Reservoir Simulation（Petroleum engineering）

FORMAL SIMULATION REPORT WRITING GUIDLINES The formal report documents the simulation that was performed and provides a detailed discussion of the results obtained and how those are important. It organizes and clarifies the information that can be found in a good lab notes, adding background material and a more detailed discussion of the results. From such a report, a peer group of engineers who are familiar with the same general subject matter should be able to reproduce the simulation and perform their own analysis, such that they could either verify or dispute your conclusions. Reports generally have three goals: 1) to justify the reasons for performing the simulation; 2) to record the results of the simulation; and 3) to allow others to evaluate the results. You should consider your audience to be familiar with the general reservoir engineering background associated with your simulation but no specific knowledge of your simulation model. The report must incorporate grammatically correct sentences, correct spelling, and be structured in a clear and concise manner. In addition, it should contain publication-ready, professional graphics and illustrations. The report should not be more than 8 pages, including references, figures, etc. The report must be written in standard margin A4 paper with Times New Roman font (size 11) and one line spacing. The preferred method of submitting your lab reports is a hardcopy submission to postgraduate office. Please submit a single report containing all text and graphs. Please write your name, student number and the name of the simulation in the cover page of the report and staple or clip together firmly all pages that you hand in. Formal reports should contain the following components:

• Title Page • Abstract • Table of Contents • Introduction and Background • Simulation Procedure • Results and Discussion • Conclusions • References • Appendices

Title Page: The title page should clearly display:

• The name of the simulation case • Your name • Names of the other members of your lab group (if it is a group work) • The date the simulation was performed

The course number, section, and lab instructor's name

Abstract: The abstract should contain one or two paragraphs which clearly and concisely present an overview of the report. Complete sentences must be used, not phrases. Nine out of ten readers will read only the abstract of an engineering report - therefore, it is imperative that clear, concise, to-the-point information be used. Include information on

• What was done. • Key results. • Key conclusions.

Introduction and Background: This section is written to provide the reader with all the background needed to appreciate why you did the simulation to understand your results and conclusions. To accomplish this, you may need to provide a brief review of previous work or of relevant theoretical material, including appropriate references. The introduction should provide:

• The objective of the simulation. • Relevant background information. • An indication of the importance of the work. • A brief preview of what will be described.

Main Body of the Report The main body should consist of four sections: Objectives, Method, Results and Conclusions. Each section must be clearly identified with a heading. Write each section in a logical, coherent manner using complete sentences. Objectives Identify the main objective(s) of the simulation. You should be able to cover this section in one brief paragraph, i.e. two or three well written sentences. You may paraphrase statements found in simulation handouts but do not copy them. Simulation Procedures (not more than 2-3 pages) Write about the general strategy used to obtain the results. Identify the methods you have used and the modelling techniques. A schematic of the model is almost always necessary. Describe your procedures in such detail that the knowledgeable reader could reproduce your simulation or analyse potential errors. The intent of this section is to:

• Summarize the simulation strategy. • Identify what aspects of the procedure are significant to the outcome of the

simulation. Results and Discussion Present all relevant results you made, including any qualitative ones. Prepare graphs, 3D models and tables that best display the results of the experiment and discuss them. For some simulations, you'll be acquiring a lot of data using the computer. Do not include these reams of raw numeric data in your lab report; present it in appropriate graphs and tables or 3D images. Indicate trends, analyse why they occur, and explain any significant features or differences from expected results. Do your simulation results and calculated values make sense? If you have measured a physiologic parameter, does it fall within the normal range? If your data

don't make sense, point out what possible problems might have occurred. Be as specific and quantitative as possible. Avoid the use of catch-all phrases such as "human error." Always comment on "wild" data points. Graphs and tables must be numbered and referenced in the text. More detailed information on graphs is given below. Conclusions and Recommendations Present the conclusions you draw from the results. All conclusions should be clearly stated and supported with evidence. Cite specific results and observations from the simulation and tie them to your conclusions. Summarize reasons for any disagreement between your results and the expected results. Recommend ways to correct problems that may have led to discrepancies or bad data points. Recommend any practical way of improving the simulation. Graphs, Tables and Figures Graphs and tables should be clear and logical. They should be free-standing and carefully labeled, so that the reader can understand them without referring to the text. Hence, you will have to choose figure captions and table titles carefully. Note that "x vs y" or anything similar is rarely appropriate - captions and titles should be descriptive of the simulation. Each graph should be properly scaled to display the variation legibly and drawn using standard data symbols and curve drawing techniques. Be sure to include plot labels, coordinate labels and units. Check whether your data will be better represented by a linear, semi-log or log plot. Figures should be included in the text in order to enhance the readability of the report and avoid forcing the reader to flip pages. The text should reference all figures and tables by number rather than by title. Don't use color unless absolutely necessary. Use the X axis for the known parameter and the Y axis for the variable under study.

Additional Notes: Reports will be graded largely on their ability to clearly communicate results and important conclusions to the reader. You must, of course, use proper English and spelling, along with comprehensible logic and appropriate style. You should proofread your report as well as spell-check it.

o Neatness and organization will also influence the grade a report receives. Be sure to follow explicitly the format indicated above. Type reports, and attach lab notes as appendices.

o Avoid being overly verbose and flowery when attempting to convey your point - be concise.

o Do not copy material without citing the source. This includes lab manuals, text books, your neighbor, old simulation notes, etc. Plagiarism, of any degree, will not be accepted; you will be asked to redo the report and docked accordingly.

References: Cite complete references for any information that you draw on. Submission Deadline: The hard copy of the simulation report must be submitted one week after each simulation class (on Thursday) to postgraduate school office. Late reports will be penalized.