Capstone: Criminal Justice Thesis
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FnalThesis-MACJ-600-DrJones.docx
Running head: MENTAL ILLNESS AND VIOLENT CRIME 1
MENTAL ILLNESS AND VIOLENT CRIME 1
Relationship between mental illness and violent crime
Ronald S. Dixon
Keiser University
MACJ-600
Dr. Arthur Jones
December 9, 2018
Abstract
Since the 1980s the number of people who are or has been diagnosed as mentally ill in prisons and other correctional facilities has been substantially increasing. The trend has become more pervasive that currently more individuals with mental diseases are behind bars or either they are in mental hospitals and other mental health centers. Thus, there is need to establish the reason behind this phenomenon. The trend reflects a greater degree of criminality among people with mental illnesses relative to the general population. This study is designed to establish whether there is a relationship between mental illness and violent crimes in order to explain the trend of the growing number of mentally ill individuals in jails, prisons, and other mental institutions and facilities. The study will also focus on investigating the crimes among the mentally ill, the risk of violent crimes among the mentally ill, and the recidivism rate among mentally ill offenders who have committed violent crimes.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background and statement of the problem
Since the 1890s the number of people who are mentally ill in prisons and other correctional facilities have been substantially increased. The trend has become more pervasive that currently more individuals with mental diseases are behind bars that they are in mental hospitals and other mental health centers. Thus, there is a need to establish the reason behind this phenomenon. The trend reflects a greater degree of criminality among people with mental illnesses relative to the general population. This study is designed to establish the whether there is a relationship between mental illness and violent crimes to explain the trend of a growing number of mentally ill individuals in prisons. The study will focus on in investigating crime among mentally ill and risk of violent crimes among the mentally ill.
Purpose and significance of the study
This dissertation is aimed at carrying out significant research to examine the correlation between Mental illness and violent crime. Through this research, it will become probable to comprehend the various factors which contribute to this case scenario by identifying this causative factor and after that collect data which will culminate in the required analysis. The importance of this study is to establish the relationship between mental illness and violent crime to explain the growing trend of increasing mentally ill convicts in prisons.
Research design (research questions /objectives, qualitative design, hypotheses
In this segment, the study will cover the research questions which will be applied in the paper. To fully understand the relationship between mental illness and violent crime, it becomes imperative to analyze the following research questions:
1. What is the relationship between mental illness and violent crime?
2. How does having a mental illness increases one’s risk of committing a violent crime?
3. What is the rate of repeat offending among mentally ill who are offenders of violent crime?
Another crucial aspect of this segment is the objectives of the study. Therefore, the objective of the study is to carry out a qualitative study to establish whether there is a connection existing between mental illness and violent crime to explain the phenomenon of the increasing trend of mentally ill people in prisons. As well the study would establish if having a mental illness increasing one’s risk of committing a violent crime. The study will also focus on the cases of recidivism among the mentally ill offenders.
The study will also have its limitations. The limitation of the study includes the availability of comprehensive data on mental illness in the criminal population, criminality in psychiatric populations and recidivism among mentally ill convicts. Another limitation is inadequate resources including time and financial resources to comprehensively cover a large sample population in the study.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Mental illness can be described as a disease which may result in mild or grave disorders in the behaviors or thoughts; this can lead to the inability of individuals to handle the everyday demands of life and routines. It is also notable that mental illness can be classified into over two hundred forms and in some cases, it can include dementia, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders and depression. These diseases can arise from symptoms inclusive of mood changes, social withdrawal and personal habits of an individual (Livingston, 2010). The rising cases of mental disorders can also be due to stress or a specific chain of events and can also be emotional, physical or psychological. From recent research, it has been found that in particular year an average of 54 million years has displayed symptoms of mental disorder. This staggering figure indicates the rate of increase of the disease which can lead to the increased case of violent crimes (Goldberg, 2012).
In the current world today, cases of violence and acts of crime have been on the rampage. These violence cases evoke great emotions due to the subsequent consequences that follow. Violent crimes are inclusive of those crimes which are committed and significantly inflict harm to other individuals, and the crime is being committed. Moreover, these crimes are also inclusive of the intent to cause harm to others. These crimes can be committed by the usage of weapons and many other objects (Holmes, 2008).
Statistics from the Federal Bureau of Investigations, In the year 2010, over 1 million violent crimes were reported in the United States. Moreover, the cases of aggravated assaults were reported as having the biggest number of violent crimes which were accounted for by the law enforcement agency at the rate of 62%. Additionally, robbery cases stood at 29 %, forced rape at 6% and murders reported at a 1.2% in the approximated violated times in the year 2010 (Motivans, 2010).
Mental illness has been prevalent in the criminal population. A study was carried out by Mangle (2009) which was aimed at approximating the prevalence brought about by criminal victimization among individuals who have serious mental issues and moreover expand on the risk factors. The study applied four databases inclusive of MEDLINE, ERIC, AMED, and science Direct which were perused for articles ranging from January 1966 to August 2007 and complemented with references from retrieved papers and searched by hand. In the process, the author with the help of a medical doctor extracted data independently and also gauged the quality of the study. The arising conflicts were solved by mutual consent after the article review and protocol of review. This study provided results in nine studies where identification of 5195 patients was made. The prevalence approximation of victimization of criminals varied between 4.3% to 35.04%.
The victimization rate in the seriously mentally ill patients was mostly attributed to alcohol and drug abuse and also dealing with criminal activities. From the study, it was conclusive that to prevent the cases of criminal activity by advocating for the improvement of patient health and life quality.
Schizophrenia a mental illness which lasts very long in a lifetime and is a serious psychotic disease. The study estimates that one out of 1000 people will experience a schizophrenia attack in their lifetime. The disease has symptoms which are inclusive of delusions and hallucinations (imaginations and actions which do not exist) (Fazel, 2009). In the males, the diseases usually begin to show in the early 20s and late teens, while women often develop the disease in the latter stages of their lives.
The disease is caused by the abuse of drugs, genetic predisposition, and obstetric complications and sometimes the disease arises from experiencing traumatic experiences in life. The diseases can be treated by combining therapy with antipsychotic medicine or in some cases it may become necessary to hospitalize them to prevent them from harming themselves. Many individuals with the disease improve significantly after being treated which ensures that they can be able to lead fulfilling lives although some of the patients require lifelong supervision and support (Fazel, 2009).
