Assignment for Brilliant Answers

Science can be utilized to gain a better understanding of the underlying problems within commercial Aviation (Semantich, 2018). The main topic of this project is human factors, its causes, and its effects. Human factors, means the actions of humans. For example, how they think and how they act, etc. To better understand the root causes of human factors the student will delve into each of the ten categories of human factors. In this proposal the student will discuss different aeromedical factors, such as confusion, fatigue, stress and spatial disorientation that could lead into a human factor accident, this information will be provided by the Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical knowledge (Philosophy, 2018). The student will demonstrate life events or life experiences that can alter an individual state of mind; this will be presented as personal life experience situations. Additionally, the student will review what can be done to identify these factors in others and in oneself and how to appropriately address them. Comment by Edward Murphy: Where is the rest of this???? The PO says “The student will show evidence of advanced concepts of aviation, aerospace, and aeronautics to solve problems commonly found in their respective industries” You have not met this PO. Comment by Edward Murphy: ??????????? Makes no sense

Currently the Aviation/Aerospace/Aeronautical Science are focusing its energy on better measures. The paper will discuss the new technologies and software’s that are being utilized in order to secure the air travel. Software’s like airborne system are handling more than 60% of the jobs being handled in the aircraft that have lowered the cause of human factors involved in the accidents. Similarly, the paper will discuss the craft-to-craft communication system, this technology is being recruited for the similar process and the processes of flying commuters can also been studied in this instance (Semantich, 2018).

Aviation Legislation and Law

“The student will show evidence of the basic concepts in national and international legislation and law as they pertain to the aviation, aerospace and aeronautics industries” (ERAU, 2017, p. 23).

Aviation legislation and law are a very important and vital aspect of commercial aviation. Laws, legislation, and regulations provide a comprehensive guideline and standardize practices within the industry (Forbes, 2017). The student will review the laws and regulations set by the FAA that have been put in place to address human factors. For example, soon after the Colgan crash, the FAA implemented stricter regulations in order for pilots to obtain an ATP (AAIASB, 2006). In addition, the FAA has put laws in place that address factors such as workload, minimum rest requirements or fatigue to keep the employee and employer in check. The FAA has implemented several rules depending on the type of flying performed, such as part 121, 135, 91 and 61. (AAIASB, 2006). The FAA has also implemented strategies to keep any person who works in aviation accountable. Aviation Laws like Airport Planning and Regulation, Aviation Accidents Control, Pilot laws and regulations are very important that need to be studied for further understanding. These laws and regulations are working for the safety and to secure the air safe travels. The Aviation board is implementing such laws to prevent accidents in the air space and provide security to humans travelling in it (USA Today, 2015). Comment by Edward Murphy: Is this all the laws and regulations in aviation industry? Better find more. You must show me Comment by Edward Murphy: What laws and regulations. You have to be specific. You have to tie your sentences together. I used For Example, This tells me that what you said you would do is in this sentence. . evidence of the basic concepts in national and international legislation and law as they pertain to the aviation, aerospace and aeronautics industries”

Regardless if it is a pilot, flight attendant or mechanic, there are safety check put in place that meant to mitigate human factor-based incidences (AAIASB, 2006). As a result, the Federal Aviation Administration works hand to hand with the National Transportation Safety Board to mitigate and solve any outcomes regarding aviation. There are several programs assisting pilots and aviation personnel, in allowing a margin of error, if the person reports it to the FAA. This is called the Aviation Safety Reporting System, (USA Today, 2015) program. In the case that there has been a violation or any issue regarding aviation, the person has the chance to report it and use it as a “get out of jail” card (AOPA, 2016). In this proposal, the student will explain how accepting the errors and learning from them, will help the aviation community to grow and be safer each day.

Aviation Safety

“The student will show evidence of basic concepts in aviation safety as they pertain to the aviation, aerospace, aeronautics industry” (ERAU, 2017 p. 24).

