Abstract

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Medical Terminology A Living Language

CHAPTER

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

SIXTH EDITION

Digestive System

8

Digestive System Combining Forms

• an/o – anus

• append/o – appendix

• appendic/o – appendix

• bar/o – weight

• bucc/o – cheek

• cec/o – cecum

• cholangi/o – bile duct

• chol/e – bile, gall continued on next slide

Digestive System Combining Forms

• cholecyst/o – gallbladder

• choledoch/o – common bile duct

• cirrh/o – yellow

• col/o – colon

• colon/o – colon

• dent/o – tooth

• diverticul/o – pouch

• duoden/o – duodenum continued on next slide

Digestive System Combining Forms

• enter/o – small intestine

• esophag/o – esophagus

• gastr/o – stomach

• gingiv/o – gums

• gloss/o – tongue

• hepat/o – liver

• ile/o – ileum

• jejun/o – jejunum continued on next slide

Digestive System Combining Forms

• labi/o – lip

• lapar/o – abdomen

• lingu/o – tongue

• lith/o – stone

• odont/o – tooth

• or/o – mouth

• palat/o – palate

• pancreat/o – pancreas continued on next slide

Digestive System Combining Forms

• pharyng/o – throat, pharynx

• polyp/o – polyp

• proct/o – anus and rectum

• pylor/o – pylorus

• pyr/o – fire

• rect/o – rectum

• sialaden/o – salivary gland

• sigmoid/o – sigmoid colon

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Digestive System Suffixes

• –emesis vomit

• –emetic pertaining to vomiting

• –iatric pertaining to medical treatment

• –istry specialty of

• –lithiasis stone

• –orexia appetite

• –pepsia digestion

continued on next slide

Digestive System Suffixes

• –phagia eat, swallow

• –prandial pertaining to a meal

• –tripsy surgical crushing

Digestive System at a Glance

• Function of the digestive system

 Mechanical and chemical digestion of

food

 Absorption of nutrient molecules

 Elimination of solid wastes

continued on next slide

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

• Gastrointestinal system (GI)

 Also called

• Gut

• Alimentary canal

• Gastrointestinal tract

• Approximately 30 feet of continuous muscular tube between mouth and anus

continued on next slide

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

• Organs of the continuous gut tube in order:

 Oral cavity

 Pharynx

 Esophagus

 Stomach

 Small intestine

 Colon (including rectum and anus)

continued on next slide

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

• Accessory organs are connected to gut tube by ducts

 Include:

• Salivary glands

• Pancreas

• Liver

• Gallbladder

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Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

• Three main functions of Digestive system

 Digesting food

 Absorbing nutrients

 Eliminating waste

Digesting Food

• Physical and chemical breakdown of large food particles

• Produces simple nutrient molecules

 Glucose

 Triglycerides

 Amino acids

Absorbing Nutrients

• Simple molecules are absorbed from intestine

• Circulated through body by cardiovascular system

• Used for growth and repair of cells, tissues, and organs

Eliminating Waste

• Some ingested food cannot be digested or absorbed

• Expelled from body as solid waste

 Feces

Oral Cavity

• Roof is palate

 Hard

• Bony anterior

 Soft

• Flexible posterior

• Hanging down from soft palate is uvula

 Speech production

 Location of gag reflex

continued on next slide

Oral Cavity

• Cheeks are lateral walls

• Lips are anterior opening

• Entire cavity lined with mucous membrane

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Oral Cavity

• Digestion begins when food enters mouth

 Mechanically broken up by chewing

• Tongue moves food within mouth

• Mixes with saliva

 Digestive enzymes

 Lubricates

• Taste buds on tongue surface

 Detect bitter, sweet, salty, sour flavors

Figure 8.3A The name and shape of the adult teeth. These teeth represent those found in the right

side of the mouth. Those of the left side would be a mirror image. The incisors and cuspids are cutting teeth. The bicuspids and molars are grinding teeth.

continued on next slide

Teeth

• Gums

 Mucous membrane and connective

tissue

 Seals off teeth in socket

continued on next slide

Figure 8.4 An adult tooth, longitudinal view showing internal structures of the crown and root.

Pharynx

• Swallowed food enters oropharynx

• Proceeds down pharynx into laryngopharynx

• Epiglottis

 Covers larynx and trachea

 Shunts food away from lungs and into esophagus

Esophagus

• 10-inch long muscular tube

• Food enters from pharynx

• Delivered to stomach

• Propelled along by wavelike muscular movements

 Called peristalsis

 Pushes food through entire gut tube

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Stomach

• J-shaped muscular organ

• Collects and churns food

 Mixes it with hydrochloric acid (HCl)

• Forms chyme

 Watery mix of food and digestive juices

continued on next slide

Stomach

• Fundus

 Upper

• Body

 Main

• Antrum

 Lower

• Rugae are folds in stomach lining

 Stretch out to allow stomach to expand with food

Sphincters

• Muscular valves

 Control flow of food

• Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

 Keeps food from backing up into esophagus

continued on next slide

Sphincters

• Pyloric sphincter

 Allows highly acidic chyme to enter

small intestine

Figure 8.5 The stomach, longitudinal view, showing regions and internal structures.