This research was based on the notion that schizophrenia and other mental diseases are linked with violence, which is a notion that is perceived by news reports and mostly contributes to stigma linked to mental illness (Fazel, 2009). Nevertheless, many health practitioners and mental health promotion groups argue that it is a misconception that individuals with mental illness are violent. Several big, studies based on population have investigated this debated relationship. But, although various studies have found a minimum risk of violence in patients with schizophrenia in comparison with the overall population, some studies have revealed a significant increase in violence from patients who have schizophrenia.
In this regard, the researchers tried to solve the heterogeneity in the conclusions which were agreed upon by conducting a systematic review and also a meta-analysis of the linkage between schizophrenia and other mental illness and violence. In the analysis of the research, the researchers were able to search systematically for reference lists and bibliographic references and therefore identified a total of 20 studies which drew a comparison between the risk factor of violence in individuals who have schizophrenia and other mental illnesses and also the violence risk in the overall population.
The research hers then applied a random effect model which is statistical and accepts heterogeneity in the studies to wholesomely examine the linkage between violence and schizophrenia. In the case of male’s schizophrenia or other mental illnesses, the pooled odds ratio (OR) from the related studies with medium heterogeneity was 4.7 which decreased to 3.8 when the adjustment for socio-economic factors factored in. That is, a male with schizophrenia was more likely four out of five times to indulge in a violent act like a male in the total population. For the females, the pooled OR was 8.2 although, there existed a bigger variation in the ORs in the single studies than in the studies which were inclusive of males.
The researcher then applied “meta-aggression” to examine the heterogeneity in the studies. This analysis advocated that neither of the study characteristics investigated in the exception of co-occurring substance abuse may have led to the variance in the studies. Crucially, the authors discovered that the risk approximation of violence in individuals with drug abuse but no psychosis was the same to those individuals with drug abuse and psychosis and greater than in individuals with psychosis alone. Lastly, although individuals with schizophrenia were approximately 20 times more likely to have committed murder than individuals in the total population, only one individual out of 300 with schizophrenia had murdered a person, a similar risk to that observed in individuals with drug abuse (Fazel, 2009).
The findings from this research suggested that schizophrenia and other mental illnesses are linked to violence although that association is very strong to individuals who have a history of substance abuse and most of the excess violence risk linked with schizophrenia and other mental illnesses are resolved by drug abuses. Nevertheless, the increase in risk in patients with comorbidity was the same as that in drug abuse without psychosis. A future implication of this result is that violence reducing strategies that are focused on reducing drug abuse among the overall population and individuals with mental illnesses can be more successful than the strategies which are only based on target individuals with mental illness.
Nevertheless, the quality of the individual studies which are included in the meta-analysis reduces the strength of the conclusions and delving more in the research linked with schizophrenia and violence would help in clarification In broad daylight observation, psychological maladjustment and viciousness remain inseparably interlaced, and a significant part of the disgrace related with dysfunctional behavior might be because of a propensity to conflate psychological maladjustment with the idea of peril. This observation is additionally enlarged by the media which sensationalizes vicious wrongdoings conferred by people with psychological instability, especially mass shootings, and spotlights on dysfunctional behavior in such reports, disregarding the way that the vast majority of the brutality in the public eye is caused by individuals without psychological sickness.
This societal predisposition adds to the shame looked by those with a mental finding, which thus adds to non-revelation of the dysfunctional behavior and diminished treatment seeking,1 and furthermore prompts oppression them. The relationship of viciousness and psychological instability has gotten broad consideration and exposure. Open impression of the relationship between psychological instability and savagery appears to have fueled the contentions for pressured treatment of patients with extreme mental illness.
Notwithstanding, this observation isn't borne out by the exploration writing accessible regarding the matter. Those with dysfunctional behavior make up a little extent of brutal guilty parties. An ongoing meta-examination by Large et al4 found that keeping in mind the end goal to forestall one more peculiar murder, 35 000 patients with schizophrenia judged to be at high danger of viciousness would should be confined. This unmistakably repudiates the general conviction that patients with serious psychological maladjustment are a danger. There are various methods for conceptualizing the meaning of savagery, in spite of the fact that at display there is no agreement concerning which of these is the most suitable.
The WHO has characterized brutality as 'the deliberate utilization of physical power or control, undermined or real, against oneself, someone else, or against a gathering or network, that either results in or has a high probability of bringing about damage, passing, mental mischief, mal-advancement or deprivation. This definition incorporates dangers, terrorizing, disregard and mishandle (regardless of whether physical, sexual or mental), and in addition demonstrations of self-hurt and self-destructive conduct. Albeit extensive and widely inclusive, it characterizes savagery as far as its results on wellbeing and prosperity as opposed to its attributes as a build that is socially or socially decided.
Studies examining the pervasiveness of viciousness in mental patients demonstrate a wide changeability, as per the treatment setting in which they were directed. The most minimal pervasiveness rates of viciousness have been found in outpatient settings (2.3– 13%), and the most elevated in intense care settings (10– 36%) and automatically dedicated patients (20– 44%).6 Around 10% of the patients with schizophrenia or other maniacal issue carry on brutally, contrasted and under 2% of the general public.
Although this recommends psychological instability contributes to the danger of savagery, take note of that the 1-year populace inferable hazard (PAR) of brutality related with genuine dysfunctional behavior alone was observed to be just 4% in the ECA (Epidemiologic Catchment Area) survey. This suggests regardless of whether the lifted danger of savagery in individuals with psychological instability is lessened to the normal hazard in those without psychological instability, an expected 96% of the savagery that right now happens in the overall public would keep on occurring. In spite of the fact that a measurable association with viciousness has been exhibited in certain serious mental issue, for example, schizophrenia, notwithstanding, just a little extent of the societal savagery can be credited to people experiencing mental disorders.
The dynamic cooperation of social and logical components with the clinical factors assumes a vital part as a determinant of brutality. In any case, these issues have not produced adequate intrigue and the accentuation keeps on being on the mental conclusion or clinical factors of the patient, while searching for causal components of savagery.
Patients with serious psychological sickness constitute a high-hazard assemble helpless against fall casualties to brutality in the network. Side effects related with serious psychological instability, for example, impeded reality testing, scattered manners of thinking, impulsivity and lack of common sense and critical thinking, can trade off one's capacity to see chances and ensure oneself and make them powerless against physical assault.
