The Relationship Between the Gender Role Attitudes and Fertility Intention in China
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The Relationship Between the Gender Role Attitudes and Fertility Intention in China
This paper analyzes the gender attitudes of contemporary Chinese young people and the influence of different gender attitudes on individual fertility intention.
Presentation Outline
Introduction
Hypothesis
Methodology
Contribution
Data Analysis
Result
Conclusion
China's aging population is becoming more and more serious, and the proportion of children born is decreasing year by year.
According to the 227 survey results on the fertility intention carried out in China's Population Fertility Intention Change: 1980-2011,results show that since 1980, the number of ideal children in China has been decreasing.
The changes and rapid development of the times have brought about changes in China's gender roles, gender equality has always been a social problem.
Although there have been similar studies in other countries, the research on China only focuses on how the gender role in the family affects the fertility intention, and there is no special research on how the attitudes of gender role affects the fertility intention.
Motivation
C
Introduction
1
2
3
Research Objective
To study the gender role attitudess of Chinese young people in different backgrounds.
Find out how different gender role attitudes affect fertility intention.
Analyzed the results and proposed the intervention methods to improve fertility intention.
Introduction
Introduction
Gender Roles
Men are always seen as bossy, powerful, socially defined as aggressive, active, independent, and not good at expressing emotions (Hegstorm&McCarlNielsen, 2002; Maccoby, 1990).
Gender division of labor is usually formed in society, with women as the main caregivers and men as protectors and providers of children (Glick, 2016).
According to the theory of gender role, the process of gender socialization encourages women to attach great importance to the role of wife and mother, and attach great importance to the emotional component of personal relationship (Bernard, 1972; Gilligan, 1982)
Concepts
Introduction
Fertility intentions
Concepts
Fertility intentions are considered the best indicator of potential behaviour because this concept focuses on the variety of circumstances that may affect fertility behaviour (Miettinen and Szalma, 2014).
Gender role change may be one of the important factors leading to the phenomenon of low fertility in developed countries,according to demographic, economic and sociological theories (Esping-Andersen & Billari, 2015).
Unforeseen experiences (such as disagreement over reproductive intentions in a partnership, or when the experience of raising a child is not as expected) may lead an individual to change their fertility intentions (Iacovou and Tavares, 2011).
生育意愿被认为是潜在行为的最佳指标，因为这一概念侧重于可能影响生育行为的各种情况（Miettinen和Szalma，2014）。
不可预见的经历（如在伴侣关系中对生育意愿的分歧，或当抚养孩子的经历与预期不同时）可能导致个人改变生育意愿（Iacovou和Tavares，2011）。
与生育理想不同，但也不同于个人偏好/愿望，生育意愿在个人一生中经历更频繁的变化。他们这样做是为了应对一个人生活环境的变化（Kuhn、Kreyenfeld和Trappe，2017年）。
Hypothesis
1. Women who think that men and women should take equal responsibility for family income have lower fertility willingness.
2. Women who think equal distribution of housework between men and women are more likely to have children.
3. Men and women who think that women should be career oriented have low willingness to have children.
4. Both men and women who believe that male advocate outside female advocate inside are both with higher fertility willingness.
Urban Chinese born between 1985 to 2000 with different personal backgrounds.
Target Population
Education level
Oversea experience
Original family
Marital status
Occupation
Social status
Methodology
Methodology
Sampling Method
Nonprobability sampling
Availability/Convenience sampling + Snow-ball sampling
Reason
Save cost and time
The relative cost and time required to carry out a convenience sample are small.(Serious time constraint)
The convenience sample may help you gathering useful data and information that would not have been possible using probability sampling techniques.
Methodology
Research method- Questionnaires
Survey Design
Survey Aspects
Types of survey
Personal Background
Different aspects of gender role attitudes
Fertility intention
Online Survey
20 questions
Survey Administration
Time : 2020/06
Total : about 247
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Methodology
The proportion of the responsibilities of men and women in housework, expenditure and education of their children.
The degree of recognition of male lead outside and female lead inside, full-time wife and stay at home dad.
Number of children expected.
Childbearing age expected.
Ordinal variables
The level of education
The level of job
Methodology
Operationalization-Variables
Place of resident
Gender
Job
Marital status
Overseas experience
Ratio variables
Individual income
How much money( time, houswork) do men or women contribute to their families
Satisfaction with the original definition of gender
The expected number of children in the future
The proportion of work and family
Nominal variables
Original Family
Contribution
Because there is no special study on the relationship between gender role attitude and fertility intention in China. This research can contribute to the research of population aging and gender role in the future, and provide reference for the intervention of population aging in China.
