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EMOTION

8 Floyd, Interpersonal Communication, 3e

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[ Our Agenda • Emotion in Interpersonal Communication

• The Nature of Emotion

• Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression

• Sharpening Your Emotional Communication Skills

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[Emotion in Interpersonal Communication Emotions are your body’s

multidimensional response to any

event that enhances or inhibits

your goals

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[ Emotion in Interpersonal Communication (Categories) We can understand many emotions by considering them in three categories:

• Joyful and affectionate

• Hostile

• Sad and anxious

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[ Emotion in Interpersonal Communication (Joy) Joyful, affectionate emotions include

• Happiness

• Love and passion

• Liking

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[ Emotion in Interpersonal Communication (Hostility) Hostile emotions include

• Anger

• Contempt

• Disgust

• Jealousy

• Envy

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[Emotion in Interpersonal Communication (Sadness and Anxiety) Sad, anxious emotions include

• Sadness and depression

• Grief

• Fear

• Social anxiety © Rubberball/Mark Andersen/Getty Images, RF

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[ The Nature of Emotion Emotions are multidimensional

• Physiological components

• Cognitive components

• Behavioral components

• Social and cultural components

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[ The Nature of Emotion (Valence and Intensity) Emotions vary in valence and intensity

• An emotion’s valence is its positivity or negativity— some emotional experiences are positive and others are negative

• An emotion’s intensity is its strength or magnitude— some emotional experiences are strong and others are weak

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[ The Nature of Emotion (Forms) Emotions come in primary and secondary forms

• Primary emotions—such as fear, joy, and surprise— are unique, distinct emotional experiences

• Secondary emotions—such as jealousy, contempt, and remorse—are composed of combinations of primary emotions

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[The Nature of Emotion (Meta‐emotions) Sometimes emotions are meta‐emotions

• Feeling embarrassed by your jealousy

• Feeling excited by your fear

• Feeling surprised that someone else wasn’t angry

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[ Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression Culture and cultural background can affect the experience and expression of emotion

• Geography affects emotional expressiveness: people in warmer climates are typically more expressive

• Co‐cultures sometimes differ in emotional behavior

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[Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression (Display Rules) Expression is affected by display rules

• Intensification

• De‐intensification

• Simulation

• Inhibition

• Masking

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[Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression (Technology) Technology and computer‐mediated communication can affect emotion

• Relative lack of nonverbal signals

• Opportunity for sharing emotion

• Emotion about technology itself

[Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression (Emotional Contagion) Emotional contagion affects experience and expression

• People tend to mimic the experiences and expressions of others

• Emotional contagion occurs in both face‐to‐face and online settings

[Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression (Sex and Jealousy) • Sex and gender roles influence both the experience and expression of emotions

• Some research shows sex differences in jealousy, specifically

• Men are more likely to experience sexual jealousy than emotional jealousy

• Women are more likely to experience emotional jealousy than sexual jealousy

[Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression (Sex and Gender) Sex and gender

• Androgynous people are more emotionally expressive than highly masculine individuals

• Traditionally masculine people tend not to express emotions of vulnerability

[Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression (Personality) Three personality dimensions affect how you experience emotion

• Agreeableness: the tendency to be pleasant, accommodating, and cooperative

• Extroversion: the tendency to be sociable and outgoing

• Neuroticism: the tendency to think negative thoughts about the self

[Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression (Emotional Intelligence) Emotional intelligence can influence emotional experience and expression

• Ability to perceive and express emotion and to use emotion to facilitate thought and emotional growth

• Alexithymia inhibits the ability to understand and describe emotions

[ Sharpening Your Emotional Communication Skills (1) Identify emotions

• Listen to your body

• Pay attention to your thoughts

• Take stock of the situation

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[ Sharpening Your Emotional Communication Skills (2) Identify emotions

• Learn to reappraise negative emotions

• Accept responsibility for your emotions

• Separate your emotions from your actions