

• Acromegaly



 Enlarged extremities

retin/o + -pathy

acr/o + -megaly

continued on next slide

Building Pathology Terms

• Thyrotoxicosis



 Abnormal condition of thyroid gland poisoning

• Adenocarcinoma



 Cancerous tumor of a gland

thyr/o + -osis+ toxic/o

aden/o + -oma+ carcin/o

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Building Diagnostic Terms

• Postprandial



 Relating to after a meal

post- + -prandial

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Glucometer



 Instrument to measure glucose

• Lobectomy



 Surgical removal of a lobe

gluc/o + -meter

lob/o + -ectomy

continued on next slide

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Pinealectomy



 Surgical removal of pineal gland

• Thyroidectomy



 Surgical removal of thyroid gland

pineal/o + -ectomy

thyroid/o + -ectomy

Combining Forms Match Up

1. acr/o

2. estr/o

3. kal/i

4. natr/o

5. toxic/o

a. extremities

b. female

c. sodium

d. potassium

e. poison