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10/31/2017

Medical Terminology A Living Language

CHAPTER

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

SIXTH EDITION

Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System Combining Forms

• amni/o – amnion

• cervic/o – neck, cervix

• chori/o – chorion

• colp/o – vagina

• culd/o – cul-de-sac

• dilat/o – to widen

• embry/o – embryo

• episi/o – vulva continued on next slide

Female Reproductive System Combining Forms

• estr/o – female

• fet/o – fetus

• gynec/o – woman, female

• hymen/o – hymen

• hyster/o – uterus

• lact/o – milk

• mamm/o – breast

• mast/o – breast continued on next slide

Female Reproductive System Combining Forms

• men/o – menses, menstruation

• metr/o – uterus

• nat/o – birth

• o/o – egg

• oophor/o – ovary

• ov/o, ov/i – ovum

• ovari/o – ovary

• perine/o – perineum continued on next slide

Female Reproductive System Combining Forms

• salping/o – uterine tubes, fallopian tubes

• tox/o – poison

• uter/o – uterus

• vagin/o – vagina

• vulv/o – vulva

Female Reproductive System Suffixes

• –arche beginning

• –cyesis state of pregnancy

• –genesis produced

• –gravida pregnancy

• –oid resembling

• –para to bear (offspring)

• –partum childbirth

continued on next slide

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Female Reproductive System Suffixes

• –salpinx uterine tube

• –tocia labor, childbirth

Female Reproductive System Prefixes

• ante- before, in front of

• contra- against

• primi- first

Female Reproductive System at a Glance

• Functions

 Produces ova

 Provides location for fertilization

 Provides location for development of

fetus

 Secretes female sex hormones

 Produces milk to nourish infant

continued on next slide

Female Reproductive System at a Glance

• Organs

 Breasts

 Uterine tubes

 Ovaries

 Uterus

 Vagina

 Vulva

Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System

• Ovaries produce ova

• Fallopian (uterine) tubes are most common site for fertilization to take place

• Uterus provides location for development of fetus

• Breasts nourish infant

• Ovaries produce female sex hormones

continued on next slide

Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System

• Internal genitalia located in pelvic cavity

 Uterus

 Two ovaries

 Two uterine (fallopian) tubes

 Vagina

• External genitalia

 Collectively called vulva

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Figure 10.1 The female reproductive system, sagittal view showing organs of the system in relation

to the urinary bladder and rectum.

Ovaries

• Two almond-shaped glands

• Located on each side of pelvic cavity

• Produce and release ova

 Approximately every 28 days

• Secretes female sex hormones

Figure 10.2 Structure of the ovary and uterine (fallopian) tube. Figure illustrates stages of ovum

development and the relationship of the ovary to the uterine tube.

Ovaries

• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

 Secreted by the anterior pituitary

 Stimulate maturation of ovum

 Trigger ovulation

continued on next slide

Ovaries

• Estrogen and progesterone

 Secreted by ovary

 Prepare endometrium to receive fertilized ovum

 Female secondary sexual characteristics

Uterine Tubes

• Also called fallopian tubes or oviducts

• Purpose is to transport ovum from ovary to uterus

• Fertilization typically occurs within upper half of fallopian tubes

continued on next slide

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Uterine Tubes

• 5-1/2 inches long

• Project from either side of uterus

• End with finger-like projections

 Fimbriae

Figure 10.4 Uterine (fallopian) tube, showing released ovum within the uterine tube.

Uterus

• Pear shaped organ in center of pelvic cavity

• Regions

 Fundus

 Corpus

 Cervix

continued on next slide

Uterus

• Endometrium

 Inner layer

• Myometrium

 Middle layer

 Thick muscle

• Perimetrium

 Outer layer

Endometrium

• Inner layer of uterus

• Contains rich blood supply

• Reacts to estrogen and progesterone

• Thickens to receive ovum

• Fertilized egg implants here

• Provides nourishment and protection to embryo

Menstruation

• Menstrual period

 When pregnancy does not occur

 Endometrium is sloughed off

• Menarche

 First menstrual period

• Menopause

 End of menstrual activity and childbearing

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Figure 10.5 The uterus. Cutaway view shows regions of the uterus and cervix and its relationship to

the uterine (fallopian) tubes and vagina.

Vagina

• Thin muscular tube

• Lined with mucous membrane

• Extends from cervix to outside of body

 Vaginal orifice

• Allows for passage of menstrual flow

continued on next slide

Vagina

• Serves as birth canal

• Hymen

 Thin membranous tissue

 Partially covers external vaginal opening

• Bartholin's glands

 Secrete mucus for lubrication during intercourse

Figure 10.6 The vagina, sagittal section showing the location of the vagina and its relationship to the

cervix, uterus, rectum, and bladder.

