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10/3/2017

Medical Terminology A Living Language

CHAPTER

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

SIXTH EDITION

Respiratory System

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory System Combining Forms

• aer/o – air

• alveol/o – alveolus; air sac

• anthrac/o – coal

• atel/o – incomplete

• bronch/o – bronchus

• bronchi/o – bronchus

• bronchiol/o – bronchiole

• coni/o – dust continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory System Combining Forms

• cyan/o – blue

• cyst/o – sac

• diaphragmat/o – diaphragm

• epiglott/o – epiglottis

• hal/o – to breathe

• laryng/o – larynx

• lob/o – lobe

• muc/o – mucus continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory System Combining Forms

• nas/o – nose

• ox/o, ox/i – oxygen

• pharyng/o – pharynx

• pleur/o – pleura

• pneum/o – lung, air

• pneumon/o – lung, air

• pulmon/o – lung

• rhin/o – nose continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory System Combining Forms

• sept/o – wall

• sinus/o – sinus, cavity

• somn/o – sleep

• spir/o – breathing

• trache/o – trachea, windpipe

• tuss/o – cough

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory System Suffixes

• –capnia carbon dioxide

• –osmia smell

• –phonia voice

• –pnea breathing

continued on next slide

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory System Suffixes

• –pnea breathing

• –ptysis spitting

• –thorax chest

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory System at a Glance

• Functions of the respiratory system

 Inhale fresh air into lungs

 Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide

 Exhale stale air

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System

• Cells of body require constant gas exchange

 Delivery of oxygen

 Removal of carbon dioxide

• Respiratory system works in conjunction with cardiovascular system to meet this need

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiration

• Must be continuous to meet cells' needs

• Subdivided into three distinct parts:

 Ventilation

 Internal respiration

 External respiration

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Ventilation

• Flow of air between outside environment and lungs

• Inhalation

 Flow of air into lungs

 Brings fresh oxygen into air sacs

• Exhalation

 Flow of air out of lungs

 Removes carbon dioxide from body

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

External Respiration

• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in lungs

• Gases diffuse in opposite directions

• Oxygen

 Leaves air sacs and enters blood stream

• Carbon dioxide

 Leaves blood stream and enters air sacs

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Internal Respiration

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at cellular level

• Oxygen

 Leaves bloodstream and is delivered to tissue

 Used immediately for metabolism

• Carbon dioxide

 Waste product of metabolism

 Leaves tissue and enters bloodstream

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System

• Nasal cavity

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchial tubes

• Lungs

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Nasal Cavity

• Air enters through nares

• Nasal cavity divided by nasal septum

• Palate in roof of mouth separates nasal cavity above from mouth below

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Nasal Cavity

• Cilia

 Small hairs line opening to nasal cavity

 Filter out large dirt particles before they can enter lungs

• Walls of nasal cavity and nasal septum

 Made of flexible cartilage

 Covered with mucous membrane

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Nasal Cavity

• Much of respiratory tract is coved with mucous membrane

 Mucus is thick and sticky secretion of

membrane

 Cleanses air by trapping dust and bacteria

• Capillaries in mucous membranes

 Warm air

 Humidify air continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Nasal Cavity

• Paranasal sinuses

 Located within facial bones

 Echo chamber for sound production

 Gives resonance to voice

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 7.1 Sagittal section of upper respiratory system illustrating the internal anatomy of the nasal

cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Pharynx

• Commonly called throat

• Used by respiratory and digestive systems

• At end of pharynx

 Air enters trachea

 Food and liquids enter esophagus

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Three Subdivisions of Pharynx

• Nasopharynx

 Upper section by nasal cavity

• Oropharynx

 Middle section by oral cavity

• Laryngopharynx

 Lower section by larynx

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Tonsils

• Lymphatic tissue

 Removes pathogens in air and food

• Three pairs

 Adenoids

 Palatine

 Lingual

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Eustachian or Auditory Tube

• Opening found in nasopharynx

• Other end opens into middle ear

• Tube opens with each swallow

 Equalizes air pressure between middle ear and outside atmosphere

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Larynx

• Commonly called voice box

• Muscular tube between pharynx and trachea

• Contains vocal cords

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Vocal Cords

• Folds of membranous tissue

 Not actually cord-like in structure

• Vibrate to produce sound as air passes through opening between folds

 Called glottis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Larynx

• Walls of larynx

 Composed of cartilage plates

 Held in place by ligaments and muscles

 Thyroid cartilage forms the Adam's

apple

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 7.2 The vocal cords within the larynx, superior view from the pharynx.

