Japan monster reading response
mikeeee
FosterBookofYokai117-27.pdf
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11 8
Y O
K A
I C
O D
E X
ca rr
y an
i ro
n st
af f
or c
lu b,
a nd
w ea
r a
lo in
cl ot
h (f
un do
sh i)
m ad
e of
ti ge
r sk
in . W
hi le
m an
y of
th es
e de
ta ils
v ar
y, th
e ho
rn s-
w he
th er
a
si ng
le p
ro -
tr us
io n
or t
w o
or m
or e-
ar e
th e
cr ea
tu re
's m
os t
de fi
ni tiv
e fe
at ur
e in
t he
m
od er
n Ja
pa ne
se i
m ag
in at
io n.
4
A lth
ou gh
t he
re i
s so
m e
va ri
at io
n, t
he o
ni is
g en
er al
ly p
or tr
ay ed
i n
na r-
ra tiv
es a
nd r
itu al
c on
te xt
s as
a n
as ty
o th
er w
or ld
ly
be in
g w
ho t
hr ea
te ns
hu
m an
s; h
e is
a p
er so
n- sh
ap ed
an
tip er
so n,
e nc
ap su
la tin
g ev
er yt
hi ng
t ha
t im
pe ri
ls h
um an
s an
d hu
m an
so
ci et
y. A
s on
e sc
ho la
r no
te s
te rs
el y,
" T
he
on i i
s a
pr es
en ce
t ha
t ex
cl ud
es h
um an
n at
ur e
[n in
ge ns
ei ].
"5 T
he re
a re
a ls
o nu
m er
ou s
ex am
pl es
o f h
um or
ou s,
s tu
pi d,
i nn
oc uo
us ,
an d
ev en
b en
ev ol
en t
on i,
bu t
th es
e ar
e th
e an
om al
ie s,
th
e on
es t
ha t
st an
d ou
t be
ca us
e th
e "p
re m
is e"
i s
th at
t he
o ni
's ge
ne ra
l in
te nt
io ns
ar
e ne
ga tiv
e; o
ni a
re "
co n-
st ru
ct ed
a s
an tis
oc ie
ty a
nd a
nt im
or al
:' 6
T he
w or
d on
i is
fo un
d in
t he
e ar
lie st
-k no
w n
Ja pa
ne se
t ex
ts ,
in cl
ud in
g th
e K
oj ik
i, N
ih on
sh ok
i, an
d va
ri ou
s fu
do ki
( lo
ca l
ga ze
tte er
s) .
A lth
ou gh
th
e pr
on un
ci at
io n-
on i-
se em
s to
b e
a Ja
pa ne
se
co ns
tr uc
tio n,
th
e ka
nj i
cu rr
en tly
a ss
oc ia
te d
w ith
i t i
s in
co ns
is te
nt
in th
es e
ea rl
y te
xt s
an d
be ca
m e
es ta
bl is
he d
on ly
d ur
in g
th e
H ei
an p
er io
d . (
A t
th at
t im
e, t
he r
ea di
ng k
i al
so c
am e
to b
e us
ed i
n co
m po
un d
w or
ds .)
T he
e ar
lie st
i m
ag es
o f o
ni (
or f
ig ur
es t
ha t
w ou
ld c
om e
to b
e as
so ci
at ed
w
ith o
ni )
ar e
se en
i n
B ud
dh is
t de
pi ct
io ns
o f h
el l,
su ch
a s
th e
la te
-t w
el ft
h- ce
nt ur
y Ji
go ku
z os
hi (
H el
l sc
ro lls
).7 A
s th
e im
ag e
de ve
lo pe
d it
w as
p ro
b- ab
ly a
ls o
in fl
ue nc
ed
by e
ar ly
p ic
tu re
s of
R ai
jin (
th e
th un
de r
de ity
), as
fo
un d
in , f
or e
xa m
pl e,
th e
th ir
te en
th -c
en tu
ry
ill us
tr at
ed K
ita no
te nj
in e
ng i
em ak
i. Po
rt ra
ya l
of th
e on
i as
a fi
er ce
, d em
on ic
, vi
ol en
t ho
rn ed
f ig
ur e
ha s
re m
ai ne
d re
m ar
ka bl
y co
ns is
te nt
s in
ce t
he se
e ar
ly i
llu st
ra tio
ns .
Si m
ila rl
y,
its c
ha ra
ct er
iz at
io n
as a
" fr
ig ht
en in
g pr
es en
ce "
ha s
be en
c on
st an
t si
nc e
its
ea rl
ie st
m
en tio
n in
w ri
tin g.
8 W
ha te
ve r
th e
ab so
lu te
or
ig in
s of
t he
o ni
co
nc ep
t an
d im
ag e,
i nf
lu en
ce s
on th
e de
ve lo
pm en
t of
th e
fi gu
re h
av e
va r-
ie d
an d
in cl
ud e
C hi
ne se
, na
tiv e
Ja pa
ne se
, B
ud dh
is t,
an d
O nm
yo do
so
ur ce
s. 9
H is
to ri
ca lly
, on
i w er
e co
nf la
te d
w ith
y ok
ai m
or e
ge ne
ra lly
-i nv
ok ed
as
ge
ne ri
c si
gn if
ie rs
f or
a ll
so rt
s of
f ri
gh te
ni ng
or
u nk
no w
n m
on st
er s.
Fo
r ex
am pl
e, t
he m
ed ie
va l-
pe ri
od
ex pr
es si
on h
ya kk
iy ag
yi 5
co nt
ai ns
t he
k an
ji fo
r on
i (p
ro no
un ce
d ki
) an
d tr
an sl
at es
as
" ni
gh t
pr oc
es si
on o
f on
e hu
n- dr
ed o
ni :'
B ut
in m
os t
ca se
s, th
e on
i i n
th e
pr oc
es si
on a
re i
nt er
ch an
ge ab
le
W IL
D S
11 9
w ith
y ok
ai m
or e
ge ne
ra lly
; th
at
is , t
he y
ar e
no t
on ly
a nt
hr op
om or
ph ic
de
m on
lik e
cr ea
tu re
s bu
t al
so m
on st
ro us
b ei
ng s
of a
ll sh
ap es
a nd
s iz
es .