Vulva

• Labia majora and minora

 Folds of skin

 Protective covering

 Also protects urinary meatus

• Clitoris

 Erectile tissue

• Perineum

 Region between vaginal orifice and anus Figure 10.7 The vulva.

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Breasts

• Also called mammary glands

• Lactiferous glands

 Produce milk

 Lactation

continued on next slide

Breasts

• Lactiferous ducts

 Carry milk to nipple

 Areola is pigmented area around nipple

Figure 10.8 The breast, cutaway view showing both internal and external features.

Pregnancy

• Gestation

 Period of pregnancy

 40 weeks

• Premature

 Birth before 37 weeks of gestation completed

Figure 10.9 A full-term pregnancy. Image illustrates position of the fetus and the structures

associated with pregnancy.

Pregnancy

• Embryo

 From implantation into endometrium

until eight weeks

 Major organs and systems are formed

• Fetus

 Ninth week until birth

 Organs mature and begin to function

continued on next slide

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Pregnancy

• Infant is surrounded by two membranous sacs

• Amnion

 Inner sac

 Holds amniotic fluid in which fetus floats

continued on next slide

Pregnancy

• Chorion

 Outer sac

 Protective

 Forms part of placenta

Placenta

• Provides nourishment for fetus

• Spongy blood-filled organ

• Forms in uterus next to fetus

• Commonly called afterbirth

• Fetus attached to placenta by umbilical cord

Additional Combining Forms

• abdomin/o – abdomen

• amni/o – amnion

• bi/o – life

• carcin/o – cancer

• cervic/o – cervix

• chori/o – chorion

• colp/o – vagina

• culd/o – cul-de-sac continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• cyst/o – bladder

• dilat/o – to widen

• embry/o – embryo

• episi/o – vulva

• fet/o – fetus

• fibr/o – fibers

• gynec/o – woman

• hem/o – blood continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• hemat/o – blood

• hymen/o – hymen

• hyster/o – uterus

• lact/o – milk

• lapar/o – abdomen

• later/o – side

• leuk/o – white

• mamm/o – breast continued on next slide

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Additional Combining Forms

• mast/o – breast

• men/o – menstruation

• metr/o – uterus

• nat/o – birth

• olig/o – scanty

• oophor/o – ovary

• or/o – mouth

• ovari/o – ovary continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• pelv/o – pelvis

• perine/o – perineum

• py/o – pus

• radic/o – root

• rect/o – rectum

• salping/o – uterine tube

• son/o – sound

• tox/o – poison continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• uter/o – uterus