Aviation law and legislation are very closely correlated to aviation safety. The FAA continuously revises laws to address aviation safety and concerns (Whitefield, 2018). The most effective way of avoiding a compromised state of safety is by adhering to these regulations. A great way of doing so is by keeping your peers accountable for the work they do and ask that they keep you accountable in the same way. However, when it comes to safety on the job it is important to accept personal responsibly for every action taken (Whitefield, 2018). The student will demonstrate the Human Factor and Classification System, demonstrating human factor errors in an aviation accident (Whitefield, 2018). It is important to constantly pause and evaluate oneself or being aware of oneself and the environment on is in. In this proposal, we will explain and analyze the IMSAFE checklist, a precise checklist where the person does their own personal assessment of how safe they are, and how good they feel before starting a shift (Philosophy, 2018). This checklist is something that all instructors teach their students since day one. The student will analyze the checklist and compare it to the Air France Flight 447, in which the most probable cause of the accident was human error by pilot stress. (AFP,2014). While on the job, the FAA advised to always expect to find something wrong, to always double check the work down and to never fill out paperwork to a job not completed Whitefield, 2018). It is important to understand the real meaning of every accident because it’s what will take a step to prevent something worse in the future, so this job is very important in, solve or get to the final truth and then help and support the aviation community. Comment by Edward Murphy: Where are the references??????? Comment by salma jamil: Is this all? Does this will show evidence of basic concepts in aviation safety as they pertain to the aviation, aerospace, aeronautics industry” Only the HFACS system? Not. You need aviation research studies. Get on ERAU Library data bases. Type in Aviation Safety, CRM, Human Factors research. Sorry I deleted the comment by mistake. Comment by salma jamil:

Similarly, this proposal will discuss that Aviation Safety is not only bent upon just aviation laws and regulations but the safety can be introduced by adopting better techniques and software by the airplane corporations. Other than the human factor even the machinery can result in airplane accidents and the aviation regulates both for the human factors and for the machinery to resolve error. The Aviation safety is most dependent on resolving the human factor issues that can be understood in this paper by data analysis and surveys. Aviation safety regulates to dig deeper in this factors and start resolving it by replacing it with the new introducing technologies. The aviation and aerospace corporation are bent upon to reduce accidents and have been incorporating new software, computer and other technological advancements (Whitefield, 2018).

Aviation Airport Management and Operations

“The student will show evidence of sound, ethical management principles within standard aviation, aerospace, and aeronautics operations” (ERAU, 2017, p. 25).

Aviation management and operations are the results of various parties coming together to improve the safety within the commercial aviation industry (ERAU, 2017). Many times, these parties have an obligation to themselves, to each other and to the public. An example that can be shared is how the NTSB investigates particular events to find the root of the cause of the accident or incident. As a result of the investigation in combination with the desire to prevent the same mistake, the FAA sets the standard for laws and legislation within the industry. This laws and regulations could be shown on the Federal Aviation Website, and also by observing Advisory Circulars that are usually sent when there an urgent fix (The Local, 2014). Additionally, once a solution is formulated, the affected parties by the legislation are responsible for properly carrying it out. Communication is also a very vital piece of aviation management and operation. In order to avoid miss understandings, clear and concise language is used to convey expectations ensure that everyone involved understands what is being communicated (USA Today, 2015). As Culture Factors (2010) states, management and leadership contributions in a significant role for the importance of safety within the workplace, by implementing policies that go hand in hand as well as an open culture in regards to solving issues that matter (Basi, 1996). Therefore the student will demonstrate in this proposal how leadership should surround management and safety operations. Comment by Edward Murphy: Is this all of airport operations? Does this will show evidence of sound, ethical management principles within standard aviation, aerospace, and aeronautics operations”

Ethical operations and management are being introduced in the aviation rules and regulations. The aviation boards are demanding the airplanes to use better personal, provide better trainings to its pilots and co-pilots, check their test results and keep on improving the technology in their flights, According to the cultural, scientific, and aviation protocol all the aviation laws and regulations need to be followed and they are to be updated each and every year. The student will study all the laws and regulations that come into effect due to the human safety and usually that cover up during the emergency protocols (USA Today, 2015).