Vicious exploitation of people with extreme psychological maladjustment presents clear risks of physical injury and hinders the nature of patients' lives. Past horrible and exploitation encounters have been observed to be altogether connected with patients' side effect seriousness and ailment course. However, this issue has pulled in significantly less consideration than fierce conduct by the patients, regardless of the way that brutal exploitation of patients happens more as often as possible than vicious culpable by the patient.
An ongoing survey announced that the predominance of fierce exploitation goes somewhere in the range of 7.1% and 56%, in spite of the fact that the issue of similarity among the investigations exists. Young age, comorbid substance utilizes, and vagrancy were observed to be the hazard factors for victimization. A connection amongst exploitation and savage conduct by patients with extreme psychological sickness has additionally been recommended in various studies. However, it isn't certain whether past exploitation predicts future viciousness, or past brutality predicts future exploitation, or both.
The connection between dysfunctional behavior and brutality has been appeared to be more perplexing than at first suspected. From review psychological instability as a causative specialist, scientists in the wake of reanalyzing the NESARC (National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions) information have affirmed that dysfunctional behavior and savagery are connected fundamentally through the collection of hazard elements of different sorts, for instance, chronicled (past viciousness, adolescent detainment, physical mishandle, parental capture record), clinical (substance manhandle, saw dangers), dispositional (age, sex, and so on) and relevant (ongoing separation, joblessness, exploitation) among the rationally ill. indeed, for those with psychological sickness without substance utilize, the association with brutality was unobtrusive at best.
With the developing collection of hazard evaluation devices, emotional wellness experts are regularly anticipated that would foresee and oversee brutal conduct, particularly in an intense care setting. Indicatively, forceful conduct has been connected to schizophrenia, insanity, liquor mishandle, natural mind disorder, seizure issue and identity disorders. Among patients in intense mental settings, youthful age, male sex, history of mental disease, comorbid substance manhandles, and positive side effects have been appeared as steady indicators of savage conduct. Among these, the historical backdrop of viciousness is regularly underlined as the most critical indicator of future violence.
However, by and large, the distinguished hazard markers of brutal conduct have poor prescient legitimacy, for the time being and the long haul. Huge epidemiological examinations like the ECA consider additionally found a significantly expanded danger of rough conduct particularly inside specific statistic subgroups of members: more youthful people, guys, those of lower financial status and those having issues including liquor or unlawful medication use.8 These hazard factors were factually prescient of viciousness in individuals with or without dysfunctional behavior.
Various longitudinal examinations have researched the connection between particular substance utilize scatters and criminal or fierce results and discovered general relationship between substance mishandle, wrongdoing and violence. More than half of the people with schizophrenia and bipolar issue have diagnosable liquor and medication dependence. The danger of savage conduct has been observed to be more prominent in patients with substance manhandle comorbidity. Similarly, in patients with bipolar confusion who have been vicious guilty parties, the hazard has been observed to be for the most part limited to patients with substance mishandle comorbidity. Co-happening psychological sickness and substance mishandle has additionally been appeared to foresee viciousness in the network samples.
Substance manhandle likewise builds the danger of criminal exploitation in individuals with psychological sickness. An investigation of 1839 generally destitute patients utilizing emotional wellness administrations demonstrated a measurably noteworthy connection between the quantity of days they were inebriated and being looted, debilitated with a weapon or beaten. In an Australian investigation of 962 people with psychosis, the chances of being a casualty were expanded in the individuals who had a lifetime history of substance abuse.
It is presently entrenched that satisfactory treatment, including administration of comorbid substance utilize, prompts better results for patients with serious psychological maladjustment. This change brings down the danger of savagery, even up to that found in the overall public. Notwithstanding, there is little confirmation that any of the accessible antipsychotics have particular 'ant aggressive' properties, despite the fact that clozapine might be better than different medications in this regard. Antiepileptics have demonstrated advantage in decreasing animosity in people with scholarly incapacity and seizure issue, however their viability for this sign in serious mental issue is unproven.
Thus, the most ideal procedure is by all accounts to the decrease in psychopathology and practical shortages. The appraisal of viciousness particular hazard expectation in the past investigations exhibits a few restrictions: vague meaning of brutality, utilization of non-institutionalized scales for the assessment of forceful conduct, non-homogeneous examples, nonappearance of control gatherings and of imminent outline in most of the studies. These constraints may clarify the heterogeneity of conclusions drawn by different examinations, and especially the wide varieties in chance proportions for psychological maladjustment as a supporter of the von on how the strategies of reducing violence are altered (Fazel, 2009).
Research on the structured assessment of violence risk in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders, disclose that there is an existence of various tools to assess the risk of violence and can be applied to forecast the occurrence of violence in psychiatric patients. However, these tools are not utilized properly in-patient s with schizophrenia and other mental illnesses (Singh, 2011). Moreover, there exists a big variation in the content of items in the instrument, and it is very important to carry out further research to gauge if the inclusion of alternative factors can improve the assessment of risk.
The objectives of the research were to carry out a systematic review of the structured risk of violence basement tool in individuals who have schizophrenia. The methods used were conduction of systematic research conducted from the year 1990 up to 2011 to pinpoint the assessment tools for violence risk and studies which are meant to study the predictable validity (Singh, 2011).
Every one of the investigations assessed seem to show that individuals determined to have psychological sickness, regardless of whether in clinic, jail, or the network, display more elevated amounts of viciousness than the overall public. By and by, this affiliation ought to most likely be viewed as free because of the failure of concentrates to give dependable and legitimate information. For instance, frustrating by definition is all the time a plan disappointment inside the writing as it is practically difficult to characterize brutality freely of an analysis of mental issue since it has turned into a key symptomatic component (World Health Organization, 1992). In this manner, current investigations supporting a factual affiliation are questionable as the strategy of characterizing and estimating these conditions has changed. Alert should likewise be practiced in summing up results from US or Scandinavia, for instance, and after that applying them to the UK. The US human services and criminal equity frameworks are altogether not quite the same as those in the UK and Scandinavian nations have moderately homogenous populaces, high rates of liquor addiction, and low generally wrongdoing rates contrasted and the UK.
The setting of any connection between dysfunctional behavior and savagery should likewise be considered – that is, regardless of whether individuals with a conclusion of psychological maladjustment represent a huge hazard in the public arena. Regardless of whether there is a connection be tween’s psychological sickness and brutality, the general hazard is low, so the general dread is misrepresented. The writing shows that the quantity of murders has multiplied since the 1960s in England and Wales, with 1,048 detailed in 2002– 2003. Of these 50 were submitted by individuals determined to have psychological maladjustment – an assume that has stayed consistent amid a similar period (Hill, 2003), while 3,500 individuals passed on in street auto collisions and 50 were murdered by squad cars.