T hr
ou gh
t im
e, h
ow ev
er , t
he o
ni e
ve nt
ua lly
d ev
el op
ed in
to a
s pe
ci fi
c f ig
ur e
(a s
in gl
e ty
pe o
fy ok
ai )
ch ar
ac te
ri ze
d by
a n
um be
r of
tr ai
ts t
ha t
ap pe
ar a
ga in
an
d ag
ai n
in v
is ua
liz at
io ns
a nd
d es
cr ip
tio ns
. T
he se
i nc
lu de
a fi
er ce
c ou
nt e-
na nc
e, a
la rg
e m
us cu
la r
bo dy
s tr
ip pe
d to
th e
w ai
st , a
n as
ty te
m pe
r, an
a ss
o- ci
at io
n w
ith li
gh tn
in g,
a nd
a p
en ch
an t
fo r e
at in
g pe
op le
. I n
m an
y im
ag es
, o ni
ha
ve o
nl y
th re
e fi
ng er
s on
e ac
h ha
nd a
nd th
re e
to es
o n
ea ch
fo ot
, a ll
of th
em
w ith
s ha
rp ,
cl aw
lik e
na ils
. S om
et im
es o
ni a
re p
or tr
ay ed
w ith
a th
ir d
ey e
in
th e
m id
dl e
of th
e fo
re he
ad .
A s
m en
tio ne
d ea
rl ie
r, th
ey c
om m
on ly
h av
e ox
ho
rn s
on th
ei r
he ad
s an
d w
ea r
tig er
-p el
t lo
in cl
ot hs
. T
he se
f ea
tu re
s su
gg es
t an
a ss
oc ia
tio n
w ith
t he
n or
th -e
as t
di re
ct io
n, k
no w
n in
J ap
an es
e as
u sh
i- to
ra , l
ite ra
lly "
ox -t
ig er
;' a
di re
ct io
n lin
ke d
w ith
t he
k im
on ,
or "
on i-
ga te
;' th
ro ug
h w
hi ch
m is
fo rt
un e
w as
s ai
d to
e nt
er a
h ou
se ho
ld o
r c om
m un
ity .1
0
T he
s pe
ci fi
c vi
su al
i m
ag er
y as
so ci
at ed
w
ith t
he o
ni m
ay h
av e
ta ke
n sh
ap e
in r
es po
ns e
to v
ag ue
f ea
rs a
nd i
nv is
ib le
d an
ge rs
. T
ha t
is , t
he i
m ag
e of
th e
on i s
er ve
s as
a fl
oa tin
g si
gn if
ie r
ap pl
ic ab
le t
o an
y nu
m be
r of
th re
at s
to h
um an
so
ci et
y. O
ne i
nt er
pr et
at io
n of
th e
on i's
o ri
gi ns
, fo
r ex
am pl
e, i
s th
at
th e
w or
d si
gn if
ie d
an e
pi de
m ic
; th
e ph
ys ic
al b
od y
of t
he o
ni t
hu s
be ca
m e
a vi
si bl
e im
ag e
of th
e in
vi si
bl e
ye t t
er ri
fy in
g sp
re ad
o f d
is ea
se .
Si m
ila rl
y, o
ni c
an b
e in
te rp
re te
d hi
st or
ic al
ly a
s vi
su al
iz at
io ns
o f o
th er
- ne
ss a
nd t
he d
an ge
rs a
ss oc
ia te
d w
ith i
t. A
lm os
t hu
m an
i n
fo rm
, b ut
a t t
he
sa m
e tim
e im
pe ri
lin g
al l t
ha t
is h
um an
, on
i re
pr es
en t
ev er
yt hi
ng f
or ei
gn
an d
m ys
te ri
ou s
th at
t hr
ea te
ns t
he s
ta tu
s qu
o. V
ar yi
ng in
te rp
re ta
tio ns
su
g- ge
st th
at t
he se
h um
an lik
e su
pe rn
at ur
al
be in
gs m
ay r
ef le
ct f
ea r
of h
is to
ri -
ca lly
m ar
gi na
liz ed
po
pu la
tio ns
, su
ch a
s sh
ug en
di 5
re lig
io us
p ra
ct iti
on er
s,
w ho
w er
e "o
ut si
de rs
" liv
in g
in th
e m
ou nt
ai ns
an
d en
ga gi
ng i
n m
ys te
ri ou
s pr
ac tic
es .
Si m
ila rl
y, o
ni m
ay h
av e
be en
a ss
oc ia
te d
w ith
c om
m un
iti es
of
bl
ac ks
m ith
s,
m et
al w
or ke
rs ,
an d
m in
er s
w ho
l iv
ed o
n th
e ou
ts ki
rt s
of v
il- la
ge s
an d
w er
e be
lie ve
d to
p os
se ss
-a lo
ng
w ith
t he
ir a
bi lit
y, li
te ra
lly ,
to
sh ap
e m
et al
-s up
er na
tu ra
l po
w er
s fo
r s af
e ch
ild bi
rt h.