Abstract

The air travel is not the safest mean to travel. In the past, many air flight accidents have occurred and brought the aviation industry to search the factors that are involved in it. The research has led to many factors that have driven the aviation to keep on updating and changing their rules and policies. There might be many factors that have influenced the aviation industry to bring changes, but the most crucial one is the involvement of the human factors. Looking at the history of the air travel accidents the aviation industry has found that the human elements from the most significant cause of air accidents. It does not mean that there are no other causes involved in it. This Capstone Project aims to define the human factors that are involved in air accidents. The paper will analyze the data from the past and present accidents and provide a report on whether this cause has changed improved in the past years. This project not only studies the causes of air accidents but it will also present the solutions that can decrease the number of air accidents due to human factors.

An Evaluation of Accidents Caused by Human Factors in Commercial Aviation

Statement of Project

This project is a partial fulfillment of the requirements of ASCI 490, The Aeronautical Science Capstone Course for the Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics Degree having undertaken all the required and stipulated programs. The purpose of this project is to find out the involvement of human factors in aviation accidents. The rate of the participation of human factors in between accident in the aviation industry and complete analysis to find out is the rate decreasing with the passage of time. The project will analyze data, compare data and understand what human factors are involved in the aviation accidents. The goal will en chance the knowledge of the student in the aviation fields and find solutions for the future.

Introduction

What are the human factors? How do they result in 70-80% of aviation accidents? Is this rate increasing or decreasing? Do small human errors account for such a thing? All these are important while research is conducted on the aviation industry. Aviation industry includes both civil and military air flights that fly every single day. The trend of air travel has been increasing with the passage of time, and with it, the no of accidents have improved too. It is human nature that despite severe training and expertise it might commit errors and it can positively affect the outcomes. Human error marks as one of the most significant errors in the aviation industry. According to (Wiegmann and Shapell, 2006), there are two big reasons of accidents in the aviation industry; one is a mechanical factor which has resulted in the 40-50% accidents, and the other is human factors or human errors that contribute to 60-70%. The author further displays that the rate of accidents resulting due to mechanical errors has been decreasing in time, but the price of the human factor has not inclined much. This is an alarming situation for the aviation industry, and thus it needs to be known that what human factors have been contributing in this amount and why is the aviation industry unable to decrease this alarming rise of accidents (FAA, 2018).

The Aviation Industry Accidents and Human Factors

As it is already addressed in the proposal that human factors have been substantially responsible for the aviation industry accidents and they are the most immediate threat to the safety of air travels. However, it is understood that human factors are playing a significant role in aviation accidents, but it is essential that at first, the Capstone project needs to be research or the human factors that are responsible in aviation accidents.

According to the BASI report (1996), ten fundamental human factors have led to fatal aviation accidents in the past. The first factor is the poor judgment on behalf of the pilot. An aviation pilot that is well trained and well-experience often takes a poor-judgment call in case of an emergency, and that often leads to a fatal aviation accident. The Case of Cessna is one of the most prominent examples in the poor judgment of the pilot. In 1979, the USA Airline crew were so busy in tackling the navigation problem that they lost track of the petrol and being long airborne directly inflicted the aircraft to crash. These poor judgment calls often happen due to the call of the crew or the pilots (ICAO, 2016). Similarly, the next factor is diverted attention. The team diverts its attention to one issue, and it leads to the accident and fatal crash. The above example also fits in this case scenario.