It ought to likewise be called attention to that people have a more prominent possibility of being executed by lightning than by an outsider with psychological instability (Hill, 2003). It is additionally assessed that 99.8 for each penny of individuals with a determination of schizophrenia are not sentenced genuine brutality in a given year, and that the overall population is at more serious hazard from substantial consumers than those with a genuine psychological sickness (Taylor and Gunn, 1999). Bonta (1998) recognized various key factual connections following meta-investigations of the writing. Studies demonstrate that the most grounded indicator of future savagery is past fierce conduct and where viciousness happens it is quite often coordinated towards relatives.
The danger of brutal conduct is most prominent where intense crazy indications are available, or the individual is non-concordant with pharmaceutical. Then again, inpatients getting prescription are at generally safe in spite of the fact that clinic brutality is on the expansion, with a little minority of patients in charge of the dominant part of episodes. Inside detainment facilities, regardless of low identification rates the predominance of psychological sickness stays high, in spite of the fact that it is unverifiable whether this is a direct result of the criminalization of rationally disarranged conduct, 'psychiatrist' of criminal conduct or the pathogenic idea of penitentiaries. Be that as it may, plainly in all network, hospitalized, and guilty party populaces, substance manhandle and judgments of identity issue are huge hazard factors for savagery.
The item content of the pinpointed tools was analyzed, and areas which appeared under the curve (AUC) from the research were abstracted. Moreover, a checklist 9of 11 items was created to analyze the psychometric and utility properties of these tools. The results which were analyzed indicated that ten assessment tools for risk were developed to forecast the violence in the community in psychiatric patients, but only two researches showing predictive, validity estimations in patients with schizophrenia were established (interquartile range =0.6-0.77, median AUC =0.69).
When the included criteria were widened to be inclusive of the researches measuring the precision of the diagnostic cluster, the mixed evidence of forecasting validity was determined with a median AUCs varying from 0.6 to 0.8 depending on the general population. The item content was inclusive of majorly sociodemographic, criminal history and clinical factors. As only one tool had a neurobiological item, a structured review based on the brain and cognitive risk factors for violence were inclusive, and three categories (neurocognitive awareness, neurocognitive ability and attitudinal, cognition) were pinpointed (Singh, 2011).
Bibliographic databases and reference records were looked from 1970 to February 2009 for thinks about that covered dangers of relational brutality as well as fierce guiltiness in people with schizophrenia and different psychoses contrasted and overall public examples. This information were meta-examined and chances proportions (ORs) were pooled utilizing irregular impacts models.
Ten statistic and clinical factors were removed from each examination to test for any watched heterogeneity in the hazard gauges. We recognized 20 singular examinations detailing information from 18,423 people with schizophrenia and different psychoses. In men, ORs for the correlation of viciousness in those with schizophrenia and different psychoses with those without mental scatters shifted from 1 to 7 with generous heterogeneity (I 2 = 86%). In ladies, ORs went from 4 to 29 with generous heterogeneity (I 2 = 85%). The impact of comorbid substance manhandle was set apart with the arbitrary impacts ORs of 2.1 (95% certainty interim [CI] 1.7– 2.7) without comorbidity, and an OR of 8.9 (95% CI 5.4– 14.7) with comorbidity (p<0.001 on metaregression).
Hazard evaluations of savagery in people with substance mishandle (however without psychosis) were like those in people with psychosis with substance manhandle comorbidity, and higher than all examinations with psychosis regardless of comorbidity. Decision of result measure, regardless of whether the example was determined to have schizophrenia or with nonschizophrenia psychoses, think about area, or study period were not essentially connected with hazard assesses on subgroup or metaregression examination. Additionally, look into is important to set up whether longitudinal plans were related with bring down hazard gauges. The hazard for crime was expanded in people with psychosis (with and without comorbid substance manhandle) contrasted and overall public controls (irregular impacts OR = 19.5, 95% CI 14.7– 25.8).
By methodically looking bibliographic databases and reference records, the specialists distinguished 20 thinks about that thought about the danger of viciousness in individuals with schizophrenia and different psychoses and the danger of brutality in the all-inclusive community. They at that point utilized an "irregular impacts demonstrate" (a factual strategy that takes into account heterogeneity between thinks about) to examine the relationship amongst schizophrenia and savagery.
For men with schizophrenia or different psychoses, the pooled chances proportion (OR) from the pertinent investigations (which demonstrated direct heterogeneity) was 4.7, which was diminished to 3.8 once alteration was made for financial elements. That is, a man with schizophrenia was four to five times as liable to confer a vicious go about as a man in the all-inclusive community. For ladies, the comparable pooled OR was 8.2 however there was a considerably more prominent variety between the ORs in the individual investigations than in the examinations that included men.
The specialists at that point utilized "meta-relapse" to examine the heterogeneity between the examinations. This examination recommended that none of the investigation qualities analyzed separated from co-happening substance mishandle could have caused the variety between the examinations. Significantly the creators found that hazard evaluations of viciousness in individuals with substance manhandle yet no psychosis were like those in individuals with substance mishandle and psychosis and higher than those in individuals with psychosis alone. At last, in spite of the fact that individuals with schizophrenia were almost 20 times more inclined to have submitted kill than individuals in the all-inclusive community, just a single in 300 individuals with schizophrenia had killed somebody, a comparative hazard to that found in individuals with substance mishandle.
It is also important to examine mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide by bringing epidemiological research to policy. It is important to describe the epidemiological evidence which was linked to gun violence and suicide in mental disorders (Swanson, 2015). While the perceptions fueled by the media implied the danger posed by mentally ill patients, it is crucial to analyze the efficacy of the policies and laws which are designed to reduce the risk of firearm violence and mortality linked with severe mental illnesses and drug abuse disorders. The methodology applied in this case was concerned with the attitude of the public toward individuals with mental illness. Research is reviewed and contrasted with evidence from the yardstick epidemiologic and clinical research on violence and mental illnesses and on the precision of psychiatrist’s assessment of risk (Swanson, 2015).
The selected policies and laws implemented to ensure gun violence is reduced in regard to mental illness is critically analyzed, and policy recommendations based on the evidence are presented. The results were presented that the media reports concerning the mass shootings by mentally disturbed individuals spur the attention of the public and strengthen the widespread belief that mental illness most often ends up in violence. Epidemiologic research, however, shows that a large percentage of patients with mental illnesses are never violent. Nevertheless, the cases of mental illnesses are strongly linked to increased cases of suicide, which justifies for over half of the United States of America gun-related fatalities (Swanson, 2015).