(CNRI/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Epiglottis

• Flap of cartilage

• Sits above glottis

• Covers larynx and trachea during swallowing

 Food goes into esophagus

 Not into trachea

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Trachea

• Commonly called windpipe

• Carries air from larynx to main bronchi

• Approximately four inches in length

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 7.3 Structure of the trachea which extends from the larynx above to the main bronchi below.

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Trachea

• Tube composed of:

 Smooth muscle

 Cartilage rings

• Lined with mucous membrane and cilia

 Assists in cleansing, warming, and moisturizing air as it travels to lungs

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Bronchial Tubes

• Distal end of trachea divides

 Forms left and right main or primary

bronchi

• Each bronchus enters a lung

• Branches to form secondary and tertiary bronchi

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 7.4 The bronchial tree, note how each main bronchus enters a lung and then branches into

smaller and smaller primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, and bronchioles.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Alveoli

• Bronchi continue to branch to form narrow bronchioles

• Bronchiole terminates in alveoli

• Approximately 150 million alveoli in each lung

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory Membrane

• Pulmonary capillaries encase each alveolus

• Alveoli wall and capillary wall forms respiratory membrane

 External respiration takes place across respiratory membrane

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 7.5 A) Each bronchiole terminates in an alveolar sac, a group of alveoli. B) Alveoli encased

by network capillaries, forming the respiratory membrane.

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Lungs

• Each is total collection of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

• Two lungs

 Right lung has 3 lobes

 Left lung has 2 lobes

• Spongy because they contain air

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Lungs

• Protected externally by the ribs

• Protected internally by double membrane called pleura

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Pleura

• Parietal pleura

 Outer membrane that lines wall of chest

cavity

• Visceral pleura

 Inner membrane that adheres to surface of lungs

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Pleura

• Pleura is folded to form a sac around each lung called pleural cavity

• Serous fluid between two pleural layers reduces friction when two layers rub together during ventilation

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Lungs

• Apex

 Pointed superior portion

• Base

 Broad lower area

• Hilum

 Entry and exit point

 Bronchi, blood vessels, nerves

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory Muscles

• Diaphragm

 Muscle separates abdomen from

thoracic cavity

 Contracts and moves down into abdominal cavity

• Intercostal muscles

 Located between ribs

 Raise rib cage to further enlarge thoracic cavity

continued on next slide

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory Rate

• One of the vital signs (VS), along with heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure

• Respiratory rate dependent on level of CO2 in blood

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory Rate

• When CO2 level is high, we breathe more rapidly to expel excess

• If CO2 levels drop, respiratory rate will also drop until CO2 builds up in bloodstream

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory Rates by Age Group

Age

• Newborn

• 1-year-old

• 16-year-old

• Adult

Respirations per Minute

• 30–60

• 18–30

• 16–20

• 12–20

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Anatomical Terms

• Bronchial



 Pertaining to a bronchus

• Bronchiolar



 Pertaining to a bronchiole

bronchi/o + -al

bronchiol/o + -ar

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Anatomical Terms

• Laryngeal



 Pertaining to the larynx

• Pharyngeal



 Pertaining to the pharynx

laryng/o + -eal

pharyng/o + -eal

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Hypoxia



 Condition of insufficient oxygen

• Pyothorax



 Pus in the chest (cavity)

hypo- + -ia+ ox/o

py/o + -thorax

continued on next slide

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Pansinusitis



 Inflammation of all sinsues

• Tachypnea



 Breathing too fast

pan- + -itis+ sinus/o

tachy- + -pnea

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Pathology Terms

• Apnea



 Without breathing

• Pneumoconiosis



 Abnormal condition of dust in the lungs

a- + -pnea

pneum/o + -osis+ coni/o

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Pathology Terms

• Atelectasis



 Incomplete dilation (collapsed)

• Pneumonia



 Lung condition

atel/o + -ectasis

pneumon/o + -ia

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Laryngoscope



 Instrument to visually examine larynx

• Laryngoscopy



 Process of visually examining the larynx

laryng/o + -scope

laryng/o + -scopy

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Oximeter



 Instrument to measure oxygen

• Oximetry



 Process of measuring oxygen

ox/i + -meter

ox/i + -metry

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Endotracheal



 Pertaining to within the trachea

• Lobectomy



 Surgical removal of a lobe (of the lung)

endo- + -al+ trache/o

lob/o + -ectomy

continued on next slide

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Thoracocentesis



 Puncture to withdraw fluid from the chest

• Cardiopulmonary



 Pertaining to the heart and lungs

cardi/o + -ary+ pulmon/o

thorac/o + -centesis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Combining Forms Match Up

1. atel/o

2. coni/o

3. rhin/o

4. sept/o

5. spir/o

a. nose

b. dust

c. incomplete

d. wall

e. breathing