The next is in-flight decision making and the preparation. The pilot or crew lose track of planning and reveal great distress at the time of emergencies. It often occurs because human brain panics under stress and psychologically it is proven that an average human mind will lock down in great danger and make poor planning or poor judgments (Critical Thinking and Education Reform, 2018). The lack of prior planning has often lead the pilots in accidents and millions of death. The Aero Flight 603 is a similar accident when the pilot forgets critical thinking and leads to the fatal crash (NTSB, 2010). The lack of experience and losing control of aircraft and the medical reasons also have brought forward certain aviation accidents and resulted in the deaths of many. The upper mentioned causes have brought forward many aviation accidents. The mechanical and engine failure also creates a part in this regard, but human psychology has caused much distress in aviation accidents than others.

Comparison and Analysis of Documents

After understanding the human factors that have involved in the process of aviation accidents, it is essential that several documents and data is analyzed by numerical analysis to bring forward the certainty of human factors that have led to crashes. The data from the year 1990-2002 was collected by several documents. As the aviation history is full of fatal accidents and not every accident can be researched in the process, specific vital events were chosen to study and understand the human factors behind the crash. The NTSB Aircraft Accident Report Loss of Control on Approach, Colgan Air, Inc., the Federal Aviation Administration Hand Book on Human Factors (FAA), The Aero Peru Flight 603 accident and the accident reports on Shell model were analyzed. All these reports were carefully researched to find that human factor is the biggest reason in contributing towards aviation accidents. All these reports were carefully examined, numerically checked with the low decrease in the numbers in human factors and the reasons behind these accidents (NTSB, 2010).

The NTSB report further disclosed that the decrease of the aviation accidents has been low between the years of 1990-2002. It is not because the aviation industry has not proposed any other reason behind the fatal accidents, but it is because the report provides some 60-70% of crashes that have lead from poor or lack of proper judgment and even due to lack of experience of handling the commercial aircraft (Human Factors in Aviation, 2010). The report of 1990-2002 comprises a significant amount of data that is gathered under the human factors section. The data was statistically tested under the t-tests and put to analyze through comparison and have been noted to find that human factor has led to both negative and positive effect on the aviation industry. The data of the aviation. The effect of human factors on Aviation as brought forth by the Aviation Human Factors Handbook (FAA, 2010) the student will then make real arguments by cognitively analyzing two texts; an air force research Vs. The Federal Aviation Administrations. It also needs to be found out that how can avoid these fatal accidents lower in the future. What type of aviation rules and aeronautical software is being designed in this regard? Additionally, the student will critically analyze the policies and regulations that have been instituted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAR, 2018). This capstone project is based on quantitative reasoning. Thus, it is essential to evaluate and analyze data that is done in the specific parts of (NTSB 2010), and the FAA Aviation Statistics (FAA, 2018) by checking what specific data was available for the plane accidents and their causes to determine a change and positive curvature of human factors and safety in the history of aviation. The student will also decide what skills and actions have worked best to reduce accidents and incidents to then apply it in the real world (Wiegmann and Shappell, 2006).

Data Analysis

As the data available was limited to certain accidents and the years were just restricted to 1990-2002 the data analysis was done on Quantitative Reasoning. This helps to compare the data available in each year and form different graphs for each year. The data collected in this regard was quite less and had fewer results, but after a close comparison with all the other data it can be quickly checked and concluded in the table (Shappell et al. 2006). The aviation accidents mark a rough 70% in the past years and among them, these are some of the leading human factors that have led to fatal crashes. The data gathered was less by the reports mentioned above, and it has been found after the numerical analysis that the number of aviation accidents due to human errors has not decreased despite the evolution and hard work of the aviation industry. It can be concluded by the table 1.

Years 1990-2002 (Shappell et al. 2006).

Others Factors Involved in Aviation Accidents

As it is understood that 60-70% of aviation accidents are due to the human's factors, but one cannot neglect the fact that about 40-50% of aviation accidents are taking place due to other factors that include mechanical failure and the environmental factors. Environmental factors are one of the main factors that affect the human elements to create aviation accidents in aircraft (FAA, 2010). The weather condition at the high altitude can be quite tricky for the pilots to handle and it can affect the decision of the pilot to commit mistakes that in result cause an aviation accident. Severe weather conditions like dense fog, heavy rainfall, storms, or rough flights are difficult to handle, and the aviation industry often cancels such flights, yet accidents do take place due to emergency weather change during the trips. This usually affects the human factors to take steps that often the cause the pilots to make wrong decisions. A pilot with less experience cannot deal such aviation flights and cause accidents. It is wrong to consider that human factors are responsible for causing accidents in aircraft (Ranter, 1995).