Therefore, it concludes that when it comes to implementing policies regarding prevention of gun violence and mental illness, it should be founded on the epidemiologic data regarding the risk to improve the feasibility, effectiveness, and fairness of policy ingenuity.
It is also imperative to examine the relationship between mental health problems and violence among criminal offenders. The study found out that mental illness in inclined to cause deviant behavior instead of violent crime; mental illness can be described as a causative factor of deviant Behavior (Vaneseltine, 2008). These behaviors may turn out to include violence and that the greater the deviant Behaviour the more the consequence of mental illness. In the case of incarcerated criminals, mental health issues were strongly associated with sexual violence and aggressive assaults than the other types of crime.
The violent criminals were very likely to get treatment after they had committed any crime, but it is before incarceration. In investigating if the crimes done by individuals with mental issues are inclined to be anti-normative, it was revealed that all the crimes showed aspects of anti-normative behavior. Nevertheless, some of the crimes appeared to be more deviant than others. Mental illness played a major role in sexual crimes and aggravated assaults (Vaneseltine, 2008).
Concerning gender, men who killed or assaulted who are the most common categories of violent assault were not likely to have mental illnesses. On the other hand, women who committed aggravated violence were very likely to have a mental illness that the men counterparts who committed these crimes (Vaneseltine, 2008). The difference in gender in the major mental illness was greater for property and assault crimes, which indicated that the differenced in gender regarding mental illness and treatment could not fully elucidate the greater rate of mental health issues which were observed in the female assault criminals.
The results from the research by gave encouraging evidence that mental illnesses played a huge part in the violence by a female criminal than the male criminals. Women who attacked men were most likely to have mental health issues than the women who attacked other women. It was also deducible that older violent criminals were no most likely to have mental illnesses than younger offenders, although the risk of violence in the older offender was likely to less normative (Vaneseltine, 2008).
Regarding the topic, it is vital to discuss severe mental illness in 33, 588 prisoners worldwide. The research was done because greater levels of psychiatric morbidity among incarcerated offenders had been documented in various countries. However, there was still no evidence to show if the rates of mental illnesses had been increasing with time or if the prevalence varied between high-income countries and low – middle-income countries (Seewald, 2012). Henceforth, the purpose of this investigation was to systematically review the studies on prevalence of psychotic health problems and significant depression in the prisoners. The discussion was to provide summary approximations further and examine the sources of heterogeneity in the research by application of meta-regression.
The evaluation was conducted from the year 1966 to 2010 and identification was done by use of ten reference lists and bibliography indexes. The criteria for inclusion was unselected prison models and that clinical analysis or semi-structured instruments which were used to make ICD or DSM diagnoses of the associated disorders. The results included the identification of 109 samples inclusive of 33,588 prisoners in the 24 nations (Seewald, 2012).
The data was analyzed by a meta-analysis by application of random effect models and the result indicated an occurrence of psychosis of 3.6% (CI 3.1-4.2, 95%) in the male gender and 3.9% (CI 2.7% -5.0 95%) in the female gender prisoners. There were also greater levels of heterogeneity, whereby some of them were illustrated by research in the low – middle-income nations showing greater occurrences of psychosis (P=0.035;5.5% 95% CI 4.2-6.8 on the meta-regression). The pole occurrence of significant depression was found to be 10.2 % (CI 8.8-11.7 95%) of the men prisoners and 14.1% (CI 10,2 =18.1 95%) of the women prisoners. The frequency of these disorders did not seem to be rising over time, with the exception of depression in the United States (P=0.008) (Seewald, 2012). It was found out that the greater levels of psychiatric morbidity were frequently recounted in the prisoners from many countries in over four decades. It was found out further research needs to be done to corroborate if the high rates of mental health problems occur in the low and middle-income countries and analyze the trends over the years in the countries with big prison populations.
To effectively understand the case of mental illness and violence, it becomes imperative to analyze antipsychotics, mood stabilizers and the risk of violent crime. This focuses on the mood stabilizers and antipsychotics which are mostly prescribed to patients with psychiatric health problems all over the world. The has been overwhelming evidence which is based on their efficiency in the prevention of relapse and relief of symptoms. However, the effect of the drugs on unfavorable outcomes inclusive of violent crime remains unclear (Lichtenstein, 2014).
Therefore, this analysis was aimed at analyzing the effect of the antipsychotics and stabilizers of moods on the rate of violent offenses done by a patient with psychiatric disorders. The methodology applied in this case associated with national register s of Sweden to research on 82 647 patients who had been given antipsychotics or otherwise known as mood stabilizers, their diagnoses for psychiatry and consequent criminal convictions in the year 2006-09 (Lichtenstein, 2014).
The patients were analyzed individually to compare the rate of violent offenses in the period the patients were given these medicines versus the rate of the similar patient when they were not being given drugs to regulate all the confounders which retained constancy in each of the participants in the follow-up process. The primary result was the prevalence of the violent crime in accordance to the national crime register of Sweden. The findings indicated that, in the year 2006-2009, 40 937 males in Sweden were given antipsychotics of whom 2657 (6.5%) were imprisoned for a violent offense during the period of study. In the same period, 41 710 females were given medication, of whom 604(1.4%) were sentenced for violent crime (Lichtenstein 2014).
In comparison with period in which the participants were not prescribed any medications, the cases of violent crime reduced by 45% in the patients who were receiving antipsychotics in the hazard ratio of (95% CI 0.47 -0.67) and 24 % in those patients who had been recommended mood stabilizers (0.62 -0.93). Nevertheless, it was revealed potential vital variances by diagnosis whereby the mood stabilizers were linked with a reduction in the rate of violent offenses but only in those patients who have bipolar disorder (Lichtenstein, 2014).
The rate of reduction of violence retained between 22% and 29% in the sensitivity analyzes which used variant outcomes like substance abuse crime and violent arrest, and it was stronger in those patients who had been prescribed a higher dose than in those patients who had been prescribed with low doses. The notable decrease in the violent offenses was also reported for depot prescription (HR regulated for the associated oral medications at 0.6, CI 0.39-0.92 95%). The results concluded that the mood stabilizers and psychotics were beneficial in the reduction of relapses and also provided relief for psychiatric symptoms.
