Final project
4508 Final Quality Project
Part 2: Clinical Quality Measures for Hospitals
Overview
This activity focuses on Quality Measures for Hospitals. The activity uses online resources from
the CMS website. The Clinical Quality Measures for Hospitals activity focuses on the Hospital
Value Based Purchasing (VBP) Program
Background
The National Quality Strategy (NQS) was first published in March 2011 as the National Strategy
for Quality Improvement in Health Care, and is led by the Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality on behalf of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Today, the NQS
serves as a guide for identifying and prioritizing quality improvement efforts, sharing lessons
learned, and measuring the collective success of Federal, State, and public‐ and private‐sector
healthcare stakeholders across the country.
The Aims of the NQS are threefold:
Better Care: Improve the overall quality by making health care more patient‐centered, reliable, accessible, and safe.
Healthy People/Healthy Communities: Improve the health of the U.S. population by supporting proven interventions to address behavioral, social, and environmental
determinants of health in addition to delivering higher‐quality care.
Affordable Care: Reduce the cost of quality health care for individuals, families, employers, and government.
To align with this, CMS has set goals for their Quality Strategy. These include:
• Make care safer by reducing harm caused in the delivery of care – Improve support for a culture of safety – Reduce inappropriate and unnecessary care – Prevent or minimize harm in all settings
• Strengthen person and family engagement as partners in their care • Promote effective communication and coordination of care • Promote effective prevention and treatment of chronic disease • Work with communities to promote best practices of healthy living • Make care affordable
CMS’s vision states that if we can find better ways to pay providers, deliver care, and distribute
information than patients can receive better care, health dollars are spent more wisely, and
there are healthier communities, a healthier economy, and a healthier county. It is with this in
mind that they have created multiple quality payment programs.
In January 2015, the Department of Health and Human Services made an announcement that
set in place measurable goals and a timeline to move the Medicare program towards paying
providers based on the quality of care rather than the quantity. This was the first time in the
history of the program that explicit goals were set. They invited private sector payers to match
or exceed these goals as well. These goals included:
1. Alternative Payment Models a. 30% of Medicare payments tied to quality or value through Alternative Payment
models by the end of 2016 and 50% by the end of 2018
2. Linking Fee‐For‐Service payments to Quality/Value a. 85% of all Medicare fee‐for‐service payments tied to quality or value by 2016;
90% by the end of 2018
The Affordable Care Act was passed in 2010 and authorized the establishment of the Hospital
VBP Program, built on the quality reporting infrastructure of the Hospital Inpatient Quality
Reporting (Hospital IQR) Program. The programs intent was to promote better clinical
outcomes for hospital patients, improve the patient experience of care during hospital stays,
and encourage hospitals to improve the quality and safety of care that all patients receive by:
Eliminating or reducing the occurrence of adverse events, Adopting evidence‐based care standards and protocols that result in the best outcomes
for the most patients, and
Re‐engineering hospital processes that improve patients’ experience of care.
There are several domains covered by the Hospital VBP program. The first year began with 2
domains and increased over time to the current 4 domains. These domains and the weights
assigned to them vary over the years. Below is a table of these domains and their weights by
year:
2013 2014 2015 2016
Clinical Process of Care 70% 45% 20% 10% Patient Experience of Care 30% 30% 30% 25% Outcome ‐ 25% 30% 40% Efficiency ‐ ‐ 20% 25%
The following 2 years had changes to the language of the categories
2017 2018
Clinical Care 5% 25% Patient and Caregiver Experience of Care/Care Coordination 25% 25% Outcome 25% ‐ Efficiency (and “cost reduction” in 2018) 25% 25% Safety 20% 25%
The following 2 years (2019 and 2020) are subject to the proposed updates:
Clinical Care – 25% Person and Community Engagement – 25% Safety – 25% Efficiency and Cost Reduction – 25%
The Hospital VBP program adjusts hospitals’ payments based on their performance on the
domains that reflect hospital quality. Each data set includes the following:
An achievement score – scores awarded to hospitals that achieve certain levels of performance compared to other hospitals; compare an individual hospital’s rates with
all other participating hospital’s rates from a baseline period
An improvement score – scores award to hospitals that improved over its own baseline
period performance; compare an individual hospital’s rates with all their own rates from
a baseline period
A measure/dimension score – represents higher of either the achievement or
improvement points
The total score for each hospital is out of 100. The program is budget neutral and uses the
funds saved by reducing payments for base operating diagnosis‐related group (DRG) payments
to fund value‐based incentive payments to hospitals for discharges in that fiscal year based on
their performance under the program.