Data Analysis
I. Variable reliability analysis
Table 1 Reliability analysis
| Variables | Cranach’s Alpha | Items |
| Fertility Intention | 0.720 | 4 |
| Gender role attitude | 0.731 | 8 |
| Total | 0.755 | 10 |
Cronbach's alpha coefficient proposed by Lee klonebach in the middle of last century. It is a common method to test whether the reliability meets the standard. Generally speaking, the cranbach's alpha coefficient is above 0.7, which indicates that the data results of the questionnaire have good consistency. SPSS software was used to test the reliability of the questionnaire data.
The overall reliability coefficient of the questionnaire is 0.755, greater than 0.7, and the reliability of each variable is 0.720 and 0.731 respectively, which pass the test and have high reliability.
Data Analysis
II. Correlation analysis of variables
Pearson correlation test was used to test the correlation between fertility intention and gender role concept.
| M | SD | Gender | Education level | Oversea experience | Age | Habitual residence | Household Registration | The one-child | Marriage status | Income | Employment status | Fertility intention | Gender role attitude | |
| Gender | 1.52 | 0.50 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Education level | 3.49 | 0.68 | .310** | 1 | ||||||||||
| Oversea experience | 1.37 | 0.48 | -.170** | -.529** | 1 | |||||||||
| Age | 25.23 | 3.59 | -.219** | -.141* | .161* | 1 | ||||||||
| Habitual residence | 1.84 | 1.17 | -.081 | .001 | -.200** | -.107 | 1 | |||||||
| Household Registration | 1.88 | 0.32 | .105 | .266** | -.245** | .027 | -.050 | 1 | ||||||
| The one-child | 1.42 | 0.49 | -.080 | -.205** | .157* | .115 | .003 | -.277** | 1 | |||||
| Marriage status | 1.57 | 0.62 | -.166** | -.074 | -.001 | .309** | -.089 | .030 | .074 | 1 | ||||
| Income | 2.93 | 1.45 | -.198** | -.147* | .130* | .363** | -.086 | .017 | .160* | .262** | 1 | |||
| Employment status | 1.80 | 0.80 | -.182** | -.219** | .120 | .297** | .052 | .001 | .186** | .233** | .664** | 1 | ||
| Fertility intention | 2.31 | 0.50 | -.207** | .078 | -.041 | .116 | -.013 | -.051 | .141* | .012 | .153* | .152* | 1 | |
| Gender role attitude | 2.80 | 0.39 | .095 | -.117 | .158* | .137* | -.043 | -.095 | .087 | .106 | .027 | .005 | .332** | 1 |
Table 2 Correlation analysis of variables
**. Significantly correlated at the.01 level (bilateral).
Pearson's correlation coefficient between fertility intention and gender role concept is 0.332, both of which have passed the significance test at the significance level of 1%. It can be seen that fertility intention and gender role concept have significant negative correlation.
Data Analysis
III. Regression Analysis
| IV | DV（Fertility Intention） | |
| Model I | Model II | |
| Gender | -.234 | -.234 |
| Education level | .202 | .202 |
| Oversea experience | -.049 | -.049 |
| Age | .063 | .063 |
| Habitual residence | -.043 | -.043 |
| Household Registration | -.058 | -.058 |
| The one-child | .124 | .124 |
| Marriage status | -.084 | -.084 |
| Income | .041 | .041 |
| Employment status | .108 | .108 |
| Gender role attitude | .400** | |
| F | 3.030*** | 12.743*** |
| P | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.077 | 0.372 |
According to the previous correlation analysis, there is a significant correlation between fertility intention and gender role concept, with gender role concept as the independent variable and fertility intention as the dependent variable. The regression analysis results are as follows.
As shown in Table, the regression coefficient of gender role concept passed the significance test and was significantly different from zero (Sig<0.05). The regression coefficient of "gender role concept" was 0.400, indicating that gender role concept had a significant positive impact on fertility intention, and its impact coefficient was 0.400.