System failure or engine failure is an open cause or mechanical factor that causes human errors and can cause aviation and fatal accidents. The pilot is unable to handle system failures that occur due to lack of proper engineering or machinery that affect the pilot's judgment. In 1978, the pilot and the crew were busy in putting up with the navigation failure and the air-fuel finished in the airborne position (Whitefield, 2018). To fully understand the role of the human factor in the system failure the aircraft of the shell industry have been carefully studied. It is noted that in the past human judgment has been clouded due to the lack of a proper system in the aviation aircraft and it has resulted in a crash. The Colgan aircraft was a decision based on the human factor that occurred due to the failure of a particular part of the system.

The lack of planning with the crew and the unavailability of the proper team resulted in a fatal crash. The example of flight 965 of the American Air flights and the Cologan show the human failure of prior planning and lack of training resulted in the cause of accidents and it has dramatically impacted the aviation industry (FAA, 2012). The student will also analyze the physical conditions that affect human factors. The case of Tenerife disaster, when the aircraft of Pan Am and KLM Boeing 747 collide against each other in the runway, demonstrating that there had to be a change in the way people looked aviation (Forbes, 2017). This informs us that not only the equipment can result in failure but also the hands at the work need to be an expert and have the experience to handle the aviation flights. The interview of the pilot from 1970-80 is quite helpful in this regard who explains that with the change in time and advancement in the technology the effect of the human factor has not decreased. He concludes that with the progress and the transformation of technology the experience of flying an aircraft has become technical and complicated (Forbes, 2017).

Laws and Safety Rules of Aviation Industry and Aeronautical Science

The Aviation Laws are one of the critical factors that are helping the aircraft industry to improve and change with the change and advancement of the time. Particular rules and guidelines have been set up by the aviation industry to lower the amount of the aviation accidents in the future. The Capstone project will carefully study the aviation laws that are closely associated with the human factor and that are considering helping to lower the number of accidents happening in the present. The first and the critical step that was taken up by the FAA was that every pilot had to pass an individual test and to be cleared before taking up the controls in an aircraft. The analysis of ATP is an important one in this instance (AAIASB, 2006). This regulation came into effect after the Colgan crash. The FAA also put into place guidelines that over-worked, under-stress, fatigued, depressed and medically unfit crew members are not up to mount the aircraft. The FAA considers it essential that every member needs to be cleared of these issues that make a significant cause in the aviation accident and fatal crashes. The rules implemented by the aviation industry are of very important as 121, 135, and 91 and 61. Similarly, the FAA also has proposed that accountability of every person working in the industry is vital. It is essential that all the employees and the corporations that are operating under the aviation industry need to understand that all laws are regulations that come under Airport Planning, Aircraft systems, weather condition protocols, accident and emergency protocols, requirements of the pilots and the crew members to be followed with close consideration (FAA, 2018).

The aviation and the aeronautical are working closely to help the pilots and the aircraft to produce safe and secure to airspace for human beings. The aviation has placed rules and guidelines for every person in the industry. The FAA and the NTSB have been working closely to regulate laws and create a better environment for its passengers. The IM-SAFE checklist is another way to prevent an accident from happening in the airspace. It is vital that each crew member is working for its own and other safety this will help in creating a safe space for all the people that are working with one another (AFP, 2014). The Aviation safety is most dependent on resolving the human factor issues that can be understood in this paper by data analysis and surveys. Aviation safety regulates to dig deeper into this factors and start fixing it by replacing it with the new introducing technologies. The aviation and aerospace corporation is bent upon to reduce accidents and has been incorporating new software, computer and other technological advancements (Whitefield, 2018).