Moreover, the mood stabilizers and antipsychotics also helped in the reduction of cases of violent crimes. The future impacts of these drugs on crime and violence should be evaluated when the diagnosis options for the patients with mental illnesses are being considered (Lichtenstein, 2014).
Regarding the prevalence of Mental illness in the U.S state prisons, individuals who suffer from mental illness are usually seen to be overrepresented in the US criminal justice system, and precise occurrence estimations in the prison settings are vital for implementing and planning programs and policies which are aimed at prevention (Prins, 2014). Regardless of the consistent attention given to mental illness in the state prisons by scholars, it has been found out that only two federal surveys of self-report are mostly cited, and there lacks a better illustration of the extent of the relevant data.
This research was carried out to establish a greater picture of mental illness occurs in the This analysis was carried out to establish a greater picture of mental illness occurs in the United States state correctional facilities to pinpoint the methodological problem to acquiring precise and consistent approximations (Prins, 2014). The methodology involved searching of the social work extracts, Social Services extracts, MEDLINE, Sociological Abstracts, PsycINFO, and the National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
The studies were incorporated if they were published in the years ranging from 1989 to 2013, fixated on the U.S state correctional facilities, reported the occurrence of symptoms and diagnoses of mental disorder and also recognized the assessment and screening policies (Prins, 2014). The results revealed twenty-eight articles met the criteria for inclusion. Approximations of the lifetime and current approximations of mental illness were variant widely; nevertheless, the range of occurrence estimates for specific disorders was much higher and tended to be greater in prisons than in the samples of the community.
The conclusion was that that definition of sampling strategies, mental illnesses, and cases ascertainment policies was likely to increase inconsistency in the research findings. The consequences for public health are studied, and other reasons for research heterogeneity are deliberated (Prins, 2014).
On the psychiatric Disorders and repeat incarcerations, it is important to involve various legal, political and social factors over the last 40 years which have culminated in the current problems of psychiatric problems in the United States correctional facilities (Baillargeon, 2009). Although some researchers have shown significantly elevated instances of mental diseases among the inmates in the correctional facilities in comparison with the overall population, it remains unclear if the mental illness will be a factor of risk for some incarceration episodes.
The authors investigate this link in retroactive cohort research of the country’s biggest state correctional facility system (Baillargeon, 2009). The methodology of this research involved 79,200 inmates who started their prison sentences in the years ranging from 1st September 2006 and 31st August 2007. Data on mental illnesses, characteristics of demography and history of incarceration for the previous six years’ period were acquired from the state information systems and later analyzed. The prisoners with a major mental illness like major bipolar disorders, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia had significantly raised risks of multiple imprisonments over the six-year research period (Baillargeon, 2009).
The biggest rise in the risk was perceived among the prisoners with bipolar illnesses, who were three times most likely to have four or more past imprisonments in comparisons with prisoners with who had no significant psychiatric illnesses. Prisoners in the correctional facilities with major psychiatric illnesses are most likely that the prisoners who had no other past preceding incarcerations. The research advocated for the expansion of the interventions to decrease recidivism among the mentally ill prisoners. They deliberate the probable benefits of permanency of care reentry plan to enable the mentally ill prisoners to relate with community-based mental health plans at the period of their publication as well as the bigger role for diversion policies and the mental health courts (Baillargeon, 2009).
It lights of this, psychotic disorders and repeat offending was reviewed out to embark on a systematic review and meta-analysis on the significant risk of repeat offending in the individuals who have psychosis and also to analyze the effect of possible moderating features on the risk approximation (Yu, 2009). The methodology process involved a systematic study which was undertaken in six bibliographical databases from the years 1966 January to January 2009, complemented with equivalence from authors.
The research which depicted risks of repeat offenses in people with mental illness (n=3511) in comparison with people who have other psychiatric disorders (n= 5546) and the healthy population (n=71 552) were also inclusive. These risks arising from repeating offending were calculated by the use of fixed and random effects ideal for computing the pooled ratios odds (ORs). The meta-regression and subgroup were done to investigate how risk approximates which were affected by the diverse research features which are inclusive of sample age, mean, sample size, outcome measure, diagnostic criterion and location of study (Yu, 2009).
The results from the study which included 3511 individuals with psychosis and twenty-seven studies were selected. In comparison with the people who did not have any psychiatric disorder, a substantial increase in the repeat offending risk in individuals with psychosis was observed (95% CI: 1.4-1.8, OR=1.6). However, this was carried out in four studies. In sharp contrast, there appeared no linkage when people with other psychiatric disease were applied as the comparison group (95% CI:0,7-1.3). However, heterogeneity was depicted significantly.
The larger approximates were observed in the women-only samples which had psychosis and in research done in the United States of America (Yu, 2009).
The relationship between repeat offending and psychosis varied significantly in regard to the comparison group. Notwithstanding this, the researchers found no backing for the findings of preceding reviews which suggested that psychosis was linked to a lesser risk of repeat offending.
It is also insightful to focus on mental disorders and violence and if there is an existence of a relationship past substance use. In this case, there exists a general agreement that serious mental illness in most likely to increase the risk of violence (Van Dorn, 2012). Nevertheless, a recent evaluation indicated the serious mental illness was not relatable statically to potential violence both in the multivariate and bivariate analysis. It becomes imperative to reanalyze the provided data which was applied in making this conclusion with the aim on causal relationships between serious mental illness and violence, instead of the statistical forecasting of violence (Van Dorn, 2012).
The methodology applied in this case was a collection of data obtains from the National Epidemiology Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), two-wave research (N=34,653: Wave one: 2001-2003 and wave two: 2004-2005). Pointers to mental disorder in the previous year to wave one were applied to study violence between wave one and wave two (Van Dorn, 2012).
The results indicated that those individuals with serious mental illnesses. Whether there was substance abuse or not were majorly most likely to be violent than those individuals who had no mental disorder or substance abuse. This result stood for both multivariate and bivariate models. Those individuals with mental illness and substance use had the largest violence risk. It was noted that both current and historical conditions were also linked with violence which is inclusive of neglect and childhood trauma, alienation behavior and depressive elite occurrences (Van Dorn, 2012).
The findings concluded that the findings, in contrast to the recently printed reports indicated that the NESARC data are harmonious with the general view on violence and mental illness: there exists a statistically significant yet unassertive connection between serious mental illnesses within twelve months and violence and the connection is stronger between serious mental illness with violence and substance abuse. These findings also focus on the significance of premorbid circumstances and other concurrent clinical aspects in violent behaviors (Van Dorn, 2012).