A s
a ki
nd o
f a nt
ih e-
ge m
on ic
c ul
tu ra
l m
et ap
ho r,
th en
, th
e pr
es um
ab ly
ne
ga tiv
e an
d de
st ru
c- tiv
e on
i ca
n al
so a
ss um
e a
po si
tiv e
an d
cr ea
tiv e
ro le
a s
an tie
st ab
lis hm
en t
re be
l or
u nd
er do
g, t
he m
ar gi
na liz
ed
or d
is en
fr an
ch is
ed
O th
er w
ho c
ha l-
le ng
es t
he e
nt re
nc he
d so
ci op
ol iti
ca l
or de
r an
d be
co m
es a
d ri
vi ng
f or
ce in
sh
ap in
g hi
st or
y. 11
12 0
Y O
K A
I C
O D
E X
T hi
s tr
an sg
re ss
iv e
bu t
am bi
gu ou
s ro
le i
s ev
id en
t in
o ne
o f
th e
m os
t fa
m ou
s on
i le
ge nd
s, t
he s
to ry
o f
Sh u t
en d
oj i,
lit er
al ly
, "S
ak e-
D ri
nk in
g B
oy :'
A s
w ith
a ll
fo lk
n ar
ra tiv
es ,
th er
e is
m or
e th
an o
ne v
er si
on ,
bu t
th e
ol de
st e
xt an
t w
ri tte
n ac
co un
t is
t he
s o-
ca lle
d O
ey am
a te
xt (
ea rl
y fo
ur -
te en
th c
en tu
ry )
in w
hi ch
t he
d em
on ic
p ro
ta go
ni st
re
si de
s on
M ou
nt O
e,
on th
e ed
ge o
f t he
H ei
an c
ap ita
l, pr
es en
t- da
y K
yo to
. I n
th e
st or
y, th
e tim
e pe
ri od
i s
no t
sp ec
if ie
d, b
ut r
ef er
en ce
s to
r ea
l pe
op le
h in
t th
at i
t p ro
ba bl
y to
ok p
la ce
a ro
un d
th e
la te
te nt
h or
e ar
ly e
le ve
nt h
ce nt
ur y.
T
he c
ap ita
l is
p la
gu ed
b y
de m
on s
ab du
ct in
g yo
un g
w om
en ,
in cl
ud in
g th
e da
ug ht
er o
f a n
im po
rt an
t go
ve rn
m en
t of
fi ci
al . E
ve nt
ua lly
, a d
iv in
at io
n is
p er
fo rm
ed a
nd it
is d
et er
m in
ed t
ha t
th e
de m
on c
ul pr
its r
es id
e on
M ou
nt
O e.
T he
e m
pe ro
r or
de rs
th e
gr ea
t w
ar ri
or M
in am
ot o
no Y
or im
its u
(R ai
ko )
an d
hi s
lie ut
en an
ts t
o su
bd ue
t he
d em
on s.
R
ai ko
a nd
h is
m en
p ra
y to
v ar
io us
B ud
dh is
t de
iti es
, a nd
th en
, di
sg ui
se d
as m
ou nt
ai n
as ce
tic s,
th ey
h ea
d in
to th
e hi
lls in
s ea
rc h
of th
e on
i's h
id eo
ut .
A lo
ng t
he w
ay , t
he y
m ee
t th
re e
ol d
m en
w ho
e xp
la in
t ha
t th
e le
ad o
ni ,
Sh ut
en d
oj i,
is p
ar tic
ul ar
ly f
on d
of a
lc oh
ol ; t
he o
ld m
en g
iv e
R ai
ko a
nd h
is
en to
ur ag
e a
co nt
ai ne
r of
m ag
ic al
s ak
e th
at i
s po
is on
ou s
to o
ni b
ut b
en ef
i- ci
al to
h um
an s.
I t
tu rn
s ou
t th
at t
he se
m en
a re
a ct
ua lly
d ei
tie s,
i nc
ar na
- tio
ns o
f th
e ve
ry g
od s
to w
ho m
R ai
ko a
nd h
is m
en h
ad p
ra ye
d. A
ft er
po
in tin
g th
e w
ar ri
or s
in th
e di
re ct
io n
of th
e on
i's la
ir , t
he d
ei tie
s di
sa pp
ea r
in to
t hi
n ai
r. T
ra ve
lin g
up st
re am
, th
e w
ar ri
or s
m ee
t a
yo un
g w
om an
w ho
p ro
vi de
s th
em w
ith m
or e
in fo
rm at
io n,
ex
pl ai
ni ng
t ha
t Sh
ut en
d oj
i "h
as li
gh t-
re d
sk in
a nd
i s
ta ll
w ith
d is
he ve
le d
sh or
t ha
ir .
H e
ha s
a hu
m an
ap
pe ar
an ce
du
ri ng
th
e da
y, b
ut a
t ni
gh t
he t
ra ns
fo rm
s in
to a
t en
-f oo
t- ta
ll de
m on
w
ho se
c ou
nt en
an ce
is
t ru
ly h
or ri
bl e.
H
e al
w ay
s dr
in ks
sa
ke .
O nc
e he
be
co m
es i
nt ox
ic at
ed ,
he fo
rg et
s ev
er yt
hi ng
." T
he w
ar ri
or s
ev en
tu al
ly c
om e
to t
he i
ro n
pa la
ce i
n w
hi ch
t he
o ni
a nd
h is
d em
on a
rm y
liv e.
T hr
ou gh
a
m ix
tu re
o f
go od
f or
tu ne
a nd
c un
ni ng
, R
ai ko
a nd
h is
m en
e nd
u p
ea tin
g an
d dr
in ki
ng
w ith
S hu
te n
do ji
an d
hi s
he nc
hm en
, sh
ar in
g th
e m
ag ic
al
liq uo
r, un
til a
ll th
e on
i be
co m
e dr
un k
an d
di so
ri en
te d
an d,
e ve
nt ua
lly ,
pa ss
o ut
. In
r ep
os e,
S hu
te n
do ji
hi m
se lf
e xp
an ds
t o
tw ic
e hi
s si
ze :
"H is
ho
rn s
w er
e no
w p
ro tr
ud in
g th
ro ug
h th
e sp
ik ed
r ed
b ri
st le
s on
h is
s ca
lp ,
hi s
be ar
d ha
d be
co m
e w
ild ly
s ha
gg y,
a nd
h is
e ye
br ow
s w
er e
ov er
gr ow
n.
