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9/26/2017

Medical Terminology A Living Language

CHAPTER

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

SIXTH EDITION

Blood and the Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood Combining Forms

• agglutin/o – clumping

• bas/o – base

• chrom/o – color

• coagul/o – clotting

• eosin/o – rosy red

• fibrin/o – fibers, fibrous

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood Combining Forms

• fus/o – pouring

• granul/o – granules

• hem/o – blood

• hemat/o – blood

• morph/o – shape

• neutr/o – neutral

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood Combining Forms

• phag/o – eat, swallow

• sanguin/o – blood

• septic/o – infection

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood Suffixes

• -apheresis removal

• -crit separation of

• -cytic pertaining to cells

• -cytosis more than normal number of cells

• -emia blood condition

• -globin protein

• -penia abnormal decrease

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood Suffixes

• -phil attraction for

• -philia condition of being attracted to

• -philic pertaining to being attracted to

• -plastic pertaining to formation

• -plastin formation

• -poiesis formation

continued on next slide

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood Suffixes

• -rrhagic pertaining to abnormal flow

• -stasis standing still

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood at a Glance: Function

• Transports substances throughout body

 Substances are attached to red blood cells or dissolved in plasma

• White blood cells fight infection and disease

• Platelets initiate blood clotting process

• Formed elements

 Erythrocytes

 Platelets

 Leukocytes

• Plasma

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomy and Physiology of Blood

• Average adult has about five liters of blood

• Circulates through body within blood vessels

• Blood cells are produced in red bone marrow

 Process called hematopoiesis

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Plasma

• Plasma proteins

 Albumin

• Helps transport fatty substances

 Globulin

• Gamma globulins are antibodies

 Fibrinogen

• Blood clotting protein

• Calcium, potassium, sodium, glucose, amino acids, fats, urea, creatinine

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Erythrocytes

• Enucleated

 No nucleus

• Biconcave disk

• Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb) gives red color

 Pigment containing iron

 Responsible for oxygen transport

• Life span of 120 days

 Spleen removes worn out ones

 Iron can be reused

 Bilirubin is waste product disposed of by liver

continued on next slide

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Leukocytes

• Spherical shape with large nucleus

• 8,000 per cubic millimeter of blood

• Provide protection against pathogens

 Bacteria

 Viruses

 Foreign material

• Subdivided into two categories

 Granulocytes

• Have granules in cytoplasm

 Agranulocytes

• No granules in cytoplasm

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Leukocyte Classification

• Granulocytes

 Basophils

• Release histamine and heparin to damaged tissue

 Eosinophils

• Destroy parasites and increase during allergic reaction

 Neutrophils

• Important for phagocytosis

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Leukocyte Classification

• Agranulocytes

 Monocytes

• Important for phagocytosis

 Lymphocytes

• Provide protection through immunity

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Platelets

• Older term is thrombocyte

• Smallest of all blood elements

• Platelike fragments of larger cell

• Critical in blood clotting

 Hemostasis

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Platelets

• Agglutinate into small clusters when blood vessel is damaged

• Release thromboplastin which leads to formation of thrombin

 Reacts with prothrombin

 Which converts fibrinogen to fibrin

 Results in formation of mesh-like blood clot

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood Typing

• Each person's blood is different from others'

 Due to presence of marker proteins on

surface of erythrocytes

• Must do blood typing before blood transfusion

 Test to determine if donated blood is compatible with recipient's blood

continued on next slide

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood Typing

• There are many different blood markers

 Two most important ones for

transfusions are ABO system and Rh factor

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Rh Factor

• Person with Rh factor on red blood cells is Rh-positive (Rh+)

 Will not make anti-Rh antibodies

• Person without Rh factor is Rh-negative (Rh–)

 Will produce anti-Rh antibodies

• Rh+ person may receive either Rh+ or Rh– transfusion, but Rh– person can receive only Rh– blood