There is a need to evaluate the case of Bipolar disorder and violent crime, new evidence from population-based longitudinal studies. Bipolar disorder is linked to many adverse health consequences, and the relationship with violent crime becomes uncertain (Goodwin,2010). The objectives of this analysis were to establish the risk associated with violent crime in bipolar disorder and too to contextualize the results with a systematic empire. The longitudinal examinations are applying the overall population and the not affected sibling-controlled people. The setting of the research was registers based on the population discharges from hospital, violent crime and sociodemographic information from the year 1973 January and 2004 December 2004.
The participants of the study were people who had two or more discharge diagnoses of bipolar disorder (n=3473), the overall population control (n=37 429) and the unaffected full siblings of people with bible disorder(n=4059). The main outcome measures were based on violent crime resulting in imprisonment for assault, homicide, arson, and robbery (Goodwin,2010).
There exists a relationship between mental disorders and different types of crimes. Preceding research of relationships existing between crime and mental disorder have inclined to group the mental disorder, the crimes which leave uncertainty about a more particular mental illness; crime relationships (Vinkers,2011). The purpose of the process was to investigate the connection between the types of crime and types of mental illness in the defendants who had not been tried. The methodology was done by extraction of data from 21,424 pretrial forensic psychiatric accounts which were collected from 2000 to 2006 in the Netherlands (Vinkers, 2011).
There was comparison which was done on the occurrence of personality disorder, intellectual functioning and substance abuse in the defendants and tried with different crimes like homicide, assault, rape, and arson by applying the chi-square tests. The interconnection with reduced accountability, revealing a direct connection with the causal mental disorder, were computed by using multivariate regression models which were adjusted for gender, age and ethnicity. The results of the research revealed that arson had the strongest connection with mental illness in the collected sample, followed by assaults and finally murder threats to attempts (Vinkers, 2011).
Sexual crimes and property crimes had the frailest connection with reduced or no accountability. The reduced accountability had the strongest connection with mental illnesses, while other Axis 1 disorders or a higher IQ were the only reasonably related. These interrelationships ranged little in accordance to crime type, although it tended to be weak for the offenders in crimes of property. Hard drugs and cannabis were majorly linked with reduced accountability only by arson. Mental illnesses are connected to all kinds of crimes but only with regards to arson, murder attempts and battery with a court finding reducing accountability by providing validation for apparent links between the mental illness and crime in the research (Vinkers, 2011).
The implications for the practice will be done by applying psychiatric assessment which will be important for the offenders who have been tried for arson, attempted murder, and assault, as these clusters are very likely to undergo a psychiatric disorder about the charged offense. There are disorders which have the most solid connection with reduced accountability. The results in retrospect to the usage of illegal substances which are likely to have more variant impacts between authority but in the Netherlands, they sometimes be consented as reduced accountability in offender of arson (Vinkers, 2011).
The results from the research found out that people with bipolar disorder (8.4%) were involved in violent crime, in comparison to 1312 general population controls of (3.5%). The risk in this case as mostly limited to patients with comorbidity of substance abuse regulated to OR of 6.4, CI, 5.1-8.1 95%). The rise in risk was less in patients who did not have comorbidity for substance abuse (OR 1.3, CI, 1.0-1.5 95%) which was henceforth weakened when unaffected full siblings of people with bipolar disorder were included as controls (0.7-1.6;1.1).
There was no variance in the violent crime rates by clinical subgroups. The systematic review reported eight previous research (n=6383), with a large heterogeneity between research. The odds ratio for risk of violence spanned from two to nine (Vinkers, 2011). The results concluded that although the current regulations for the managing people with bipolar disorder do not provide advice for the systematic assessment of risk for violence, this stance may require review in patients who have comorbid substance abuse.
When deliberating on the topic, it becomes imperative to examine the association between schizophrenia and violent Behavior and also the prevention and treatment of violent behavior in these individuals (Beli, 2012). The evaluation is purposed to deliberate and analyze the risk factors for the increase in the destructive and violent behaviors and the efficacy and consequences of the preferred uncharacteristic antipsychotic in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.
The methodology for this study, the literature on psychiatry was reviewed comprehensively. A screening of articles was done in the international databases which spanned from the year 1970 to 2010 was done. The results of the research revealed that, although the risk of violent and homicidal behavior is larger in individuals with schizophrenia in comparison to the general population, very little is known about the relevant conditions which trigger the actions of violence among the patients with schizophrenia (Beli, 2012).
When still evaluating the topic, focus shifts to serious mental disorder in 23, 000 prisoners in a systematic review of sixty-two surveys. In the world, there are almost nine million who are in prison in the world. However, the number of individuals with severe mental illnesses i.e., psychosis, antisocial personality disorder and high depression is relatively unknown (Danesh, 2012). A review of surveys on such illnesses in general prison populations in western nations. The psychiatric surveys were examined and were based on interviews taken in the unselected populations in the prisons and involved diagnoses of mental illness or depression within the preceding six months or any personal disorder (Danesh, 2012).
The data collected was done by searches assisted by computer, searching journals, scanning reference lists and also communicating with authors. The occurrence rates were determined by rates of severe mental disorders, sex, type of prisoner and other features. The results were obtained from sixty-two surveys in a total of twelve countries which included 22, 790 inmates with a mean age of twenty-nine years, 18530, 81% male, 26% (2568) from a total of 9779 were found to be violent offenders. 3.7% male (CI 3.3.-4.1) had a mental illness, 10% had high levels of depression, and 65% (61-68) had personality disorders, inclusive of 47% (46-48) had an antisocial disorder. 4% of the females (3-5.1) had mental illnesses, 11% (12-14) had high levels of depression, and 40% (37-45) had personality disorders, which was inclusive of 20% (18 -22) with an antisocial disorder (Danesh,2012).
There was significant heterogeneity in the research particularly with an antisocial personality disorder; variances evaluated only an inexactly less proportion in the occurrence rate among the prisoners and detainees. The inmates were many times very likely to have mental illnesses and high levels of depression and over ten times very likely to possess antisocial disorder than in the general population. The interpretation was that, globally, many millions of prisons suffer from a severe mental disorder, but how efficient the prison services are dealing with the rising problems is still unclear (Danesh, 2012).