Software and New Technologies Developed

The underlying cause of the aviation cannot be understood unless and until the changes in the aviation industry. The aviation industry has been creating different software and techniques are focusing its energy on producing better software to lower the causes and the accidents in the aviation industry. The aeronautical have been building new technologies in which the airborne system is being updated. Next the aeronautical have enabled a craft-to-craft communication system. This system helps the machines to read their energy in pathways and during air travel that can improve them in interpreting their power and indicating their arrivals on the radars. The device for machine communication will lower the crashes of aircraft with each other (Semantich, 2018). The system has decreased the system to 60% technical and computer-based to reduce the cause of the human error and human factor. Not only this will let the new computers handle the technology and replace the work of the pilots and take on the responsibility of taking care of the air travel business.

All this technology is under progress, and new technologies are being supportive to remove human error from the business to lessen the fatal accidents and help the airspace become more and more safe and secure for the passengers.

Recommendation

To reduce the fatal accidents in the aviation industry, there are several recommended guidelines to be followed and to be approached. The Human factor handbook is quite helpful in understanding that a human needs to change to save the airspace from any other accident. Human beings have different behaviors and to correct these things it is important that they are provided with proper training, they are identified with the risks, and they can process an emergency without panicking. It is essential that un-experienced people are trained on small and uncommercial aviation flights and trained correctly before providing an opportunity for taking control of a more extensive trip. The Pear Model is very important in understanding the human effect on people and how they react and act in the job routine (AOPA, 2018). The aviation centers should keep on training people with new technologies and how will they affect the human life. This can help in lowering the number of fatal accidents and propose a better outcome in the future. A considerable amount of crashes have occurred in the past on lack of prior experience in handling the on-deck crisis and lack of planning. A trainee at the aviation center shall be provided information on these things to eradicate the causes and lessen the human deaths in aviation travel.

Conclusion

Références

AAIASB. (2006, November). Helios Airways flight Boeing 757. Hellas, on 14th August 2005. Retrieved July 18, 2018, from http://www.aaiu.ie/sites/default/files/Hellenic.

Afp, M. C. (2014, March 26). What happens on a ghost flight? 5 case studies. Retrieved July 18, from http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/03/what-happens-on-a-ghost-flight-5- case-studies.html

Aircraft Accident Reports. (1977, March). Tenerife accident report. Retrieved July 22, 2018, from http://archives.pr.erau.edu/ref/Tenerife-ALPAandAFIP.pdf

AOPA. (2016, October). NASA report, you’re get out of jail free card? Retrieved July 23, 2018, https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2012/october/16/nasa-report-your-get- out-of-jail-free-card

AOPA. (2018). Human factors in general aviation. Retrieved July 22, 2018, from http://www.aopa.org/asf/asfquiz/hfactors.pdf Comment by Edward Murphy: Titles are lower cased except for first word, after colon and proper names.

Basi. (1996, April). Human factors in fatal aircraft accidents. Retrieved July 18, 2018, from https://www.atsb.gov.au/media/28363/sir199604_001.pdf

BEA. (2012, July). Final report presentation - BEA. Retrieved July 18, 2018, from https://www.bing.com/cr?ig=3bdad17022604c5182de8467b7e8d0ca&cid=1ddc39c19291 61991ed235f1936c60c5&rd=1&h=d4s3xvt2f0pbdig66bkm04ckg6vbfctkrqwjlo5ncwi&v =1&r=https://www.bea.aero/uploads/tx_elyextendttnews/presentation.rapport.final.05juill et2012.en_02.pdf&p=devex.lb.1,5535.1

Chialastri, A. (2018). Automation in aviation. Retrieved July 23, 2018, from http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/37990/intech-automation_in_aviation.pdf Comment by Edward Murphy: You are doing references wrong. Last name first, This should be Chialastri, A. Then put in 2018, as you gathered it in 2018.