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Anatomical Terms

• Erythrocyte



 Red cell

• Agranulocyte



 Cell without granules

a- + -cyte+ granul/o

erythr/o + -cyte

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Anatomical Terms

• Eosinophil



 Attracted to rosy red

• Sanguinous



 Pertaining to blood

eosin/o + -phil

sanguin/o + -ous

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Hematoma



 Blood growth

• Hemorrhage



 Abnormal flow of blood

hemat/o + -oma

hem/o + -rrhage

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Pathology Terms

• Hemolytic



 Blood destruction

• Anemia



 Condition of being without blood

hem/o + -lytic

an- + -emia

continued on next slide

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Pathology Terms

• Leukocytosis



 Condition of too many white cells

• Thrombopenia



 Condition of too few clotting (cells)

leuk/o + -cytosis

thromb/o + -penia

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Hematocrit



 Separation of blood

• Hemoglobin



 Blood protein

hemat/o + -crit

hem/o + -globin

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Morphology



 Study of shape

• Phlebotomy



 Cutting into a vein

morph/o + -logy

phleb/o + -otomy

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Transfusion



 Action of pouring across

trans- + -ion+ fus/o

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Combining Forms Match Up

1. agglutin/o

2. chrom/o

3. cyt/o

4. erythr/o

5. leuk/o

a. color

b. red

c. clumping

d. cell

e. white

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

The Lymphatic and Immune Systems at a Glance

• Functions of the lymphatic system

 Network of vessels that picks up excess

tissue fluid, cleanses it, and returns it to circulatory system

 Picks up fats absorbed by digestive system

• Functions of immune system

 Fights disease and infections

continued on next slide

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Lymphatic and Immune Combining Forms

• adenoid/o – adenoids

• axill/o – axilla

• immun/o – protection

• inguin/o – groin

• lymph/o – lymph

• lymphaden/o – lymph node

• lymphangi/o – lymph vessel

• nucle/o – nucleus continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Lymphatic and Immune Combining Forms

• splen/o – spleen

• thym/o – thymus

• tonsill/o – tonsils

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Lymphatic and Immune Suffix

• –edema swelling

• –globulin protein

• –phage to eat

• –toxic pertaining to poison

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomy and Physiology of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems

• First, removes excess tissue fluid

 Collects excess tissue fluid throughout

body

 Purifies it as it passes through system

 Returns it to circulatory system

 Lymph

• Fluid within lymphatic vessels

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomy and Physiology of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems

• Second, lymph vessels around the small intestine assist with fat absorption

 Picks up absorbed fats

 Delivers to circulatory system

 These lymph vessels are called lacteals

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomy and Physiology of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems

• Third, lymphatic and immune systems work together

 Form a group of cells, tissues, organs,

and molecules

 Body's primary defense against pathogens

• Including foreign invaders and own cells that have become diseased

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomy and Physiology of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems

• Network of:

 Lymphatic vessels

 Lymph nodes

 Spleen

 Thymus gland

 Tonsils

• Perform diverse functions

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Lymphatic Vessels

• Network of vessels throughout body

• One-way pipes conducting lymph from tissues toward thoracic cavity

• Low pressure system

 Uses valves to prevent backflow

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Lymphatic Vessels

• Begin as very small lymph capillaries in tissues

• Capillaries merge into larger lymph vessels

• Finally drain into one of two large lymphatic ducts in thoracic cavity

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Lymph Nodes

• Also called lymph glands

 But not real glands

• Composed of lymphatic tissue

• Located along route of lymphatic vessels

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Lymph Nodes

• House lymphocytes and antibodies

• Remove pathogens and cell debris from lymph as it passes through

• Trap and destroy cells from cancerous tumors

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Sites for Lymph Nodes

Name Location Drains fluids from:

Axillary Armpits Arms

Cervical Neck Head and neck

Inguinal Groin Legs and pelvis

Mediastinal Chest Within chest

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 6.10 Structure of a lymph node.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Tonsils

• Collections of lymphatic tissue located on each side of throat

• There are three sets of tonsils

 Palatine tonsils

 Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

 Lingual tonsils

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Tonsils

• All contain a large number of leukocytes

 Act as filters

 Prevent invasion of pathogens through digestive or respiratory systems

• Not required for life and can safely be removed if they become a continuous site of infection