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
Purpose of the study
This dissertation aims to carry out a quantitative and qualitative study to establish if there exists a connection is between mental illness and violent crime so as to explain the phenomenon of the increasing trend of mentally ill people in prisons. As well the study would establish if having a mental illness increasing one’s risk of committing a violent crime. The study will also focus on the cases of recidivism among the mentally ill offenders.
Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to carry out important research to investigate the relationship existing between Mental illness and violent crime. Through this evaluation, it will become possible to understand the different factors which lead to this case scenario by pinpointing the causative factors and then collect data which will culminate in the required analysis. The importance of this study is to understand the relationship between mental illness and violent crime so as to clarify the growing trend of increasing mentally ill convicts in prisons. Through the objectives of the study, it will be easier to evaluate the various instances which arise from the relationship between mental illness and violent crime.
Research design
Creswell (2017) describes research design as a foundation for performing research with total control over the factors which may inhibit the validity of the results. Meyers (2016) defines research design as a blueprint which provides a detail description of how data will be collected and analyzed, where it will be collected and analyzed and finally when the gathering and evaluation of data will be done. Christensen (2011) defines research design as the map of the researcher for giving a conclusive answer to the research question and also testing the hypothesis.
The study will employ both qualitative and quantitative research design in which qualitative and quantitative data collection methods will be used. Secondary data will be obtained from systematic review articles from selected prisons and mental health centers. After completing the data collection, the data will be analyzed using SPSS statistical software and presented in charts and graphs.
Target population
The study will focus on the mentally ill inmates who have been incarcerated or detained in the United States of America for violent acts of crime from the year 1990 to 2018. The population will cover both female and male gender and will also be inclusive of juvenile offenders who have been detained due to violent crime. In analyzing the given participants, it will be important to ensure that all participants meet the criteria being defined by research question to ensure the findings of the research are conclusive.
Instruments
Data collection techniques will entail systematic review articles for qualitative data and quantitative data obtained from the records in the selected prisons and mental health centers for the study. Data collection techniques will entail systematic review articles for qualitative data and quantitative data obtained from the records in the selected prisons and mental health centers for the study
The study will analyze the secondary data from systematic review articles and data obtained from the records in the selected prisons and mental health centers. Data will be examined and presented according to the research questions of the study. Data will be collected on mental illness and violent crime, the risk of mental illness to violent crime, and the recidivism rate among mentally ill convicts.
Hypothesis and research questions
In this particular area, the following questions will be answered to understand the relationship between mental illness and violent crime verily.
1. What is the association between mental illness and violent crime?
2. How does having a mental illness increases one’s risk of committing a violent crime?
3. What is the rate of repeat offending among mentally ill who are offenders of violent crime?
Through answering the questions, it will become simplified to create a valid hypothesis that mental illness has a negative relationship with violent crime. This implies that individuals who have mental illness are not culpable to commit a violent crime and finally the rate of recidivism among the mentally ill patients who have committed violent crime is low.
Data collection and analysis
From the data gathered it is clear that mental illness prevalence in the united states of America has continually increased over the years approximately 40 million (18%) of adults in experiencing mental illness in a given year. It is also important to state that an estimated 9 million (3.2%) of adults in the U.S.A had suffered severe mental illness which had prohibited them from undertaking important major day to day activities in their lives (Fazel,2014). It was also gathered that teenagers (13-18 years) had suffered serious mental illness at an estimated 21.3%.
The study also gathered 1.2% of adults residing in the U.S.A lived with schizophrenia with also an approximated 2.5% of adults in the U.S.A lived with the bipolar disorder. Moreover, the study reported that 7% (15.9 million) of adults in the U.S.A had experienced strong depressive episodes in a particular year. An approximated 18% of the adults living I the U.S. A had displayed symptoms of anxiety disorder. It was also established that 10.1 million adults who had mental illness also displayed a major aspect of substance abuse disorder (Bonta,2009).
Regarding the association of mental illness to violent crime, the data indicated that an estimated 20% of inmates in the state correctional facilities and also 22% of local jail inmates had a mental illness. The research also uncovered that 69% of the juvenile detention centers in the united states had reported at least one case of mental lines and moreover at least 19% of the youth in the juvenile detention system had severe mental illness (Maniglio, 2009).
It becomes imperative also to ascertain that a majority of individuals who have mental illness are not likely to become violent than the other people. Violent crimes in individuals with mental illness can only be attributed to 3%-5% of the violence, and in most cases, it is individuals with severe mental illness (Maniglio, 2009)
|
|
|||
|
MENTAL ILLNESS
|
|||
|
VIOLENT CRIME |
Mean |
N |
Std. Deviation |
|
2.7143 |
7 |
.75593 |
|
|
"5 cases' |
1.0000 |
4 |
.00000 |
|
"0 cases" |
1.1111 |
9 |
.33333 |
|
Total |
1.6500 |
20 |
.93330 |
Table 1: Mental Illness and Violent Crime
|
|
|||
|
MENTAL ILLNESS |
|||
|
GENDE R |
Mean |
N |
Std. Deviation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
male |
1.7000 |
10 |
.94868 |
|
female |
1.6000 |
10 |
.96609 |
|
Total |
1.6500 |
20 |
.93330 |
Table 2: Mental Illness and Gender
|
|
|||
|
MENTAL ILLNESS |
|||
|
AGE |
Mean |
N |
Std. Deviation |
|
"13-18" |
2.1429 |
7 |
1.06904 |
|
"18-70" |
1.3846 |
13 |
.76795 |
|
Total |
1.6500 |
20 |
.93330 |
Findings
The sample group was n=20 and from the analysis violent when compared to mental illness reflected a mean of 2.71 in 10 cases of violent crime 1.0 in 5 cases of violent crime and 1.11 in 0 cases of violent crime. Mental illness depicted a mean of 1.7 in males and 1.6 in females. In the age category, Mental illness revealed a mean of 2.14 in the age group 13-18 years and 1.38 in the age category 18-70 years. According to the graphs individuals with moderate mental illness and in the age category of 13-18 years had not committed 5 cases of violent crime while those of age category 18-70 had committed five violent crimes. Individuals with severe mental illness and in the age category 13-18 years had committed zero violent crimes which were the same with individuals in the 18-70 age category. Individuals who had no mental illness in both age categories were found to have committed 10 cases of violent crime.
Regarding gender males with moderate mental illness were found to have committed 5 cases of violent crime with the same case occurring in the females. Males with the severe mental illness had committed zero violent crimes which were the same case with women with severe mental illness. Both male and female with no mental illness had committed 10 cases of violent crimes.
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