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Medical Terminology A Living Language

CHAPTER

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

SIXTH EDITION

Cardiovascular System

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Cardiovascular System at a Glance

• Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System

 Distribute blood to all areas of body

 Delivery of needed substances to cells

 Removal of wastes

• Organs of Cardiovascular System

 Heart

 Arteries

 Capillaries

 Veins

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Cardiovascular Combining Forms

• angi/o – vessel

• aort/o – aorta

• arteri/o – artery

• ather/o – fatty substance

• atri/o – atrium

• cardi/o – heart

• coron/o – heart

• corpor/o – body continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Cardiovascular Combining Forms

• embol/o – plug

• isch/o – to hold back

• myocardi/o – heart muscle

• phleb/o – vein

• sept/o – wall

• son/o – sound

• sphygm/o – pulse

• steth/o – chest continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Cardiovascular Combining Forms

• thromb/o – clot

• valv/o – valve

• valvul/o – valve

• varic/o – dilated vein

• vascul/o – blood vessel

• vas/o – vessel, duct

• ven/o – vein

• ventricul/o – ventricle

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Cardiovascular System Suffixes

• –cardia heart condition

• –manometer instrument to measure pressure

• –ole small

• –spasm involuntary muscle contraction

• –tension pressure

• –tonic pertaining to tone

• –ule small

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Cardiovascular System Prefixes

• di- two

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System

• Also called circulatory system

• Maintains distribution of blood throughout body

• Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and amino acids to cells

• Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and kidneys for elimination

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System

• Is composed of:

 Heart

 Blood vessels

• Arteries

• Capillaries

• Veins

• Divided into pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Systemic Circulation

• Between heart and cells of body

• Carries oxygenated blood away from left side of heart to body

• Carries deoxygenated blood from body to right side of heart

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Pulmonary Circulation

• Between heart and lungs

• Carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of heart to lungs

• Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 5.1 A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the pulmonary circulation picking up

oxygen from the lungs and the systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Heart

• Muscular pump

• Made up of cardiac muscle fibers

• Could be called a muscle instead of an organ

• Beats an average of 60–100 beats per minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Heart

• Each time the muscle contracts:

 Blood is ejected from heart

 Pushed throughout body within blood vessels

• Located in the mediastinum

 More to left side of chest

 Directly behind sternum

• About size of a fist

• Shaped like upside-down pear

• Tip of heart at lower edge called the apex

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 5.2 Location of the heart within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Heart Layers

Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium

• Inner layer

• Lines heart chambers

• Smooth, thin layer that reduces friction as the blood passes through heart chambers

• Middle layer

• Thick muscle

• Contraction of this layer develops the pressure required to pump blood through blood vessels

• Outer layer

• Forms the visceral layer of pericardial sac

• Fluid between layers of pericardial sac reduces friction as heart beats

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 5.3 Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart layers, and major blood

vessels associated with the heart.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Heart Chambers

• Divided into four chambers

 Two atria

 Two ventricles

• Heart is divided into right and left sides by walls called the interatrial septum and interventricular septum.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Atria

• Left and right upper chambers

• Receiving chambers

• Blood returns to atria in veins

 Superior and inferior vena cava

 Pulmonary veins

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Ventricles

• Left and right lower chambers

• Pumping chambers

 Thick myocardium

• Blood exits ventricles into arteries

 Aorta

 Pulmonary artery

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Heart Valves

• Four valves in heart

 Tricuspid

 Pulmonary

 Mitral

 Aortic

• Act as restraining gates to control direction of blood flow

• Found at entrance and exit to ventricles

• Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by blocking it from returning to previous chamber

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Tricuspid Valve

• An atrioventricular valve

• Between right atrium and ventricle

 Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium

 Has 3 leaflets or cusps

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Pulmonary Valve

• A semilunar valve

 Valve looks like half moon

• Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

• Prevents blood in artery from flowing back into ventricle

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Mitral Valve

• An atrioventricular valve

• Between left atrium and ventricle

• Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium

• Also called bicuspid valve

• Has two cusps

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Aortic Valve

• A semilunar valve

• Between left ventricle and aorta

• Prevents blood in aorta from flowing back into ventricle

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 5.4 Superior view of heart valves illustrating position, size, and shape of each valve.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood Flow Through the Heart

1. Deoxygenated blood from body enters relaxed right atrium via two large veins called:

 Superior vena cava

 Inferior vena cava

2. Right atrium contracts

 Blood flows through tricuspid valve into relaxed right ventricle

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood Flow Through the Heart

3. Right ventricle contracts

 Blood is pumped through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery

 Carries blood to lungs

4. Relaxed left atrium receives blood that has been oxygenated by lungs

 Blood enters left atrium from the four pulmonary veins

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood Flow Through the Heart

5. Left atrium contracts

 Blood flows through mitral valve into relaxed left ventricle

6. Left ventricle contracts

 Blood is pumped through the aortic valve and into aorta

 Largest artery in the body

 Carries blood to all parts of body

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Systole and Diastole

• Heart chambers alternate between:

 Relaxing to fill

 Contracting to push blood forward

• Relaxation phase is diastole

• Contraction phase is systole

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 5.5 The path of blood flow through the chambers of the left and right side of the heart,

including the veins delivering blood to the heart and arteries receiving blood ejected from the heart.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Conduction System of the Heart

• Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate

 Therefore, no voluntary control over heart

• Special heart tissue conducts electrical impulses

 Stimulate different chambers to contract in correct order

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Conduction System of the Heart

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker, is where electrical impulse begins

 From SA node a wave of electricity travels through atria

 Causing them to contract, or go into systole

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Conduction System of the Heart

2. Next, atrioventricular node (AV) is stimulated

3. This node transfers stimulation wave to atrioventricular bundle (formerly bundle of His)

4. Electrical wave travels down bundle branches within interventricular septum

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Conduction System of the Heart

5. Finally, Purkinje fibers in ventricular myocardium are stimulated

1. Results in ventricular systole

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 5.6 The conduction system of the heart; traces the path of the electrical impulse that

stimulates the heart chambers to contract in the correct sequence.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 5.7 An electrocardiogram (EKG) wave record of the electrical signal as it moves through the

conduction system of the heart. This signal stimulates the chambers of the heart to contract and relax in the proper sequence.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood Vessels

• Pipes that circulate blood through body

• Three types:

 Arteries

 Capillaries

 Veins

• Lumen is the channel within blood vessels

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 5.8 Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Arteries

• Large thick-walled vessels

• Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or constrict

• As coronary arteries arteries travel through body they branch into progressively smaller vessels called arterioles.

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Arteries

• Carry blood away from heart

 Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body

 Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs

 Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body

• Coronary arteries supply myocardium

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 5.9 The coronary arteries.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Capillaries

• Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called a capillary bed

• Connecting unit between arteries and veins

 Arterial blood flows into capillary bed

 Venous blood flows out of capillary bed

• Location for:

 Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out

 Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Veins

• Much thinner walls than arteries

• Much lower pressure system than in arteries

 Have valves to insure blood flows only towards heart

 Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood return to heart

• Smallest veins are called venules

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Veins

• Carry blood towards the heart

 From either the lungs or the cells and tissues of body

 Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs

 Superior and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood from body

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Pulse and Blood Pressure

• Measurement of force exerted by blood against walls of a vessel

• May be affected by several characteristics of blood and blood vessels

 Elasticity of arteries

 Diameter of blood vessels

 Viscosity of blood

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Pulse and Blood Pressure

• May be affected by several characteristics of blood and blood vessels

 Volume of blood

 Amount of resistance to blood flow

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Pulse and Blood Pressure

• During ventricular systole

 Blood is under great pressure

 Gives highest pressure, systolic

 Top number of blood pressure reading

• Pulse felt at wrist or throat is the surge of blood caused by the heart contraction.

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Pulse and Blood Pressure

• During ventricular diastole

 Blood isn't being pushed from heart at all

 Blood pressure drops to lowest point, diastolic

 Bottom number of blood pressure reading

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Anatomical Terms

• Interventricular



 Pertaining to between the ventricles

• Arterial



 Pertaining to a artery

inter- + -ar+ ventricul/o

arteri/o + -al

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Anatomical Terms

• Arteriole



 A small artery

• Venule



 A small vein

arteri/o + -ole

ven/o + -ule

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Angiospasm



 Involuntary muscle spasm in a vessel

• Bradycardia



 Condition of slow heart

brady- + -ia+ cardi/o

angi/o + -spasm

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Signs and Symptoms Terms

• Hypotension



 Insufficient (blood) pressure

• Tachycardia



 Condition of fast heart

tachy- + -ia+ cardi/o

hypo- + -tension

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Pathology Terms

• Cardiomegaly



 An enlarged heart

• Endocarditis



 Inflammation of inner heart

endo- + -itis+ cardi/o

cardi/o + -megaly

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Pathology Terms

• Polyarteritis



 Inflammation of many arteries

• Arteriosclerosis



 Hardening of an artery

poly- + -itis+ arteri/o

arteri/o + -sclerosis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Sphygmomanometer



 Instrument to measure pulse pressure

• Angiography



 Process of recording a vessel

sphygm/o + -manometer

angi/o + -graphy

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Diagnostic Terms

• Ultrasonography



 Process of recording with high frequency sound

• Electrocardiogram



 Record of heart's electricity

ultra- + -graphy+ son/o

electr/o + -gram+ cardi/o

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Cardiopulmonary



 Pertaining to the heart and lungs

• Thrombolytic



 Destruction of a clot

cardi/o + -ary+ pulmon/o

thromb/o + -lytic

continued on next slide

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Therapeutic Terms

• Extracorporeal



 Pertaining to outside the body

• Intracoronary



 Pertaining to within the heart

extra- + -eal+ corpor/o

intra- + -ary+ coron/o

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht

Combining Forms Match Up

• angi/o

• cardi/o

• corpor/o

• embol/o

• pect/o

a. plug

b. heart

c. body

d. chest

e. vessel