Table 3 Regression Analysis
Data Analysis
IV. Difference analysis （T test)
In order to compare whether there are significant differences between men and women in terms of fertility intention and gender role concept, independent sample t test was conducted. The results are shown in Table 4 and table 5.
| Gender | N | Mean | SD | 均值的标准误 | |
| Fertility intention | M | 117 | 2.419 | 0.533 | 0.049 |
| F | 128 | 2.211 | 0.451 | 0.040 | |
| Gender role attitude | M | 117 | 2.764 | 0.354 | 0.033 |
| F | 128 | 2.839 | 0.427 | 0.038 |
Table 4 Group statistics T-test
Table 4 shows the results of the descriptive analysis of men's and women's willingness to have children and the concept of gender roles. It can be seen that the scores of men and women are 2.499 and 2.211 respectively. Similarly, we can see the descriptive results of men and women in the concept of gender roles,
Data Analysis
IV. Difference analysis （T test)
| Levene test of variance equation | T test of mean value equation | |||||||||
| F | Sig. | t | df | Sig.(two sides) | Mean difference | Standard error | 95% confidence interval of difference | |||
| Lower limit | Upper limit | |||||||||
| Fertility intention | Assume that the variances are equal | .584 | .445 | 3.304 | 243 | .001 | 0.208 | 0.063 | 0.084 | 0.332 |
| Assume that the variances are unequal | 3.280 | 228.136 | .001 | 0.208 | 0.063 | 0.083 | 0.333 | |||
| Gender role attitude | Assume that the variances are equal | .015 | .902 | -1.488 | 243 | .138 | -0.075 | 0.050 | -0.174 | 0.024 |
| Assume that the variances are unequal | -1.500 | 240.785 | .135 | -0.075 | 0.050 | -0.173 | 0.023 |
Table 5 Independent sample test
It can be seen that in terms of fertility intention, the p value of independent sample t test of men and women in feritility intention is 0.001, less than 0.05, so it is considered that there is significant difference between men and women in fertility intention. Similarly, there is no significant difference between men and women in the concept of gender roles.
Data Analysis
IIV. Descriptive analysis on control variables
Education Level
Bachelor degree and below Above Bachelor degree 42.11 57.89
Half year or above overseas experience
Yes No 63.16 36.84
Habitual residence
Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen Others 57.89 42.11
Household Registration
household registrationUrban household registration Rural household registration 88.26 11.74
Data Analysis
IIV. Descriptive analysis on control variables
Income
0 < 5k 5k~10k 10k~15k 15k~20k > 20k 0.2267 0.1417 0.332 0.1619 0.0648 0.0729
Data Analysis
IIV. Descriptive analysis on univariate analysis
People who don't want children account for 20%, and those who want two children are the most, accounting for 42%. It can be seen that most of the target population want two children, and a small part of the target population do not want children.
Most of the expected childbearing age of the target population is between 26 and 30.
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.2065 0.3117 0.4211 0.0607
Expected childbearing age
20～25 26～30 31～40 41 above 0.0324 0.6478 0.3198 0
Data Analysis
IIV. Descriptive analysis on univariate analysis
About half of the three gender role attitudes are neutral.
The proportion of people who hold a neutral attitude towards full-time fathers is higher than that of full-time mothers; the proportion of people who oppose full-time mothers is higher than that of full-time fathers.
Attitudes towards men lead outside and women lead inside
Totally against Mostly against Neutral Mostly support Totally support 0.1781 0.2227 0.4494 0.1134 0.0364
Attitude towards full-time wives/Mom
Attitude towards full-time wivesTotally against Mostly against Neutral Mostly support Totally support 0.1741 0.2389 0.4575 0.1012 0.0283
Attitude towards full-time husband/Dad
Totally against Mostly against Neutral Mostly support Totally support 0.1215 0.1943 0.5425 0.0972 0.0445
Data Analysis
IIV. Descriptive analysis on univariate analysis
In terms of the division of family responsibilities, the ratio of equality is the highest,
Among them, men and women should spend equal time on children's education, the proportion reached 73%, and the average value of housework distribution exceeded the average, close to 70%
About the family expenditure, in addition to the average , mostly men also accounts for a large proportion.
Men and women undertake housework proportion
Allmost men Mostly men Average Mostly women Allmost women 0.0162 0.0891 0.6964 0.1862 0.0162
Men and women undertake family expenditure proportion
Allmost men Mostly men Average Mostly women Allmost men 0.0607 0.3603 0.4534 0.1053 0.0202
Proportion of time men and women spend on children education
Allmost men Mostly men Average Mostly women Allmost women 0.004 0.0688 0.7368 0.166 0.0243
Data Analysis
IIV. Descriptive analysis on multivariate analysis
Believes that the division of housework should be equal
Male
Female
The number of children expected by men who believed that housework should be equally distributed was two, while that of women was one.