H is
li m
bs h
ad b
ec om
e he
av y
an d
th ic
k , l
ik e
th os
e of
a b
ea r:
'
W IL
D S
12 1
W ith
t he
a ss
is ta
nc e
of th
e th
re e
de iti
es ,
w ho
a pp
ea r
ag ai
n ju
st w
he n
th ey
a re
n ee
de d,
R ai
ko c
ut s
of f S
hu te
n do
ji' s
he ad
-w hi
ch
at f
ir st
c on
tin -
ue s
to a
tta ck
a nd
b ite
e ve
n af
te r
be in
g se
pa ra
te d
fr om
i ts
b od
y. A
nd t
he n,
in
a d
ra m
at ic
ba
ttl e,
th
e w
ar ri
or s
di sp
at ch
al
l th
e ot
he r
on i.
E nt
er in
g de
ep er
i nt
o th
e co
m po
un d,
th
e m
en d
is co
ve r
a sc
en e
of h
or ro
r, re
pl et
e w
ith s
ke le
to ns
, pi
ck le
d hu
m an
f le
sh , a
nd a
w om
an w
ith s
ev er
ed li
m bs
b ut
st
ill a
liv e,
w ho
t he
y vo
w to
c om
e ba
ck f
or l
at er
. R
ai ko
a nd
h is
m en
t he
n le
ad th
e yo
un g,
a bd
uc te
d w
om en
t o
sa fe
ty , r
eu ni
tin g
th em
w ith
th ei
r fa
m i-
lie s
in th
e ca
pi ta
l, w
he re
R ai
ko h
im se
lf i
s ce
le br
at ed
a s
a he
ro ic
w ar
ri or
. In
th is
e xt
en de
d an
d th
ea tr
ic al
n ar
ra tiv
e, S
hu te
n do
ji an
d hi
s fe
llo w
o ni
ar
e vi
ci ou
s an
d un
pl ea
sa nt
t o
be s
ur e,
b ut
t he
y ca
n al
so b
e re
ad i
n a
m or
e sy
m pa
th et
ic
lig ht
. T
he y
ar e,
a ft
er a
ll, s
om ew
ha t
ho sp
ita bl
e an
d go
od -
na tu
re d
w he
n ba
nq ue
tin g
w ith
t he
w ar
ri or
s, t
he y
fi gh
t ho
no ra
bl y
an d
w el
l, an
d ul
tim at
el y,
t he
y fa
ll vi
ct im
t o
th e
w ar
ri or
s' de
ce pt
io n.
I nd
ee d,
a s
Sh ut
en d
oj i
hi m
se lf
e xc
la im
s be
fo re
h is
h ea
d is
c ut
o ff
, " H
ow s
ad ,
yo u
pr ie
st s!
Y ou
s ai
d yo
u do
n ot
l ie
. T
he re
i s
no th
in g
fa ls
e in
t he
w or
ds o
f de
m on
s: '1
2 In
o ne
s en
se , t
he y
m ig
ht b
e se
en a
s an
tie st
ab lis
hm en
t re
be ls
- no
c oi
nc id
en ce
, pe
rh ap
s, t
ha t
th e
w om
en t
he y
ki dn
ap a
ll se
em t
o be
t he
da
ug ht
er s
of g
ov er
nm en
t of
fi ci
al s.
S hu
te n
do ji
hi m
se lf
c an
c er
ta in
ly b
e in
te rp
re te
d in
te rm
s of
o th
er ne
ss :
a be
in g
un ab
le t
o liv
e w
ith in
s oc
ie ty
a nd
dr
iv en
i nt
o an
i so
la te
d ex
is te
nc e
lit er
al ly
o n
th e
m ar
gi ns
o f
th e
se at
o f
po w
er (
th e
ca pi
ta l)
.1 3
W hi
le t
he S
hu te
n do
ji st
or y
is c
on si
de re
d a
cl as
si c
lit er
ar y
te xt
, m
an y
le ge
nd s
an d
fo lk
ta le
s co
nc er
ni ng
on
i w
er e
pa ss
ed d
ow n
or al
ly i
n lo
ca l
co m
m un
iti es
a nd
r ef
le ct
a m
uc h
m or
e po
pu la
r ap
pr oa
ch ,
in w
hi ch
o ni
a re
ou
tw itt
ed o
r su
bd ue
d no
t b y
gr ea
t w
ar ri
or s
bu t
by c
un ni
ng c
om m
on f
ol k.
A
ta le
c ol
le ct
ed i
n Y
am an
as hi
P re
fe ct
ur e,
f or
e xa
m pl
e, t
el ls
o f a
n ex
cr uc
i- at
in gl
y po
or m
ot he
r w
ho c
an n
o lo
ng er
a ff
or d
to f
ee d
he r
th re
e so
ns , a
nd
w ho
r el
uc ta
nt ly
a ba
nd on
s th
em i
n th
e fo
re st
. T he
c hi
ld re
n se
ek s
he lte
r in
a
hu t,
bu t
th e
ol d
w om
an l
iv in
g th
er e
te lls
th em
t ha
t th
e ho
us e
be lo
ng s
to
an o
ni , w
ho w
ill s
oo n
be c
om in
g ho
m e.
S ur
e en
ou gh
, a
m om
en t
la te
r th
ey
he ar
h im
c om
in g,
a nd
t he
o ld
w om
an q
ui ck
ly h
id es
t he
b oy
s in
a s
to ra
ge
pi t.
