abstract

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Medical Terminology A Living Language

CHAPTER

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

SIXTH EDITION

Urinary System

9

Urinary System Combining Forms

• azot/o – nitrogenous waste

• bacteri/o – bacteria

• cyst/o – bladder

• glomerul/o – glomerulus

• glycos/o – sugar, glucose

• home/o – sameness

• hydr/o – water

• keton/o – ketones continued on next slide

Urinary System Combining Forms

• meat/o – meatus

• nephr/o – kidney

• noct/i – night

• olig/o – scanty

• protein/o – protein

• pyel/o – renal pelvis

• ren/o – kidney

continued on next slide

Urinary System Combining Forms

• ureter/o – ureter

• urethr/o – urethra

• urin/o – urine

• ur/o – urine

Urinary System Suffixes

• -lith stone

• -lithiasis condition of stones

• -ptosis drooping

• -uria condition of the urine

Urinary System at a Glance

• Functions of urinary system

 Maintain stable internal environment

 Remove waste products

 Adjust water and electrolyte levels

 Maintain correct pH

continued on next slide

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Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System

• Also called genitourinary system

• Consists of:

 Two kidneys

 Two ureters

 One urinary bladder

 One urethra

Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System

• Main function is to filter and remove waste products from blood

• Metabolic processes produce waste

• Blood becomes toxic if waste builds up

• Waste materials are called urine

• Urine is then removed from body

continued on next slide

Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System

• Responsible for homeostasis

 Maintain proper balance of water and

chemicals in body

• Regulates levels of electrolytes

 Sodium

 Potassium

 Chloride

 Bicarbonate

• Maintains pH continued on next slide

Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System

• Waste is removed through system of blood vessels and tubules

 Called the nephron

 More than 1 million make up each kidney

 Produce urine

• Urine drains from kidney through ureters to bladder, into urethra, and then out of body

Kidneys

• Located behind peritoneum

 Retroperitoneal

• Concave area on edge of center called hilum

 Renal artery enters

 Renal vein leaves

 Ureter leaves

continued on next slide

Kidneys

• Cortex

 Outer portion

• Medulla

 Inner portion

• Pyramids

 Triangular shaped structures in medulla

• Papilla

 Tip of each renal pyramid

continued on next slide

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Kidneys

• Calyx

 Small open area that receives urine

from each papilla

• Renal pelvis

 Large open area that receives urine from each calyx

 Empties into ureter

Figure 9.2 Longitudinal section of a kidney illustrating the internal structures.

Nephrons

• Functional unit of kidney

• Microscopic

• More than 1 million nephrons in each kidney

• Consist of:

 Renal corpuscle

 Renal tubules

Renal Corpuscle

• Two parts

 Glomerulus

 Glomerular or Bowman's capsule

• Blood flows through glomerulus

• Substances filtered from blood and enter glomerular capsule

Renal Tubules

• Four sections

 Proximal convoluted tubule

 Loop of Henle

 Distal convoluted tubule

 Collecting tubule

continued on next slide

Renal Tubules

• Filtrate flows through renal tubules to complete urine production process

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Ureters

• Urine drains from renal pelvis into ureters

• Extend from renal pelvis to urinary bladder

• Lined with mucous membranes

Figure 9.3 The structure of a nephron, illustrating thenephron structure in relation to the circulatory system.

Urinary Bladder

• Elastic muscular sac

 Smooth muscle tissue

 Lined with mucous membrane

 Folded into rugae

• Lies in base of pelvis

 Behind pubic symphysis

continued on next slide

Urinary Bladder

• Receives urine from ureters

• Stores urine

 Holds 250 mL of urine

• Excretes through urethra

continued on next slide

Urinary Bladder

• Involuntary muscle action causes:

 Bladder to contract

 Internal sphincter to relax

• Voluntary muscles control external sphincter

Urethra

• Tubular canal lined with mucous membrane

 1-1/2 inches long in females

 8 inches long in males

• Carries urine from bladder to outside of body

• External opening is called urinary meatus

continued on next slide

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Urethra

• Releasing urine from body is called:

 Micturition

 Voiding

 Urination

Role of Kidneys in Homeostasis

• Homeostasis

 Balance in the body

• Continual adjustment of water and chemicals

• Electrolytes

 Small, biologically important molecules such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate

continued on next slide

Role of Kidneys in Homeostasis

• Maintain correct pH range

 Not too acidic

 Not too alkaline

• Produce urine

Stages of Urine Production

• Urine is produced as filtrate moves through renal tubules

• Three stages:

 Filtration

 Reabsorption

 Secretion

Filtration

• Between glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

• Filtrate is produced

 Water

 Glucose

 Amino acids

 Wastes

• Filtrate enters renal tubules

Reabsorption

• As filtrate moves through renal tubules

 Water and desirable molecules are

reabsorbed

 Returned to blood in peritubular capillaries

 Waste and undesirable molecules remain in renal tubules

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Secretion

• As filtrate moves through renal tubules

 Additional waste products removed from

blood in peritubular capillaries

 Added to filtrate in renal tubules

Urine

• Normally straw colored to clear

• 95% water

• Contains:

 Excess water

 Excess electrolytes

 Toxins

 Nitrogenous wastes

continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• azot/o – nitrogenous waste

• bacteri/o – bacteria

• bi/o – life

• carcin/o – cancer

• corpor/o – body

• cyst/o – bladder, pouch

• glomerul/o – glomerulus

• glycos/o – sugar continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• hem/o – blood

• hemat/o – blood

• hydr/o – water

• keton/o – ketones

• lith/o – stone

• meat/o – meatus

• necr/o – death

• nephr/o – kidney continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• neur/o – nerve

• noct/i – night

• olig/o – scanty

• peritone/o – peritoneum

• protein/o – protein

• py/o – pus

• pyel/o – renal pelvis

continued on next slide

Additional Combining Forms

• ren/o – kidney

• ur/o – urine

• ureter/o – ureter

• urethr/o – urethra

• urin/o – urine

• ven/o – vein

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Additional Suffixes

• -al pertaining to

• -algia pain

• -ar pertaining to

• -ary pertaining to

• -cele protrusion

• -eal pertaining to

• -ectasis dilated

• -ectomy surgical removal continued on next slide

Additional Suffixes

• -emia blood condition

• -genic produced by

• -gram record

• -graphy process of recording

• -ic pertaining to

• -itis inflammation

• -lith stone

• -lithiasis condition of stones continued on next slide

Additional Suffixes

• -logy study of

• -lysis to destroy

• -malacia softening

• -megaly enlarged

• -meter instrument to measure

• -oma tumor

• -ory pertaining to

• -osis abnormal condition continued on next slide

Additional Suffixes

• -ostomy create a new opening

• -otomy cutting into

• -ous pertaining to

• -pathy disease

• -pexy surgical fixation

• -plasty surgical repair

• -ptosis drooping

• -rrhagia abnormal flow condition continued on next slide

Additional Suffixes

• -sclerosis hardening

• -scope instrument to visually examine

• -scopy process of visually examining

• -stenosis narrowing

• -tic pertaining to

• -tripsy surgical crushing

• -uria urine condition

Additional Prefixes

• an- without

• anti- against

• dys- abnormal, difficult

• extra- outside of

• intra- within

• poly- many

• retro- backward

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Building Anatomical Terms

• Cystic



 Pertaining to the bladder

• Renal



 Pertaining to the kidney

cyst/o + -ic

ren/o + -al

continued on next slide

Building Anatomical Terms

• Urethral



 Pertaining to the urethra

• Ureteral



 Pertaining to a ureter

urethr/o + -al

ureter/o + -al

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Anuria



 Condition of being without urine

• Cystolith



 Bladder stone

an- + -uria

cyst/o + -lith

continued on next slide

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Glycosuria



 Condition of sugar in the urine

• Nephromegaly



 Enlarged kidney

glycos/o + -uria

nephr/o + -megaly

Building Pathology Terms

• Polycystic



 Pertaining to having multiple pouches (cysts)

• Pyelonephritis



 Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney

poly- + -ic+ cyst/o

pyel/o + -itis+ nephr/o

continued on next slide

Building Pathology Terms

• Carcinoma



 Cancerous tumor

• Cystocele



 Protrusion of the bladder

carcin/o + -oma

cyst/o + -cele

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Building Diagnostic Terms

• Urinometer



 Instrument to measure urine (specific gravity)

• Nephrogram



 Record of the kidney

urin/o + -meter

nephr/o + -gram

continued on next slide

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Pyeloography



 Process of recording the renal pelvis

• Cystoscope



 Instrument to visually examine bladder

pyel/o + -graphy

cyst/o + -scope

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Extracorporeal



 Pertaining to outside the body

• Lithotripsy



 Surgical crushing of a stone

extra- + -eal+ corpor/o

lith/o + -tripsy

continued on next slide

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Cystotomy



 Cutting into the bladder

• Nephropexy



 Surgical fixation of a kidney

cyst/o + -otomy

nephr/o + -pexy

Combining Forms Match Up

1. cyst/o

2. glycos/o

3. lith/o

4. nephr/o

5. olig/o

a. sugar

b. stone

c. kidney

d. scanty

e. bladder