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I HAVE READ THE FORMAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CP AND I DO NOT HAVE QUESTIONS AT THIS TIME

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Dewitt, Charles Percy. “Congress Shall Make No Law: The First Amendment, Unprotected

Expression, and the U.S. Supreme Court.” AmeriQuests, vol. 8, no. 1, 2011, doi:10.15695/amqst.v8i1.225.

From the first amendment, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

Malloy, Margaret Anne. “Bell v. Itawamba County School Board: Testing the Limits of First

Amendment Protection of Off-Campus Student Speech.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2771344.

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To concentrate on the abuse of the first amendment rights, it is important to note that, it concentrates on various constitutional rights to free speech. Thus, it has always been considered an essential factor in making decisions on different cases, for example, the “Tinker vs. Des Moines.” The first amendment has been most recently applied in the defense in “Bell V Itawamba County Schools and J.S. v Blue Mountain School District.”

“First Amendment Center.” Encyclopedia of the First Amendment, doi:10.4135/9781604265774.n521.

The presidents of the United States have always addressed different issues attached to the first amendment rights, for example, George Washington.

“The First Amendment As a Source of Positive Rights.” The Disappearing First Amendment,

2019, pp. 47–74., doi:10.1017/9781108674188.004.

During the American Colonization, the Queen and British king were ruling the immigrants. Therefore, the religious practices were dictated to the immigrants, high taxation system was imposed own the immigrants, and the immigrants were also not allowed to speak against justice.

Ghanea, Nazila, et al. “13 Inciting Religious Hatred: Balancing Free Speech and Religious Sensibilities in a Multi-Faith Society Peter Cumper.” Does God Believe in Human Rights?, 2007, pp. 233–258., doi:10.1163/ej.9789004152540.i-273.66.

During independence declarations by the colonists, the first priorities that they addressed include rights to assembly, rights to free speech, and the rights to religious practices. Therefore, the colonists ensured that these rights are protected in the new system of government.

Baker, C. Edwin. “Scope of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech.” Freedom of Speech,

2018, pp. 75–151., doi:10.4324/9781315181981-4.

Thus, the description of the first amendment involves the rights and protection of freedom of speech, religion, press, and protest. George Washington, the American President, mentioned that "If the freedom of speech then, dumb and silent, we may be lead, like sheep to the slaughter."

Baracskay, Daniel. Benjamin Franklin, mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1438/benjamin-

Franklin.

Also, Benjamin Franklin also highlighted the essentials of the first amendment when he mentioned that “Without freedom of thought, there can be no such thing as wisdom- and no such thing as public liberty- without freedom of speech.”

Schumaker, Kathryn. “Civil Rights and Schools: Tinker v. Des Moines.” Oxford Research

Encyclopedia of American History, 2020, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.678.

The Tinker vs. Des Moines was considered a milestone case, setting up the example of the first amendment. "The focus of Tinker V Des Moines was whether or not the right of free speech protected three students who wore black armbands to public schools to protest the Vietnam war” “John Tinker and his associates, Mary Beth and Christopher, wore black armbands to school in protest. They were sent home and suspended for having done so. They were not allowed to come back unless they removed the bands.”

“Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969).” The Encyclopedia of Civil Liberties in America, 2015, pp. 946–947., doi:10.4324/9781315699868-674.

“They did not return to school until New Year's Day: the day the protesters had previously agreed to stop wearing the armbands.” Therefore, the impacts from this particular case were that the students were granted the freedom of speech. It also ensured that the rights to free speech by students were protected as far as they don't bring distractions to other students.

Ellis, Chad D. “Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District.” Encyclopedia of Education Law, doi:10.4135/9781412963916.n377.

Therefore, the court ruled that "School Officials could not censor student speech unless it disturbed the educational process," and that "wearing black armbands was not disruptive and therefore was a protected form of speech.” Therefore, it was founded that from the Tinker test, free speech ensures an important, not safeguarded by the first amendment but other factors that are not.

“J.S. v. Blue Mountain School District.” Juvenile Law Center, jlc.org/cases/js-v-blue-mountain-

school-district.

The first amendment was critical in the J.S. vs. Blue Mountain District School. “In March 2011, the Blue Mountain School District suspended two eighth grade students for having created fake MySpace profiles for James McGonigle, the principle of Blue Mountain Middle School.” The cases were also taken to the Supreme Court. The court ruling declared that the parody account was also protected free speech since the page was not established on the school computer or the school campus.

Mcalpin, Jeff D. “A Substantial Disruption of Public Concern: TINKER, BELL V. ITAWAMBA, and Internet Speech for High School Students.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2723555.

The First Amendment was also critical in the “Bell V Itawamba County Schools” court case. “Bell, an aspiring rapper, wrote and published a song, named P.S. Coaches, the Truth Needs to be Told, detailed the Coach’s inappropriate behavior and actions” (Malloy). It also encompassed communal rap rhetoric, such as disingenuous threats. Therefore, Bell published the song on Facebook and YouTube, thus, offending the teachers of Itawmaba School, and Bell was barred from school. When the case was taken to the Supreme Court, the court ruled in favor of Bell, protecting rights to free speech.

5. Key Terms

The First Amendment

Freedom to Speech

Bell V Itawamba County Schools and J.S. v Blue Mountain School District

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District

Rights to protest

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Does the first amendment include essential clause in the Bill of Rights?

Does it grant the Americans the right to free speech, as well as allowing them to speak out their beliefs even if they are controversial?

Does the First Amendment evolution achieved through rights to free speech, rights to religious practices, and the right to protest?