Se ns
iti ve
t o
th e
od or
o f
hu m
an
fl es
h, t
he o
ni i
s im
m ed
ia te
ly s
us pi
- ci
ou s;
t he
o ld
w om
an e
xp la
in s
th at
t hr
ee b
oy s
ha d
co m
e, b
ut h
ad l
ef t
as
so on
a s
th ey
h ea
rd h
e w
as c
om in
g . T
he o
ni p
ro ce
ed s
to p
ut o
n hi
s m
ag ic
bo
ot s,
w hi
ch a
llo w
h im
t o
tr av
el m
an y
m ile
s w
ith e
ac h
st ep
, an
d da
sh es
12 2
Y O
K A
I C
O D
E X
ou t
to l
oo k
fo r
th em
. T
ry a
s he
m ig
ht ,
ho w
ev er
, h e
ca nn
ot f
in d
th em
a ny
- w
he re
, an
d ev
en tu
al ly
h e
co nc
lu de
s th
at h
e ha
s go
ne t
oo f
ar . D
ec id
in g
to
w ai
t fo
r th
em t
o co
m e
hi s
w ay
, h e
lie s
do w
n to
ta ke
a n
ap .
M ea
nw hi
le ,
th e
ol d
w om
an i
ns tr
uc ts
th
e bo
ys t
o es
ca pe
o ut
t he
b ac
k do
or , a
nd t
he y
ru n
of f.
E ve
nt ua
lly , t
he y
he ar
a s
ou nd
l ik
e th
e th
un de
r go
d an
d re
al iz
e th
ey h
av e
co m
e to
th e
pl ac
e w
he re
t he
g ia
nt o
ni li
es fa
st a
sl ee
p,
sn or
in g.
T he
y ou
ng es
t br
ot he
r de
ci de
s to
s te
al t
he o
ni 's
m ag
ic al
b oo
ts ,
w hi
ch h
e m
an ag
es t
o do
-v er
y ca
re fu
lly -w
hi le
th
e sl
um be
ri ng
de
m on
m
um bl
es
so m
et hi
ng
ab ou
t m
ic e.
T he
b oy
g iv
es th
e bo
ot s
to t
he o
ld es
t br
ot he
r, w
ho p
ut s
th em
o n,
t ie
s hi
s br
ot he
rs
to h
is b
ac k
, a nd
f lie
s aw
ay
w ith
t he
m .
W ith
ou t
hi s
bo ot
s, t
he o
ni c
an no
t ca
tc h
th em
, an
d th
e br
ot he
rs
so on
e sc
ap e
to th
e sa
fe ty
o f h
um an
h ab
ita tio
ns ,
w he
re "
th ey
w or
ke d
ve ry
ha
rd a
nd h
el pe
d th
ei r
m ot
he r:
'1 4
T he
ta le
i s l
ig ht
he ar
te d,
to
b e
su re
, an
d it
fe at
ur es
a n
on i w
ho e
at s
fl es
h bu
t is
a t t
he s
am e
tim e
a bi
t go
of y,
as in
th e
ty pi
ca l
"n um
bs ku
ll" t
al es
f ou
nd i
n fo
lk lo
re o
f cu
ltu re
s ar
ou nd
t he
w or
ld .
B ut
a s
w ith
t he
S hu
te n
do ji
le ge
nd ,
it is
a ls
o a
ta le
o f c
on qu
es t
an d
es ca
pe
fr om
m or
ta l
ha rm
. T
he m
os t
fa m
ou s
of a
ll Ja
pa ne
se
fo lk
ta le
s, t
he s
to ry
o f
M om
ot ar
o (P
ea ch
B oy
), pr
es en
ts a
s im
ila r
si tu
at io
n, i
n w
hi ch
o ni
a re
d ef
ea te
d. I
n th
is
ca se
, a b
oy b
or n
fr om
a p
ea ch
a nd
r ai
se d
by a
n ol
d co
up le
d ec
id es
to tr
av el
to
O ni
I sl
an d
(O ni
-g a-
sh im
a)
to c
on qu
er
its d
em on
ic
in ha
bi ta
nt s.
H
is
pa re
nt s
su pp
ly h
im w
ith e
ne rg
y- gi
vi ng
ki
bi -d
an go
(m
ill et
d um
pl in
gs ),
an d
he s
et s
of f
on h
is q
ue st
, ac
qu ir
in g
al on
g th
e w
ay a
l oy
al e
nt ou
ra ge
m
ad e
up o
f a d
og , p
he as
an t,
an d
m on
ke y.
U po
n ar
ri vi
ng a
t O ni
I sl
an d,
t he
sm
al l
ba nd
o f w
ar ri
or s,
f or
tif ie
d by
J ap
an 's
fi ne
st m
ill et
d um
pl in
gs ,
ea si
ly
de fe
at t
he o
ni , m
ak in
g th
em p
le dg
e ne
ve r
to b
e ba
d ag
ai n
an d
re ce
iv in
g al
l so
rt s
of tr
ea su
re .1
5
T he
ta le
o f a
n ex
ce ed
in gl
y co
ur ag
eo us
b oy
d ef
ea tin
g a
ba nd
o f t
er ri
fy in
g de
m on
s is
a g
ra tif
yi ng
st
or y
in w
hi ch
th
e un
de rd
og
w in
s an
d go
od
tr iu
m ph
s ov
er e
vi l.
B ec
au se
o f t
hi s
re la
tiv el
y si
m pl
e st
ru ct
ur e,
th
e na
rr a-
tiv e
le nd
s its
el f
to a
lle go
ri ca
l in
te rp
re ta
tio n
an d
m an
ip ul
at io
n;
it is
n ot
su
rp ri
si ng
th
at
th is
t al
e in
p ar
tic ul
ar
w as
a da
pt ed
fo
r ea
rl y-
tw en
tie th
- ce
nt ur
y te
xt bo
ok s
an d
fo r
pr op
ag an
da
du ri
ng
Ja pa
n 's
co lo
ni al
p er
io d
an d
th e
Pa ci
fi c
W ar
, w
he n
th e
al lie
d tr
oo ps
w
er e
po rt
ra ye
d as
t he
da
ng er
ou s
de m
on ic
O th
er .