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Spleen

• Located in LUQ of abdomen

• Consists of lymphatic tissue that is highly infiltrated with blood vessels

 Vessels spread out into slow moving blood sinuses

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Spleen

• Phagocytic macrophages line blood sinuses to remove pathogens

• Because blood is moving through slowly, macrophages have time to identify pathogens and worn out RBCs

• Filters out and destroys old red blood cells, recycling the iron

• Not an essential organ for life and may be removed due to injury or disease

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Thymus Gland

• Located in upper portion of mediastinum

• Secretes hormone, thymosin

 Changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes (simply called T cells)

• Active in unborn child and throughout childhood until adolescence, when it begins to shrink in size

continued on next slide

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Thymus Gland

• Essential for proper development of immune system

• Assists body with immune function and development of antibodies

• Important role in the immune response

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Immunity

• Body's ability to defend itself against pathogens

 Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans,

toxins, cancerous tumors

• Two forms

 Natural immunity

 Acquired immunity

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Natural Immunity

• Also called innate immunity

• Not specific to a particular disease

• Doesn't require prior exposure to pathogen

• Example:

 Macrophage

 WBCs that ingest any pathogen encountered

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Acquired Immunity

• Body's response to a specific pathogen

• May be either:

 Passive acquired immunity

 Active acquired immunity

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Acquired Immunity

• Passive acquired immunity

 Results when a person receives

protective substances produced by another human or animal

 Examples

• Maternal antibodies

• Antitoxin

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Acquired Immunity

• Active acquired immunity

 Develops following direct exposure to

pathogen

 Stimulates immune response

• Series of mechanisms designed to neutralize pathogen

 Immunizations or vaccinations are

special types of active acquired immunity

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Immune Response

• Disease-causing agents called antigens stimulate immune response

• Two distinct and different processes

 Humoral immunity

• Also called antibody-mediated immunity

 Cellular immunity

• Also called cell-mediated immunity

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Humoral Immunity

• Involves production of B lymphocytes

 Also called B cells

 Respond to antigens by producing a protective protein, an antibody

 Antibodies combine with antigen to form antigen–antibody complex

 Targets pathogen for phagocytosis

 Prevents infectious agent from damaging healthy cells

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Cellular Immunity

• Involves production of T cells and natural killer cells (NK)

• These defense cells are cytotoxic

 Physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Anatomical Terms

• Immunoglobulin



 Protection protein

• Splenic



 Pertaining to the spleen

immun/o + -globulin

splen/o + -ic

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Anatomical Terms

• Thymic



 Pertaining to the thymus gland

• Tonsillar



 Pertaining to the tonsils

thym/o + -ic

tonsill/o + -ar

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Lymphedema



 Swelling with lymph

• Pathogenic



 Disease producing

• Splenomegaly



 Enlarged spleen

lymph/o + -edema

path/o + -genic

splen/o + -megaly

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Pathology Terms

• Adenoiditis



 Adenoid inflammation

• Lymphadenopathy



 Lymph node disease

adenoid/o + -itis

lymphaden/o + -pathy

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Pathology Terms

• Lymphangioma



 Tumor in lymphatic vessel

• Pneumonia



 Lung condition

lymphangi/o + -oma

pneumon/o + -ia

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Lymphangiogram



 Record of lymphatic vessels

• Lymphangiography



 Process of recording lymphatic vessels

lymphangi/o + -gram

lymphangi/o + -graphy

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Lymphadenectomy



 Surgical removal of lymph node

• Splenectomy



 Surgical removal of spleen

lymphaden/o + -ectomy

splen/o + -ectomy

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Thymectomy



 Surgical removal of thymus gland

• Tonsillectomy



 Surgical removal of tonsils

thym/o + -ectomy

tonsill/o + -ectomy

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Combining Forms Match Up

1. axill/o

2. immun/o

3. path/o

4. splen/o

5. tox/o

a. disease

b. spleen

c. poison

d. protection

e. underarm