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Running head: FREEDOM AND WOMEN 1

FREEDOM AND WOMEN 2

Freedom and women

Reconstruction led to the reinstatement of the southern states to the association, and reformulating the position African Americans in the United States. The process had begun before the civil war came to an end. Abraham Lincoln the president of the United States, started the unification of the states in 1863. The southerners took an oath of loyalty to show that they were to be loyal to the union and could take positions and establish governments. Lincolns' liberation command made the United States bring slavery to an end. However, this command only freed slaves in the areas of liberation the others left in bondage. Freedom, gender, race, and political economic revolutionized in the reconstruction period. It led to the emergence of suffrage movements and amendment of the constitution, granting all citizens the right to vote.

In 1920, the US constitution got approved after the nineteenth constitutional amendment. It also granted the congress the power to exercise legislation where appropriate. The right to vote depicted the highest level of the women movement, which was led by the national American woman enfranchisement association. The women's, enfranchisement movement had its origin in 1848. Three hundred thousand male and female activists had gathered during the convention to discuss the issue of women and come up with new strategies on how the political and social rights of the women could be achieved. However, the movement initially wasn't really into the suffrage of women at its early stages. The first suffrage women movement began in 1869. Susan and Elizabeth Cady found the National Woman enfranchisement Association. “Lucy Stone, Julia Ward, and Henry Blackwell” were the founding fathers of the American Woman enfranchisement Association (Williamson, 2019). During the fifteenth amend these two associations became rivals. This was because, in the fifteenth amendment, men were granted the right to poll, and the National Woman enfranchisement supported it.

American woman suffrage association did not help the amendment, because suffrage for women was not included. Notably, the two movements despite having differences, they were later merged into one massive demonstration, the National American Woman enfranchisement Association in 1890. In the 1870s, the women enfranchisement activists began to endeavor to vote and filing case when they were denied the chance to vote. This brought a lot of consciousness to the movement especially after the apprehension of Susan Anthony when she tried to vote in the head of state elections in 1872. The women suffrage activists lived with hope that one day the law cases would reach the Supreme Court and they would be granted the right to vote just like men. However, it was so heartbreaking when the Supreme Court made a ruling that the United States Constitution didn't owe anyone the right to the ballot. The Supreme Court ruling not only did it demoralize the activists but also acted as the motivating factor for the activist to push for another amendment (Brundage, & Gerstle, 2017). The union leaders started to form universal Suffrage movements. The activist began establishing drives that were to push for a constitutional amendment that was to grant voting rights to the women. The campaigns to achieve victories at the top level of the government ware started by the National American Woman Suffrage Movement. This union hoped that federal legislation would follow after the women had the right to poll. During the endorsement of the 19th amendment, the efforts of the association came to light as most of the states had granted limited voting rights to women. Some sectors of the US society were strictly against the movement of women's suffrage that had already kicked off with a lot of momentum (Dionne Danns, & Michelle 2015). Those that engaged in the brewing of alcohol and distillation opposed the movement because they thought that if the women had to vote, they would vote for the prohibition of the brewery and sale of alcohol in America.