• vagin/o –vagina

• vulv/o – vulva

Additional Suffixes

• -al pertaining to

• -algia pain

• -an pertaining to

• -ary pertaining to

• -cele protrusion

• -centesis puncture to withdraw fluid

• -cyesis pregnancy

• -ectomy surgical removal continued on next slide

Additional Suffixes

• -gram record

• -graphy process of recording

• -ia condition

• -iasis abnormal condition

• -ic pertaining to

• -ine pertaining to

• -itis inflammation

• -logy study of continued on next slide

Additional Suffixes

• -lytic destruction

• -nic pertaining to

• -oid resembling

• -oma tumor

• -opsy to view

• -osis abnormal condition

• -otomy cutting into

• -para to bear continued on next slide

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Additional Suffixes

• -partum childbirth

• -pexy surgical fixation

• -plasty surgical repair

• -rrhagia abnormal flow condition

• -rrhaphy suture

• -rrhea discharge

• -rrhexis rupture

• -salpinx uterine tube continued on next slide

Additional Suffixes

• -scope instrument for viewing

• -scopy process of viewing

• -tic pertaining to

• -tocia labor and childbirth

Additional Prefixes

• a- without

• ante- before

• bi- two

• contra- against

• dys- abnormal, difficult

• endo- within

• in- not

• intra- inside continued on next slide

Additional Prefixes

• multi- many

• neo- new

• nulli- none

• peri- around

• post- after

continued on next slide

Additional Prefixes

• pre- before

• primi- first

• pseudo- false

• ultra- beyond

Building Anatomical Terms

• Fetal



 Pertaining to the fetus

• Mammary



 Pertaining to a breast

fet/o + -al

mamm/o + -ary

continued on next slide

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Building Anatomical Terms

• Embryonic



 Pertaining to the embryo

• Uterine



 Pertaining to the uterus

embry/o + -nic

uter/o + -ine

Building Pregnancy Terms

• Multigravida



 Many pregnancies

• Nulligravida



 No pregnancies

multi- + -gravida

nulli- + -gravida

continued on next slide

Building Pregnancy Terms

• Primigravida



 First pregnancy

• Postpartum



 After childbirth

primi- + -gravida

post- + -partum

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Hematosalpinx



 Blood in uterine tube

• Amenorrhea



 Without menstrual flow

hemat/o + -salpinx

a- + -rrhea+ men/o

continued on next slide

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Dystocia



 Difficult childbirth

• Mastalgia



 Breast pain

dys- + -tocia

mast/o + -algia

Building Pathology Terms

• Endocervicitis



 Inflammation within cervix

• Hysterorrhexis



 Rupture of uterus

endo- + -itis+ cervic/o

hyster/o + -rrhexis

continued on next slide

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Building Pathology Terms

• Perimetritis



 Inflammation around uterus

• Pseudocyesis



 False pregnancy

peri- + -itis+ metr/o

pseudo- + -cyesis

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Mammogram



 Record of the breast

• Colposcopy



 Process of visually examining the vagina

mamm/o + -gram

colp/o + -scopy

continued on next slide

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Amniocentesis



 Puncture amnion to withdraw fluid

• Biopsy



 View of life

amni/o + -centesis

bi/o + -opsy

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Intrauterine



 Pertaining to inside the uterus

• Hysteropexy



 Surgical fixation of the uterus

intra- + -ine+ uter/o

hyster/o + -pexy

continued on next slide

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Laparotomy



 Cutting into the abdominal cavity

• Mastectomy



 Surgical removal of breast

lapar/o + -otomy

mast/o + -ectomy

Combining Forms Match Up

1. colp/o

2. episi/o

3. lact/o

4. nat/o

5. salping/o

a. vulva

b. uterine tubes

c. vagina

d. birth

e. milk

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Male Combining Forms

• andr/o – male

• balan/o – glans penis

• crypt/o – hidden

• epididym/o – epididymis

• genit/o – genitals

• orch/o – testes

• orchi/o – testes

• orchid/o – testes continued on next slide

Male Combining Forms

• pen/o – penis

• prostat/o – prostate

• spermat/o – sperm

• testicul/o – testes

• vas/o – vas deferens

• vesicul/o – seminal vesicle

Male Suffixes

• –cide to kill

• –plasia formation of cells

• –spermia condition of sperm

Male Reproductive System at a Glance

• Functions

 Produces sperm

 Delivers sperm to female reproductive tract

 Secretes male sex hormones

continued on next slide

Male Reproductive System at a Glance

• Organs

 Bulbourethral glands

 Epididymis

 Penis

 Prostate gland

 Seminal vesicles

 Testes

 Vas deferens

Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System

• Testes produce sperm

• Vas deferens and epididymis transport semen

• Reproductive glands add vital fluids to sperm

 Produces semen

• Penis delivers semen to vagina

• Testes produce male sex hormones

 Testosterone continued on next slide

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Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System

• Located outside the body

 Penis

 Two testes

 Two epididymides (plural for

epididymis)

Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System

• Located in pelvic cavity

 Two vas deferentia (plural for vas

deferens)

 Two seminal vesicles

 Prostate gland

 Two bulbourethral glands

Figure 10.20 The male reproductive system, sagittal section showing the organs of the system and

their relation to the urinary bladder and rectum.

Testes

• Singular is testis; also called testicles

• Oval-shaped organs in scrotum

• Produce sperm

continued on next slide

Testes

• Secrete testosterone

 Necessary for proper development of

sperm

 Stimulates growth and development of male reproductive organs

 Produces male secondary sexual characteristics

Spermatogenesis

• Process that produces sperm

 Occurs within seminiferous tubules of

testes

continued on next slide

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Spermatogenesis

• The testes must be maintained at proper temperature for sperm to survive

 This lower temperature level is achieved

by suspending testes in scrotum outside body

 Scrotum is sac that contains testes, epididymides, and beginning of vas deferentia Figure 10.21

Electronmicrograph of human sperm. (Juergen Berger, Max-Planck Institute/Science Photo Library/Science Source)