The applicable percent reduction to participating hospitals’ base operating DRG payment
amounts increased by 0.25% each year, starting at a 1% reduction in the first year of the
Hospital VBP program until it reached 2%. The reductions by year are:
2013: 1% 2014: 1.25% 2015: 1.5% 2016: 1.75% 2017+: 2%
Incentive payments are applied to hospitals on a claim‐by‐claim basis and each hospital’s value‐
based incentive payment percentage that the hospital earns for the year is determined based
on that hospital’s Total Performance Score (TPS) on the Hospital VBP measures. The hospital’s
TPS is converted to a value‐based incentive payment adjustment factor, and that factor is then
multiplied by the base operating DRG payment amount for each Medicare fee‐for‐service
discharge in a year to calculate the adjusted payment amount that applies to the discharge for
that year.
In 2018, there was a 2% reduction in base DRG payments for the year which made $1.9 billion
available for Value‐Based Incentive payments.
Domains
Clinical Care Domain
Assesses estimates of deaths in the 30 days after entering the hospital for a specific condition
(reported as the “survival” rate; therefore, higher percentage rates are favorable). Patients who
received high‐quality care during their hospitalizations and their transition to the outpatient
setting will likely have improved outcomes, like survival rate. Includes:
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 30‐day mortality rate Heart failure (HF) 30‐day mortality rate Pneumonia (PN) 30‐day mortality rate
Person and Community Engagement Domain
Based on the HCAHPS (Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems)
which is a national, standardized survey that asks adult patients about their experiences during
a recent hospital stay. The domain score encompasses 8 important dimensions of hospital
quality:
Communication with nurses Communication with doctors Responsiveness of hospital staff Cleanliness and quietness of hospital environment Communication about medicines Discharge information Care transition Overall rating of hospital
Safety Domain
Assesses a broad set of healthcare activities that affect patients’ well‐being. Patients who
received high‐quality care during their hospitalizations will likely have improved outcomes, like
reduced risk of in‐hospital falls with hip fracture, bed sores, and other adverse events, reduced
risk of healthcare‐associated infections, and improved quality of life. Includes:
AHRQ (PSI‐90) patient safety for selected indicators Central line‐associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) Catheter‐associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) Surgical site infection (SSI) Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) Perinatal Care (PC)‐01
Efficiency and Cost Reduction Domain
Increases the transparency of care for consumers by recognizing hospitals that provide high
quality care at lower costs to Medicare. Is determined by the Medicare spending per
beneficiary (MSPB) measure.
Activity 1: Answer the following critical thinking questions:
1. The patient experience/engagement category has remained steady over the years, ranging from 25‐30% of the total score. Why is it important for organizations to be graded on this category? What affect does it have on the healthcare provided?
2. The category of efficiency/cost reduction was introduced in 2015. What is the importance of measuring efficiency/cost reduction on the healthcare system as a whole?
3. Do you think a 2% reduction in payments is sufficient to encourage behavioral changes in the quality of care provided? Why or why not?
Activity 2: You will review several facilities and their scores for the Hospital Value‐Based Purchasing program. Scores are provided on the CMS website but have been extracted and combined to a single excel file located on the modules page under this assignment. Each domain has a separate tab in the excel file as well as a separate tab for Total Performance Score.
Open the HVBP Scores file Use the Hospital Measures Definitions file to identify the measures in the HVBP Scores
file.
Search the corresponding tabs for the 3 local hospitals and their scores. Hospital Provider Number
Orlando Health 100006 Florida Hospital 100007
Osceola Regional Medical Center 100110
4. Under the Clinical Care domain, what was the benchmark for the “Acute Myocardial
Infarction (AMI) 30‐day mortality rate”? a. 0.8732 b. 0.8506 c. 0.90 d. 10 out of 10 points
5. Under the Clinical Care domain, which hospital had a performance rate lower than the
benchmark for “Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) 30‐day mortality rate”? a. Orlando Health b. Florida Hospital c. Osceola Regional Medical Center
6. Under the Clinical Care domain, which hospital had a performance rate lower than their baseline for “Heart Failure (HF) 30‐day mortality rate”?
a. Orlando Health b. Florida Hospital c. Osceola Regional Medical Center
7. Under the Patient Experience of Care domain, what was the achievement threshold for
“Responsiveness of hospital staff”? a. 0.90 b. 32.72 c. 65.16 d. 80.15
8. Under the Patient Experience of Care domain, which hospital received improvement
points for “Communication with Doctors”? a. Orlando Health b. Florida Hospital c. Osceola Regional Medical Center
9. Under the Patient Experience of Care domain, Florida Hospital received 5 points for
their “Care Transition” measure score. Were these points for achievement or improvement?
a. Achievement b. Improvement
10. Under the Safety domain, what was the benchmark for “Perinatal Care (PC)‐01” (This is
identified as (PC‐01))? a. 0 b. 0.0204 c. 10 out of 10 points
11. Under the Efficiency domain, what was the achievement threshold for “Medicare
spending per beneficiary (MSPB)”? a. 0 b. 0.9869 c. 0.8396 d. 10 out of 10 points
12. Under the Total Performance Score, which hospital had the highest TPS?
a. Orlando Health b. Florida Hospital c. Osceola Regional Medical Center