Other options for the division of housework did not change significantly the expected number of children for men and women.
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.1781 0.2466 0.5205 0.0548
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.2121 0.4242 0.3434 0.0202
Data Analysis
IIV. Descriptive analysis on multivariate analysis
Believes that the division of family expenditure should be equal
Male
Female
The number of children expected by men who thought that family expenditure was equal was two, while that of women was more average.
In addition, women who believe that men bear most of the expenses increase the proportion of choosing one child, while the proportion of choosing not to have children decreases; however, the increase or decrease of expenditure distribution has no effect on the expected number of children of men.
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.1915 0.234 0.5106 0.0638
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.3077 0.3077 0.3846 0
Data Analysis
IIV. Descriptive analysis on multivariate analysis
Believes that the importance of work should be equal
Male
Female
Men who thought that work was equally important chose two children the most, while women had the same proportion of two and one child.
With the increase in the proportion of men and women working, the proportion of expected children of men and women is basically unchanged.
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.2308 0.2436 0.4487 0.0769
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.2706 0.3529 0.3529 0.0235
Data Analysis
IIV. Descriptive analysis on multivariate analysis
Believes that the division of time spend on children education should be equal
Male
Female
Almost female
Male
In terms of gender equality in educating children, men still choose two children the most, while the proportion of women chose 1 and 2 are basically equal.
However, 70% of the men who chose 2 children in almost female, which was much higher than that of equality division, while the proportion of women chose 1 in almost female are increased to 62%. The other independent variables were consistent with the neutral results.
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.2 0.2824 0.4353 0.0824
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.2474 0.3505 0.3711 0.0309
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.1429 0.619 0.2381 0
Data Analysis
IIV. Descriptive analysis on multivariate analysis
A netural towards men lead outside women lead inside
Male
Female
Mostly against
Male
Female
Men with a neutral attitude toward in male lead outside and female lead inside wanted two children the most, and women with neutral attitude wanted one child the most.
Women who chose "most against" expected that the number of their children would increase, most of them would choose 2 children. However, the proportion of male choose mostly against did not change significantly. The other independent variables were consistent with the neutral results.
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.2 0.2364 0.5091 0.0545
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.1607 0.5 0.3036 0.0357
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.1818 0.3182 0.4545 0.0455
Expected number of children
0 1 2 3 or above 0.2727 0.2727 0.4242 0.0303
Data Analysis
IIV. Descriptive analysis on multivariate analysis
X: Gender, Attitude towards full-time wives/Mom
Y: Expected number of children
1. Both men and women choose neutral the most, followed by the mostly against.
2. The men who chose neutral want to two children mostly, but the women have same proportion in 1 or 2.
3. Momen who almost against tend to have one child or be childless.
4. Themen who chose neutral tend to be childless.
Data Analysis
IIV. Descriptive analysis on multivariate analysis
X: Gender, Attitude towards full-time husband/Dad
Y: Expected number of children
Both men and women had the most neutral attitude towards full-time fathers.
Men and women have the highest willingness to have children if they choose to be neutral.
Findings
The number of men and women who thought that the division of housework should be equal was the most, and the willingness to have children was the highest. However, when the value of X became other options, the value of Y(fertility intention) did not change significantly.
Equal family expenditure makes men's fertility desire the highest, but when x option changes, it has no significant effect on men. As the proportion of male bearing family expenditure increases, the proportion of women who do not want to have children will decrease. But when the proportion of male bearing increase, which will not increase the number of children expected by women.
The equality of work importance makes male and female's fertility desire the highest, but the increase or decrease of work importance has no effect on the expected number of children of men and women, and has no effect on the expected childbearing age, most of which are concentrated in 25-30.
Findings
In terms of the time for children's education, men who chose almost female have the highest willingness to have children.Women who chose equality have the highest willingness to have children. With the increase of women's time spend, the proportion of men's fertility intention increases, while women's fertility intention decreases.\
Women who chose almost against in the idea that "men are in charge of the outside world and women are in charge of the family" with highest fertility intention, men who choose equality have the highest willingness to have children. With the change of x value, the feritility intention of male have no big change.
Women and men who are neutral to full-time wives have the highest willingness to have children. The women who chose almost against with least fertility intention. Men had no obvious change.
When gender role attitudes are neutral, it is usually the time when men and women have the highest willingness to have children, but men usually choose two children, while women usually choose one child.
Discussion
Conclusion
Reference
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