reference page for my statistics research paper

Touch is the act of coming into contact with someone or something. In human being’s touch is associated with interfering, alter or to express one's feelings towards the other. Touch is varied benefits of simple human contact may be associated with romance or no romance. By touching, It reveals the differences in the way men and women feel, communicate and understand each other. We can see in our community, different groups of people in the social set up touch each other based on their relationships. People touch as a way of communicating their feelings towards others. When people touch may have affect the meaning to the person who is been touched. From detecting emotion via touch, we may think man and women have equal ability to do it but when it comes to individual emotion does it make any difference? Does women touch more than man since they are more emotion than the other gender? Does different gender pairs have been touch more often than like gender pairs? This study concentrated on finding whether the proposition that male-female pair touch more often than either male-male or female-female pairs. Touch is of concern in this study because it appears to be a form of communication that occurs among the different gender pairs in the society. Touch is therefore seen as a way to express feelings towards individuals in gender pairs. There is need to determine if touch is used to express feelings or certain emotions among the different gender pairs.

This analysis is based on the hypothesis that male and female pairs touch each other more than other pairs. A critical analysis of the findings reported in the results will help us determine if the hypothesis is true or not.

Method: The data for this research was collected from observing of touch among gender pairs in coffee shops, bars, library and the mall based on the intentions for touch, i.e. Romance or no romance. We used a pen and sheet of papers to write down our data and our observations’ notes. However, we documented the numbers of touch, types of touch, location and the time we observed for each pair. We used our phone for our observation’s time. Then we typed all our data in SPSS when we met in our class time with our instructor. This observation study occurred on January 2018 and the data was collected from 28 undergraduate students in university of Toledo. Each pair in our group observed different type of gender pairs in different places such as a coffee shop(Starbucks), bar, Franklin park mall and Carlson library at university of Toledo. For legal reasons, we did not study pairs of children so we had 245 participants that consisted pairs of men and women who are 18 years old and above. To collect our data, we had looked at different type of gender’s pairs such as the female-female, male-male, and male-female. The data collected were grouped into the female-female pair, male-male pair and male-female pairs for easier analysis. Gender pairs were used as the independent variables and number of touches as the dependent variables in this research. Each pair of our participants were observed for four minutes. The pairs who were observed less or more than 4 minutes were documented but they are not enclosed them in our statistics. The pairs who were exceeded longer than four minutes were considered outliers. And, the pairs who were observed less than four minutes were considered as partial pairs. After we took the outliers and the partial pairs from our statistics, we only have 189 participants to be analyzed.

Results We collected our data from four different locations such as library, coffee shops, mall, and bars. So, we started with the number of touches that were carried out for four minutes from our observation time by using SPSS to calculate the data. Our participants contained 64 of the same male gender’s pairs, 62 of the same female gender’s pairs and 63 male-female gender’s pairs out of total 189 participants. These statistics does not include either the outliers or the partial pairs. By using one way ANOVA, it represented that there are significant different due F= (2,19)=6.8 and the p vlue.001 is less than the alpha 0.05. As we see in figure 2, there were significant differences between the mean which it was .84 male-male pairs, female-female pairs was1.07 and male-female was 1.67. The minimum touches for all gender’s pairs were zero but the maximum touches were vary among gender’s pairs. Male and female exceeded 8 maximum touches, male and male exceeded 7 while female and female exceeded 6. So, the male and female gender’s pairs were significantly different from male-male and female and female. And female- female pairs were significantly different than male-male. Second, we used SPSS to get the number of touches that carried out per minute. So we run one way anova to calculate these data. We did not include the outliers and patial pairs and It showed the mean of 83 male and female pairs was 63.8, the mean of 76 female-female pairs was 33.3and the mean of 78 male-male pairs was 3.8. The significant value was lower than the alpha0.05 which F=(2,234)=3.34, P=.037. So the result represents that the means are statically difference and not significant in variance. Look at figure one to have a better concept of the results. We used chi-square on SPSS to compute and calculate whether genders’ pairs touched or did not through four minutes. We excluded the outliers and the partial pairs which X=16.30,P<.001. We found that male- female pairs had 41 touches, female – female pairs had 21 touches and male-male had 22. On the other hand, the number of non-touch for male and female pairs had 22, female an female pairs had 41 and male-male had 42. As we see with part touch and non-touch, there were significant different between among gender ‘pairs . This forms the basis for the acceptance of the null hypothesis. Look at figure Three to have a good concept of the results. Discussion In observation study on social touching shows that opposite gender pair such as female and male has a high frequency of touching than the same gender pairs such as male and male and female and female. However, female and female exceed higher number of touch than male-male which it appears women received touch more than men. There was significant difference between the pairs fort the touches four minute while there was not significant different between the pairs for the touches per minutes. The null hypothesis is accepted and the result because the findings of the study confirmed that male-female pairs touch each other more than other pairs. Looking at different location, times and different days of the week could make some differences of our data numbers. However, it is significant to document or report in what relationship it occurs, type and time of touch, when and where to get an accurate result to explain the fact about gender pairs in social touching. The first fact, study showed female have positive respond being touched from men and it might be having an association to their lower status. From observation study and reporting what found, status might influence touch asymmetry. The second fact, the differences between these gender male and female biologically and psychologically express their emotion differently. These differences have a main effect on how these genders behave, interact to each other and touch. As we know women are more sensitive and emotion in psychologically way and nervous system is with biologically way. While men are expressing themselves, and show their affection on physical way to female. These differences help to develop a strong attraction and might be a support of this high touch frequency (Stire,1984)

References Stier, D. S., & Hall, J. A. (1984). Gender Differences in Touch: An Empirical and Theoretical Review. Journal of Fenoiulity and Social Psychology, 47(2), 440-459, 15-18. Retrieved April 20, 1983, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2c6e/900dd80ac9f93e93d24f21d54daf7052a573.pdf.

Figure 1

MALE-FEMALE FEMALE-FEMALE MALE-MALE 0.65 0.34 0.34

MALE-FEMALE FEMALE-FEMALE MALE-MALE

Type of gender pairs

Percentage of pairs touched