Position Paper

Running Head: FOREIGN POLICY 1

FOREIGN POLICY 7

150/150 = A+

Foreign Policy

Kendall Brooks

PAD510: Introduction to Public Policy Analysis

Strayer University

February 15, 2021

Introduction

The two ex-presidents of the U.S., George W. Bush, and George H.W Bush ruled the country in a critical phase of history. Both had different views on US foreign policy. The US's foreign policy consists of its relationship with foreign nations and the way it sets US residents' associations, companies, and applications collaborative norms the way it sets US residents' associations, companies, and applications collaborative norms. In this report, the light will be shed on the motives, conflicts, interrelationships, and impacts on the policy by the two presidents. 

Summary

From the period of 2001 to 2009, the President of the state, George W. Bush, served the nation. During his time several policies were reformed for the betterment of the country. State Secretaries, National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley, Condoleezza Rice, Vice President Dick Cheney, and Colin Powell, were among the principal policy advisors during the president bush era (Issues in Foreign Policy, 2021). For nearly half a century, the major objective of American foreign affairs is to fight the Soviet threat. While the foreign policy agenda still includes national security questions and relations with Russia, new issues are at the forefront. The increasing interdependencies between domestic and foreign policies are blurring in economic development, communications, and the environment. However, the terrorist outbreak on September 11 in 2001, steered president bush to reframe the foreign policy of the US as a War on Terror, along with two other wars in the Middle East. On September 11, the Pentagon of Washington, DC and the New York City World Trade Center were hijacked and crashed by 19 al-Qaeda associated terrorists. Soon after the attack, the Bush administration launched a global war on terror. Afghanistan was the primary front during this attack. Furthermore, the United States of America went to war with Iraq in 2003 (Sotirović, 2019). While American forces quickly drove Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein out (and eventually killed him), the conflict has lasted for years. In the US and around the world, intelligence agencies believed that before the war began, Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction, but they did not find such weapons during and after the war.

On September 14 2001, the Agreement for the Use of the Army against Terrorism (AUMF) was introduced. The strategy enabled the US Armed Forces to use the forces accountable for the September 11 attacks. The President allowed the use of any legitimate and sufficient force by means of this Act. By preventing terrorism, the powers will guarantee the stability of America. Organizations or individuals who, against them, are deemed to be intended, permitted, or supported in the event of terrorist outbreaks that took place on September 11 2001, or which were carried out by such organizations. Another approach used by bush's administration was referred to as the "Bush Doctrine". The term means taking the war to the terrorist. In simple words, it meant to attack before being attacked. Distributed nature of terrorism on an international level, lead to pre-emptive war all over the world (George W. Bush: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center, 2021). 

Similarly, the United States Patriot Act (2001) was a key component of the Global War on Terror which sought to protect the country against potential acts of terror through the expansion of national surveillance programs and enhancement of surveillance techniques to obtain information from detainees. Law criticism insisted that it subverted precious human liberties and that by authorizing what they perceived to be torture; the Act violated the Geneva Convention. In a period of terrorism, the Patriot Act has contributed to an ongoing national dialogue about the balance between security and freedom. Bush's strong engagement and direct contact with international leaders shocked many departmental career officers, and not everyone was satisfied with informal communication networks (Bush's Foreign Policy - Short History - Department History - Office of the Historian, 2021).

Stephen Hadley

Stephen John Hadley has assisted as the twenty-first US National Security Adviser from the year 2005 to the year 2009. He was a prosecutor in states and as well as a government functioning. During the first term of Bush, Hadley had been Deputy National Security Advisor. Hadley previously served in a range of defense and national security capacities. He was an assistant to Paul Wolfowitz during his presidency and served from 1989 to 1993 as Assistant Defense Secretary for International Security Policy. He was in charge of the security strategy against NATO. He also acted as a leader in Western Europe, the defense of atomic arms and ballistic missiles, and the controller of weapons. He also took part in export control and space management policy concerns (George W. Bush president center). Throughout, the presidential movement, in the year 2000, Hadley functioned in the Bush National Security Council as a leader of external affairs. He was also a defense policy advisor. After, president bush claimed the office, hardly served in the panel of a nuclear weapon. The issues are supported by the National Institute for Public Policy. Stephen Cambone and Robert Joseph were some of the other people in the panel, along with William Schneider. This panel argued that the US defense arsenal would use tactical nuclear weapons as usual. From the period of January 22 2001, he was a secretary to the President and Deputy Advisor for National Security. Also, He was a member of the Iraq Party of the White House in 2002.

Condoleezza Rice

Condoleezza Rice's is currently Institution Director at Stanford University is a US diplomat, political scientist, civil servant, and teacher. From the year 2005 to the year, 2009 Rice functioned as the sixty-sixth secretary for the United States of America. She also acted as member in the 20 National Security Advisors for the United States till 2005. Rice, the first female African American State Secretary to serve as a National Security Adviser, was one of the Republican Party members. As secretary of America, Rice's program regarded counterterrorism as preventive rather than just disciplinary (Oppel, 2000). On, December 18 2005, Rice in an interview stated: "We have to remember that in this war on terrorism, we're not talking about criminal activity where you can allow somebody to commit the crime, and then you go back, and you arrest them, and you question them. If they succeed in committing their crime, then hundreds or indeed thousands of people die. That's why you have to prevent, and intelligence is the long pole in the tent in preventing attacks". Rice was the one who promoted the knowledge of counterterrorism. This doesn't only involve confronting the officials and governments which promote terrorism but also the system which powers terrorism. 

On July 29 2005, in a speech Rice mentioned "securing America from terrorist attack is more than a matter of law enforcement. We must also confront the ideology of hatred in foreign societies by supporting the universal hope of liberty and the inherent appeal of democracy". Condoleezza Rice was the national security advisor during the attack of September 11, 2011, under the presidency of the bush. She was the one who informed president bush about the attack on the third plane in the pentagon. 

Conclusion

Bush was ranked as the 30th president, according to the poll of 2018, the Bush administration's foreign policy successes are published by historian Melvyn Leffler. He mentioned "were outweighed by the administration's failure to achieve many of its most important goals" (Rottinghaus, 2018).

References

" Stephen J. Hadley". George W. Bush Presidential Center. www.bushcenter.org. Retrieved November 11, 2016

Bush's Foreign Policy - Short History - Department History - Office of the Historian. History.state.gov. (2021). Retrieved 10 February 2021, from https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/bushi.

Issues in Foreign Policy. Cliffsnotes.com. (2021). Retrieved 10 February 2021, from https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/american-government/foreign-policy/issues-in-foreign-policy.

George W. Bush: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center. Miller Center. (2021). Retrieved 10 February 2021, from https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/foreign-affairs.

Sotirović, V. (2019). The nature of the US and the American foreign policy. Vojno Delo, 71(5), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1905054s

Oppel, R. A., Jr.; Bruni, F. (December 18, 2000). "The 43rd President: The White House Staff; Bush Adviser Gets National Security Post". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 23, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2019.

Rottinghaus, B; Vaughn, S. (19 February 2018). "How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?". New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 March 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2018.