Those that employed young people agitated that women would poll against child exploitation. Movements that completely opposed the women's suffrage movement sprang up. Unfortunately, the anti-suffrage activists were men and women who stated that national was a dirty game, and it would tarnish the morals, and spiritual believes of women. Aaron the republican senator introduced the amendment in the constitution the allowed women to vote in 1877, but the bill was defeated in the voting sector (Crosby, 2011). Rejection of the women's rights to vote didn't end in 1887. In 1914, another constitutional amendment was put across, but the Senate rejected it. Carrie chapman who was the successor of Susan Anthony in heading the national woman suffrage association brought a link between the world war one and the women suffrage. Even though most of her fellow activists didn't want to participate in the war, chapman's commitment to hold up the war and depict the women's enfranchisement movement as nationalistic. The fruits of the effort were seen in 1918 when President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed his support to the women suffrage. In the year 1920, the congress approved the nineteenth century and granted rights to vote to every citizen despite the sex. This was a significant victory and the breakthrough for the women's rights unions. The sale and importation of alcohol were actively supported by the women's Christian temperament that had begun in 1873 (Crosby, (2011). Prohibition gained a lot of support during the consecutive period. Most temperance leaders were actively involved in the eradication of anything that had resulted from the industrialization process. The working class of the society drunk a lot together with the saloons. Due to these anti-saloon movement begun that received a lot of support from the Protestants who hated the drinking habit. This later led to a nationwide eradication of alcohol. This prohibition made the anti-saloon movement the most powerful in American. The re-emergence of the Ku Klux Klan after it had been disbanded in the reconstruction period, the clan became active in1920s whereby it directed its hatred to the Christian, Jews, and catholic immigrants (Dionne Danns, & Michelle 2015). Ku Klux Klan was a ruthless ascendancy organization that started in the southern state after the end of the war. The members of this association were against the abolishment of slavery since they wanted African Americans to live under the subjection of the whites. The organization revived after the world war and kicked off again 1920 in the southern state. The members were the white middle-class activists who based their movement on religious-based morals (Prince, 2014). They believed they were the people who were supposed to restore justice in the society. These people used threats and violence against African Americans and making sure that African Americans never acquired any property or wealth, social status, or political power. In 1915, the "birth of the nation" film was released, and it was famous among the American audiences (PRIOR, & BERCAW 2017). Many people and organizations came together to oppose the KKK movement. American society was educated about the crimes that were being committed by the Ku Klux Klan by the civic and religious groups. The public education conducted by the association of colored people was very significant in educating the people about the threats from the KKK clan. This led to the end of the organization in 1920. The second reconstruction of American is offently referred to as the period between the end of world war two and the late 1960s (PRIOR, & BERCAW, 2017). At this time, the nation began to correct civil and constitutional rights that had been abused in the previous periods. A civil rights movement that included the president, courts, and the congress started to accord the African American complete political rights and abolished all the economic and social restrictions that existed. Besides the movement taking place when there were some African Americans in the congress, the significant role towards the end of discrimination and segregation was played by the everyday Americans. The pace towards the desegregation resulted from the executive actions that were taken between 1940 and 1950. Additionally, a presidential committee that was to keep check of the civil rights of the African began. This committee pushed the department of justice to bring to an end, the segregation that existed in the transport sector (Williamson, 2019). In the late 1960s, the Supreme Court changed the voting landscape where the African Americans were to be equally represented in the government. This brought an end to the district discrimination against the minorities that had existed for a very long time. The court also abolished the unequal congress representation and approved the fourteenth amendment on equal representation in every district. There were other factors that hindered African Americans in congress from leading and pass first civil rights. In the 1957 civil rights act, some southern people in the government slowed and weakened the process through the amendment process (Brundage, &Gerstle, 2017). However, the southerners were able to secure the voting rights from the original language. In the southern state, the blacks were not allowed to act as judges in the tribunals. This made of the white people that did wrong things to the African Americans to get away free. This made Powell let his colleagues that communism had to be practiced if democracy didn't become more productive. In 1957 September, the first civil rights act got implemented (Williamson, 2019). However, this created division in the justice department in America. Its right to punish the black voters were weak, as it had been noted earlier by the commission. The 1964 civil rights act had been brought about by the various protests that had been championed by Martin Luther and the Greensboro sit-ins. In 1960 the freedom riders tried to bring to an end the segregation that existed in the transportation sector (Prince, 2014). The passengers never managed because they were apprehended at Mississippi. The police commissioner at Birmingham released police dogs to the peaceful protestors to prevent them from campaigning against segregation. The act terrified Americans from all corners of the continent. The most massive protest was the march to Washington town that was headed by Martin Luther. This was a peaceful protest. The demonstrations to Washington aimed to demand job equality and freedom for African Americans. During the rally, Luther released his speech known as "I have a dream" to the public that captured the attention of a lot of people. The voting rights of the 1965 act made the state come up with stringent voting rights. This was because of continued protests by marchers in the south and continued determination by the president (Brundage, & Gerstle, 2017). All the marchers who were with by then future representative from Georgia were ruthlessly battered at the foot of the Selma overpass. The state troopers gassed most of the praying protestors. This event in Selma was later addressed by the president, which led to the passing of the bill that led to the abolishment of all the literacy tests for five years (Dionne Danns, & Michelle 2015). All the voting discriminations were brought to an end. Later the bill made preventing a person from voting was made a confederate crime. After that, the Africans American representatives spoke on behalf of the African American people when the bill was passed. In conclusion, the idea of gender changed after the reconstruction process in a lot of ways. The African Americans women were allowed to vote. This was after the voting act that was passed in the 19th amendment. The women activist also sprang up; they were advocating for the voting rights of women, and even after rejection, they continuously filed lawsuits that they hope that they would reach the Supreme Court at one point. The Ku Klux Klan reemerged again. The clan was against equality of blacks, believed that they were supposed to remain as the subjects of the whites. Reconstruction was the key reason as to why the African Americans were able to vote and even be represented in the government. Despite the representation in the government, African Americans were not allowed to act as judges in the court of law.

References

Brundage, W., Gerstle, G., Holt, T., Jones, M., Noll, M., Petty, A. . . . Williams, K. (2017). The Future of Reconstruction Studies. Journal of the Civil War Era, 7(1), 7-15. ROSEN, H. (2017). Teaching Race and Reconstruction. Journal of the Civil War Era, 7(1), 67-95.

Crosby, E. (2011). Civil rights history from the ground up: Local struggles, a national movement. Athens, Ga: University of Georgia Press.

Dionne Danns, & Michelle A. Purdy. (2015). Introduction: Historical Perspectives on African American Education, Civil Rights, and Black Power. The Journal of African American History, 100(4), 573-585. doi:10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.4.0573

Prince, K. S. (2014). Stories of the South: Race and the Reconstruction of southern identity, 1865-1915

PRIOR, D., BERCAW, N., BOND, B., BROWN, T., FONER, E., TAYLOR, J., & TILLET, S. (2017). Reconstruction in Public History and Memory Sesquicentennial. Journal of the Civil War Era, 7(1), 96-122.

Williamson, C. (2019). American Suffrage.