In o
ne 1
94 2
fi lm
, O ni
I sl
an d
is i
de nt
if ie
d as
H
aw ai
i. 16
W IL
D S
12 3
F em
al e
O ni
T he
o ni
I h
av e
de sc
ri be
d he
re
ar e
pr im
ar ily
m
al e
fi gu
re s;
t hi
s is
t he
im
ag er
y co
m m
on ly
a ss
oc ia
te d
w ith
t he
m i
n Ja
pa n
to da
y. B
ut h
is to
ri ca
lly ,
as th
e em
bo di
m en
t of
a ng
er a
nd r
es en
tm en
t , o
ni h
av e
al so
o ft
en a
ss um
ed
fe m
al e
fo rm
. In
f ac
t, pe
rh ap
s th
e ea
rl ie
st k
no w
n on
i- lik
e fi
gu re
s ar
e th
e Y
om ot
su -s
hi ko
m e,
th
e "h
ag s
of Y
om i,"
w ho
a pp
ea r
in t
he K
oj ik
i an
d N
ih on
sh ok
i. T
he se
d em
on ic
w om
en c
ha se
I za
na gi
f ro
m t
he u
nd er
w or
ld
af te
r he
h as
g lim
ps ed
h is
d ec
ea se
d w
if e,
I za
na m
i, a
s a
ro tti
ng c
or ps
e in
w
hi ch
" m
ag go
ts w
er e
sq ui
rm in
g an
d ro
ar in
g. "1
7
W hi
le t
he w
or d
on i
is n
ot a
ct ua
lly u
se d
fo r
th es
e ha
gs o
fY om
i, it
d oe
s ap
pe ar
d ur
in g
th e
m ed
ie va
l pe
ri od
, in
a ta
le f
ro m
a B
ud dh
is t
se ts
uw a
co l-
le ct
io n
ca lle
d K
an ky
o no
to m
o (A
c om
pa ni
on i
n so
lit ud
e) ,
be lie
ve d
to h
av e
be en
c om
pi le
d in
1 22
2 by
t he
p ri
es t
K ei
se i
Sh on
in .1
8 T
he t
al e
re la
te s
an
ev en
t th
at "
to ok
p la
ce n
ot t
oo l
on g
ag o
in th
e pr
ov in
ce o
f M in
o: ' A
y ou
ng
w om
an i
s ne
gl ec
te d
by h
er l
ov er
fr om
a d
is ta
nt p
ro vi
nc e.
S he
q ui
et ly
g iv
es
up e
at in
g an
d ta
ke s
to h
er b
ed ,
un til
" on
e da
y sh
e to
ok s
om e
m ill
et j
el ly
fr
om a
c on
ta in
er
ly in
g ne
ar by
. S he
t ie
d he
r ha
ir u
p in
to f
iv e
kn ot
s an
d sm
ea re
d so
m e
je lly
o n
th em
; sh
e th
en l
et th
em d
ry s
o th
ey w
ou ld
l oo
k lik
e ho
rn s.
T he
n, p
ut tin
g on
a r
ed s
ki rt
, sh
e qu
ie tly
r an
a w
ay th
at e
ve ni
ng :'
A ft
er s
om e
th ir
ty y
ea rs
, w or
d sp
re ad
s th
at t
he re
i s
a de
m on
l iv
in g
in a
n ol
d te
m pl
e, w
ho h
as b
ee n
w re
ak in
g ha
vo c
in s
ev er
al v
ill ag
es . F
in al
ly , t
he
vi lla
ge rs
b ur
n th
e te
m pl
e, a
nd f
ro m
t he
f la
m es
r un
s "a
c re
at ur
e w
ith f
iv e
ho rn
s, w
ea ri
ng
a re
d sk
ir t,
be nt
at
t he
h ip
s an
d lo
ok in
g in
de sc
ri ba
bl y
fr ig
ht en
in g.
" T
he o
ni i
de nt
if ie
s he
rs el
f, co
nf es
si ng
t ha
t sh
e ha
d in
de ed
m
ur de
re d
th e
m an
w ho
h ad
d es
er te
d be
r . '
'A ft
er th
at ;'
s he
c on
tin ue
s , "
no
m at
te r
ho w
m uc
h I t
ri ed
, I
co ul
d no
t re
ga in
m y
fo rm
er p
hy si
ca l
se lf
:' In
a
se ns
e, b
y no
t on
ly ta
ki ng
o n
th e
su pe
rf ic
ia l
fo rm
o f a
d em
on b
ut a
ls o
ac tu
- al
ly a
ct in
g de
m on
ic al
ly -t
ha t
is ,
co m
m itt
in g
m ur
de r-
sh e
ha s
tr an
s- fo
rm ed
h er
se lf
ir re
vo ca
bl y
in to
a d
em on
w ho
se v
er y
ex is
te nc
e "i
s e xt
re m
el y
pa in
fu l:'
I n
te ar
s, s
he e
ve nt
ua lly
l ea
ps i
nt o
th e
fi re
a nd
d ie
s. T
he ta
le i
s on
e of
p at
ho s
an d
sa dn
es s
an d,
a s
on e
sc ho
la r
pu ts
i t,
"r ev
ea ls
a n
un de
rs ta
nd -
in g
of th
e on
i a s
ul tim
at el
y lo
ne ly
a nd
p iti
fu l,
an d
w ith
h um
an p
ai n
de sp
ite
he r
tr an
sf or
m at
io n.
"1 9
T hi
s pa
rt ic
ul ar
B
ud dh
is t
ta le
s ee
m s
to b
e re
la te
d to
a n
um be
r of
la te
r, si
m ila
r na
rr at
iv es
, in
cl ud
in g
on e
fo un
d in
a v
er si
on
of T
he T
al e
of t
he
12 4
Y O
K A
I C
O D
E X
H ei
ke (
fo ur
te en
th
ce nt
ur y)
a nd
t he
N oh
p la
y Th
e Ir
on C
ro w
n (f
if te
en th
ce
nt ur
y) .