Epididymis

• Coiled tube-shaped organ

• Lies on top of testes within scrotum

• Location for sperm maturation and storage

• Releases sperm into vas deferens

Vas Deferens

• Carries sperm from epididymis up into pelvic cavity

 Travels up in front of urinary bladder,

over top, and then back down posterior side of the bladder

 Empties into urethra

Penis

• Contains erectile tissue

• Increased blood flow during sexual stimulation results in erection

 Ejaculation of semen

Urethra

• Serves a dual function:

 Elimination of urine

 Ejaculation of semen

 During ejaculation, sphincter closes to

keep urine from escaping

10/31/2017

Spermatic Cord

• Cord-like structure between pelvic cavity and scrotum

• Consists of:

 Two vas deferentia

 Nerves

 Arteries

 Veins

 Lymphatic vessels

Seminal Vesicles

• Two glands

• At base of urinary bladder

• Connected to vas deferens just before it empties into urethra

continued on next slide

Seminal Vesicles

• Secrete a fluid that nourishes sperm

 Rich in glucose

• This fluid, along with sperm, constitutes semen

 Fluid ejaculated during sexual intercourse

Prostate Gland

• Single gland located just below urinary bladder

• Surrounds urethra

 Vas deferens empties into urethra within prostate

continued on next slide

Prostate Gland

• Secretes alkaline fluid

 Neutralizes pH of urethra and vagina

 Critical for sperm survival

• Enlargement of prostate puts pressure on both urethra and vas deferens

 Causes problems with both urination and ejaculation

Bulbourethral Gland

• Also known as Cowper's glands

• Two small glands

 Either side of urethra

 Just below prostate

• Secrete mucus-like lubricating fluid

10/31/2017

Additional Combining Forms

• andr/o – male

• balan/o – glans penis

• carcin/o – cancer

• crypt/o – hidden

• epididym/o – epididymis

• genit/o – genital

• hydr/o – water

• immun/o – protection continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• olig/o – scanty

• orch/o – testes

• orchi/o – testes

• orchid/o – testes

• pen/o – penis

• prostat/o – prostate gland

• rect/o – rectum

• spermat/o – sperm continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• testicul/o – testicle

• ur/o – urine

• urethr/o – urethra

• varic/o – dilated vein

• vas/o – vas deferens

• vesicul/o – seminal vesicle

Additional Suffixes

• -al pertaining to

• -ar pertaining to

• -cele protrusion

• -ectomy surgical removal

• -gen that which produces

• -iasis abnormal condition

• -ic pertaining to

• -ile pertaining to continued on next slide

Additional Suffixes

• -ism state of

• -itis inflammation

• -logy study of

• -lysis destruction

• -oid resembling

• -oma tumor

• -osis abnormal condition

• -ostomy create a new opening continued on next slide

Additional Suffixes

• -otomy cutting into

• -pexy surgical fixation

• -plasia growth

• -plasty surgical repair

• -rrhea discharge

• -spermia sperm condition

10/31/2017

Additional Prefixes

• a- without

• an- without

• anti- against

• dys- abnormal, difficult

• epi- upon

• hyper- excessive

• hypo- below

• trans- across

Building Anatomical Terms

• Balanic



 Pertaining to the glans penis

• Penile



 Pertaining to the penis

balan/o + -ic

pen/o + -ile

continued on next slide

Building Anatomical Terms

• Testicular



 Pertaining to the testes

• Vasal



 Pertaining to the vas deferens

testicul/o + -ar

vas/o + -al

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Aspermia



 Condition of no sperm

• Balanorrhea



 Discharge from the glans penis

a- + -spermia

balan/o + -rhea

continued on next slide

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Oligospermia



 Condition of too few sperm

• Spermatolysis



 Sperm destruction

olig/o + -spermia

spermat/o + -lysis

Building Pathology Terms

• Cryptorchidism



 State of hidden testes

• Carcinoma



 Cancerous tumor

crypt/o + -ism+ orchid/o

carcin/o + -oma

continued on next slide

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Building Pathology Terms

• Prostatitis



 Inflammation of the prostate gland

• Hyperplasia



 Excessive growth

prostat/o + -itis

hyper- + -plasia

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Transurethral



 Pertaining to across the urethra

• Orchidopexy



 Surgical fixation of a testis

+ urethr/o + -altrans-

orchid/o + -pexy

continued on next slide

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Balanoplasty



 Surgical repair of the glans penis

• Vasovasostomy



 Create a new opening between the vas deferens and the vas deferens

balan/o + -plasty

vas/o + -ostomy+ vas/o

Combining Forms Match Up

1. andr/o

2. balan/o

3. crypt/o

4. orch/o

5. spermat/o

a. testes

b. glans penis

c. sperm

d. male

e. hidden