Small Intestine

• Longest portion of alimentary canal

 Averages 20 feet

 Between pyloric sphincter and colon

• Site of:

 Completion of digestion

 Majority of absorption

continued on next slide

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Small Intestine

• Duodenum

 First section about 10–12 inches long

 Starts at pyloric sphincter

• Jejunum

 Second section about 8 feet long

• Ileum

 Third section about 12 feet long

 Connects to colon at ileocecal valve Figure 8.6

The small intestine. Anterior view of the abdominopelvic cavity illustrating how the three sections of small intestine—duodenum, jejunum, ileum—begin at the pyloric sphincter

and end at the colon, but are not arranged in an orderly fashion.

Large Intestine

• 5 feet long

• Extends from ileocecal valve to anus

• Fluid that remains after digestion and absorption enters colon

• Most is water and is reabsorbed into body

• Solid waste left over is feces

• Evacuated in bowel movements

continued on next slide

Large Intestine

• Cecum

 Appendix

• Ascending colon

• Transverse colon

• Descending colon

• Sigmoid colon

Rectum and Anus

• Rectum is area for storage of feces

• Leads to anus

 External opening of alimentary canal

• Feces are evacuated

 Called defecation

Figure 8.7 The regions of the colon.

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Accessory Organs of the Digestive System

• Generally function by producing substances necessary for chemical breakdown of food

 Salivary glands

 Liver

 Gallbladder

 Pancreas

Salivary Glands

• Produce saliva

• Allows food to be swallowed without choking

• Saliva + food = bolus

• Contains amylase

 Begins digestion of carbohydrates

continued on next slide

Salivary Glands

• Three pairs

 Parotid glands

 Sublingual glands

 Submandibular glands

Figure 8.8 The salivary glands: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular. This image shows the

position of each gland and its duct emptying into the oral cavity.

Liver

• Located in right upper quadrant of abdomen

• Processes nutrients

• Detoxifies harmful substances

• Produces bile

 Emulsification

 Breaks up large fat globules into smaller droplets

Gallbladder

• Lies under liver

• Stores bile produced by liver

 Hepatic duct

 Cystic duct

• Common bile duct (CBD) carries bile to duodenum

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Figure 8.9 The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Image shows the relationship of these three organs

and their ducts to the duodenum.

Pancreas

• Digestive juices include:

 Buffers

• Neutralize acidic chyme

 Enzymes

• Digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Building Anatomical Terms

• Buccolabial



 Pertaining to the cheeks and lips

• Colorectal



 Pertaining to the colon and rectum

bucc/o + -al+ labi/o

col/o + -al+ rect/o

continued on next slide

Building Anatomical Terms

• Nasogastric



 Pertaining to the nose and stomach

• Sublingual



 Pertaining to under the tongue

sub- + -al+ lingu/o

nas/o + -ic+ gastro/o

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Dysorexia



 Abnormal appetite

• Hyperemesis



 Excessive vomiting

dys- + -orexia

hyper- + -emesis

continued on next slide

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Polyphagia



 Excessive eating

• Postprandial



 Pertaining to after a meal

poly- + -phagia

post- + -prandial

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Building Pathology Terms

• Diverticulosis



 Abnormal condition of having pouches (diverticula)

• Diverticulitis



 Inflammation of pouches (diverticula)

diverticul/o + -osis

diverticul/o + -itis

continued on next slide

Building Pathology Terms

• Cholelithiasis



 Condition of bile stones

• Cirrhosis



 Abnormal condition of being yellow

chol/e + -lithiasis

cirrh/o + -osis

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Intravenous



 Pertaining to within a vein

• Cholecystography



 Process of recording the gallbladder

intra- + -ous+ ven/o

cholecyst/o + -graphy

continued on next slide

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Endoscopy



 Process of viewing inside

• Percutaneous



 Pertaining to through the skin

endo- + -scopy

per- + -ous+ cutane/o

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Nasogastric



 Pertaining to the nose and stomach

• Appendectomy



 Surgical removal of the appendix

nas/o + -ic+ gastr/o

append/o + -ectomy

continued on next slide

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Choledochlithotripsy



 Crushing a stone in the common bile duct

• Colostomy



 Create a new opening into the colon

choledoch/o + -tripsy+ lith/o

col/o + -ostomy

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Combining Forms Match Up

1. bucc/o

2. cirrh/o

3. dent/o

4. gloss/o

5. or/o

a. tooth

b. yellow

c. tongue

d. cheek

e. mouth