In a
ll th
es e
ca se
s th
e w
om an
's tr
an sf
or m
at io
n in
to a
n on
i c om
es
ab ou
t as
a r
es ul
t of
in or
di na
te
pa ss
io n
an d
je al
ou sy
. H
er i
nt er
na l
st at
e of
m
in d,
o ne
o f
an ge
r an
d re
se nt
m en
t, ca
us es
h er
b od
y to
c ha
ng e-
of te
n th
ro ug
h pu
rp os
ef ul
a nd
s us
ta in
ed e
ff or
t- in
to
th e
bo dy
o f a
d em
on .
It i
s a
pr of
ou nd
an
d pr
es um
ab ly
p er
m an
en t
tr an
sf or
m at
io n
th at
m ak
es v
is ib
le
an i
nv is
ib le
e m
ot io
n- in
th
is c
as e,
r ag
e. A
s pi
tia bl
e an
d hu
m an
as
t hi
s em
ot io
n m
ay b
e, it
is e
xp re
ss ed
b y
th e
on i's
d ee
pl y
an tih
um an
be
ha vi
or .
O ni
in F
es tiv
al a
nd R
itu al
O ni
a re
a li
ve ly
p re
se nc
e in
c on
te m
po ra
ry
Ja pa
ne se
r itu
al a
nd f
es tiv
al li
fe .
Pa rt
ic ul
ar ly
o n
N ew
Y ea
r's E
ve , o
r a
da te
k no
w n
as K
os ho
ga ts
u (L
itt le
N ew
Y
ea r)
o bs
er ve
d ar
ou nd
J an
ua ry
1 5,
o ni
-l ik
e fi
gu re
s fe
at ur
e in
lo ca
l o bs
er v-
an ce
s in
a n
um be
r of
s m
al l
co m
m un
iti es
, es
pe ci
al ly
in th
e T
oh ok
u re
gi on
. T
he m
os t
fa m
ou s
ve rs
io n
of th
is r
itu al
i s
ca lle
d N
am ah
ag e
an d
ta ke
s pl
ac e
on th
e O
ga P
en in
su la
o f A
ki ta
P re
fe ct
ur e.
Y ou
ng m
en f
ro m
t he
l oc
al c
om -
m un
ity d
re ss
i n
st ra
w r
ai nc
oa ts
a nd
d em
on m
as ks
a nd
t ro
m p
th ro
ug h
th e
sn ow
f ro
m h
ou se
t o
ho us
e, r
ec ei
vi ng
o ff
er in
gs o
f f oo
d an
d dr
in k
fr om
t he
re
si de
nt s
an d
ch as
in g
an d
sc ar
in g
th e
ki ds
o f t
he h
ou se
ho ld
. T
he o
ri gi
ns
of N
am ah
ag e
an d
si m
ila r
ri tu
al s,
i nc
lu di
ng
su m
m er
ri
tu al
s ob
se rv
ed i
n th
e R
yu ky
u Is
la nd
s of
O ki
na w
a Pr
ef ec
tu re
, ar
e un
kn ow
n,
an d
th er
e is
m
uc h
de ba
te a
bo ut
w he
th er
t he
f ri
gh te
ni ng
f ig
ur es
a re
o ni
, k am
i, or
s om
e ot
he r
pr es
en ce
. "W
ha te
ve r t
he c
as e,
h ow
ev er
, it
is c
le ar
t ha
t th
e cu
rr en
t in
ca rn
at io
n of
th es
e fi
gu re
s ha
s be
en d
ee pl
y in
fl ue
nc ed
b y
on i
ic on
og ra
- ph
y an
d be
ha vi
or . 2
0
A m
uc h
m or
e co
m m
on
an d
w id
es pr
ea d
on i-
re la
te d
ri tu
al
is t
he
Se ts
ub un
h ol
id ay
o bs
er ve
d in
e ar
ly F
eb ru
ar y.
S tr
ic tly
s pe
ak in
g, s
et su
bu n
re fe
rs t
o a
'Jo in
t" i
n th
e ye
ar w
he n
on e
se as
on c
ha ng
es i
nt o
an ot
he r,
so
th er
e ar
e fo
ur S
et su
bu n
an nu
al ly
; in
J ap
an ,
ho w
ev er
, th
e on
ly o
ne s
til l
ob se
rv ed
t o
an y
ex te
nt i
s in
F eb
ru ar
y, t
he d
ay b
ef or
e ri
ss hu
n, o
r th
e fi
rs t
da y
of s
pr in
g (a
cc or
di ng
t o
th e
ol d
ca le
nd ri
ca l
sy st
em ).
So S
et su
bu n
is
m uc
h lik
e N
ew Y
ea r's
E ve
, a d
iv id
in g
po in
t be
tw ee
n th
e ol
d ye
ar a
nd t
he
ne w
a nd
t he
re fo
re
a ri
tu al
ly m
ea ni
ng fu
l m
om en
t of
tr an
si tio
n.
T hi
s is
a
cr ac
k in
t he
f lo
w o
f tim
e, a
p ot
en tia
lly
da ng
er ou
s br
id ge
b et
w ee
n on
e pe
ri od
a nd
a no
th er
, du
ri ng
w hi
ch b
ot h
go od
a nd
b ad
s pi
ri ts
m ig
ht e
nt er
.
W IL
D S
12 5
A cc
or di
ng ly
, a c
us to
m f
ou nd
t hr
ou gh
ou t
Ja pa
n is
to s
ca tte
r be
an s
ar ou
nd
th e
ho us
e or
th ro
w t
he m
o ut
w in
do w
s an
d do
or s,
s ho
ut in
g, "
O ut
w ith
o ni
; in
w ith
g oo
d fo
rt un
e" (
O ni
w a
so to
; f uk
u w
a uc
hi ).
T he
a ct
ua l
pr ac
tic e
va ri
es w
ith r
eg io
n an
d fa
m ily
t ra
di tio
n,
bu t
th e
no tio
n of
s im
ul ta
ne ou
sl y
in vi
tin g
in g
oo d
fo rt
un e
an d
ba ni
sh in
g ba
d (i
.e .,
on i)
i s
ge ne
ra lly
c on
si st
- en
t. So
to o
is th
e po
w er
o f b
ea ns
( us
ua lly
r oa
st ed
s oy
be an
s) ;
du ri
ng t
hi s
tim e
th ro
ug ho
ut
Ja pa
n,
su pe
rm ar
ke ts
an
d co
nv en
ie nc
e st
or es
s el
l s m
al l
pa ck
et s
of b
ea ns
e xp
re ss
ly f
or b
an is
hi ng
o ni
.2 1
T he
o ri
gi ns
o f t
he S
et su
bu n
ri tu
al a
re li
ke ly
a c
om bi
na tio
n of
B ud
dh is
t, O
nm y6
d6 ,
an d
po pu
la r
re lig
io us
p ra
ct ic
es .
T he
e xp
ul si
on o
f o ni
i s
re la
te d
to a
p ur
if ic
at io
n ce
re m
on y
ca lle
d ts
ui na
, pr
ob ab
ly o
f O
nm y6
d6 o
ri gi
ns ,
w hi
ch w
as e
na ct
ed t
o cl
ea ns
e th
e pa
la ce
b ef
or e
th e
em pe
ro r's
a pp
ea ra
nc e
on t
he e
ve o
f t he
n ew
y ea
r. T
he p
ra ct
ic e
en ta
ils b
an is
hi ng
b ad
s pi
ri ts
a nd
w
ar di
ng o
ff ev
il fo
r t he
c om
in g
ye ar
th ro
ug h
a va
ri et
y of
sy m
bo lic
g es
tu re
s,
su ch
a s
sh oo
tin g
ar ro
w s
in fo
ur d
ir ec
tio ns
a nd
s tr
ik in
g a
sh ie
ld w
ith a
s ta
ff .
In th
e m
od er
n er
a, ts
ui na
h as
b ee
n re
vi ve
d at
v ar
io us
s hr
in es
a nd
t em
- pl
es .
C ur
re nt
ly ,
ev er
y ye
ar a
t th
e Y
os hi
da S
hr in
e in
K yo
to , f
or e
xa m
pl e,
te
ns o
f t ho
us an
ds
of p
eo pl
e ga
th er
t o
w itn
es s
a ts
ui na
c er
em on
y fe
at ur
in g
th re
e la
rg e
(a nd
s om
ew ha
t co
m ic
al -l
oo ki
ng )
re d,
b lu
e, a
nd y
el lo
w o
ni ,
w ho
d an
ce a
nd
ro ar
a t
th e
cr ow
d bu
t ev
en tu
al ly
l ea
ve w
ea ke
ne d
an d
co w
ed , h
av in
g be
en c
on qu
er ed
b y
th e
ri tu
al .
T he
R oz
an T
em pl
e in
K yo
to
al so
h ol
ds a
s im
ila r
ri tu
al p
re se
nt at
io n
to b
an is
h di
se as
e an
d ba
d fo
rt un
e,
in w
hi ch
r ed
, g re
en -b
lu e,
a nd
b la
ck o
ni p
er fo
rm a
s lo
w d
an ce
o f i
nt im
id a-
tio n
an d
ev en
tu al
ly
de pa
rt ,
de fe
at ed
an
d su
bm is
si ve
. A
ft er
t he
y le
av e,
te
m pl
e of
fi ci
al s t
hr ow
l uc
ky b
ea ns
t o
th e
th ro
ng s
of v
is ito
rs .
Si m
ila r
ce re
m on
ie s
in vo
lv in
g hu
m an
s w
ea ri
ng o
ni c
os tu
m es
a re
e na
ct ed
th
ro ug
ho ut
Ja
pa n
on S
et su
bu n.
T hi
s vi
su al
iz at
io n-
th e
tr an
sf or
m at
io n
of
th e
in vi
si bl
e va
po rs
o f p
es til
en ce
, fa
m in
e, a
nd a
ll so
rt s
of b
ad f
or tu
ne i
nt o
a vi
si bl
e, e
m bo
di ed
f or
m -i
s cr
iti ca
l to
t he
o ni
's pe
rv as
iv en
es s
in J
ap an
. "W
hi le
th e
m ed
ie va
l ve
rs io
n of
th e
ts ui
na r
itu al
m os
t lik
el y
on ly
s ug
ge st
ed
on i
(t ha
t is
, t he
o ni
th em
se lv
es w
er e
ne ve
r vi
si bl
e) , t
he o
ni o
f t he
m od
er n
Y os
hi da
S hr
in e
ri tu
al h
av e
ho rn
s an
d w
ea r
tig er
-s ki
n lo
in cl
ot hs
, at
o nc
e re
fl ec
tin g
an d
co nt
ri bu
tin g
to th
e on
i i m
ag e
in th
e co
nt em
po ra
ry i
m ag
in a-
tio n.
C at
ch in
g a
gl im
ps e
of a
n on
i i s
on e
of th
e m
os t
ex ci
tin g
as pe
ct s
of th
e ex
pe ri
en ce
; pe
op le
s ta
nd i
n pl
ac e
fo r
ho ur
s be
fo re
t he
r itu
al b
eg in
s, c
hi l-
dr en
s it
on p
ar en
ts '
sh ou
ld er
s, a
nd a
m at
eu r
ph ot
og ra
ph er
s w
ith m
as si
ve
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