North American Indians Final 50 Multiple-Choice Questions

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Question 1

Which of the following is true about the Inuit?

		a. the aboriginal population was around 500,000
		b. they speak several different languages
		c. they left artifacts 10,000 years ago
		d. all of the above
		e. none of the above

Question 2

Inuit whale hunters:

		a. hunted from kayaks
		b. kept a great distance from whales, only shooting when the wind would carry the harpoon
		c. ate what they could on the spot and threw the rest of the whale away
		d. all of the above
		e. none of the above

Question 3

In the Inuit world people who were treated like “us” or kin included:

		a. blood relatives on father’s and mother’s side
		b. trading or hunting partners
		c. anyone who spoke an Inuit language
		d. all of the above
		e. a and b above

Question 4

An Inuit man and wife could build a family sized igloo nine to fifteen feet in diameter in approximately:

		a. 3 days
		b. 2 days
		c. 6 hours
		d. an hour or so
		e. it couldn’t be done

Question 5

The Inuit religion included:

		a. a belief in the relationship between people and animals
		b. a belief that a person’s soul could get displaced
		c. the reality of demons or evil spirits
		d. all of these
		e. a and c above

Question 6

Which of the following is true about Eskimo shamans?

		a. they could only mend broken bones, not broken hearts
		b. they didn’t allow audiences while practicing
		c. women were barred from shamanic activity
		d. all of the above
		e. none of the above

Question 7

The Subarctic culture area:

		a. is completely covered in permafrost or tundra
		b. the only vegetation consists of lichens and mosses
		c. people subsist on fishing, gathering berries, and trapping rodents
		d. all of the above
		e. none of the above

Question 8

After contact with Europeans, life in the Subarctic changed significantly because of:

		a. the fur trade
		b. European genocide
		c. the spread of communicable diseases
		d. inter-tribal warfare
		e. none of the above

Question 9

Subarctic groups are primarily:

		a. hunters and gatherers
		b. hunters and fishers
		c. gatherers and gardeners
		d. sea mammal hunters
		e. sedentary farmers

Question 10

The Cree, Northern Ojibwa, and Saulteaux tribal people lived year round in:

		a. animal hide tipis
		b. birch-bark covered wigwams
		c. earth and stone houses
		d. caves and mud-huts
		e. dwellings varied according to seasons

Question 11

Early 18th century saw significant change in the social and economic life of the Plateau groups because of:

		a. dramatic climate changes
		b. the introduction of the horse
		c. the discovery of gold
		d. the 1705 smallpox epidemic
		e. all of the above

Question 12

The Plateau culture area was:

		a. culturally a transition zone
		b. characterized by permanent winter villages and roving for wild foods and fish in the summer
		c. religious where spirit helpers or guardian spirits acquired through a vision quest were important
		d. all of the above
		e. none of the above

Question 13

A principal economic activity among people of the plateau was:

		a. moose and caribou hunting
		b. salmon fishing
		c. bison hunting
		d. all of these
		e. none of these

Question 14

The basic tree used by Northwest Coast Indians for building was:

		a. balsam
		b. pine
		c. redwood
		d. cedar
		e. white oak

Question 15

Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast practiced the potlatch ceremony to:

		a. confirm social position
		b. redistribute wealth to the community
		c. give food and goods to the poor
		d. all of the above
		e. none of the above

Question 16

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934:

		a. gave reservation Indians the right to establish tribal governments
		b. discontinued allotments, thereby making it impossible for outsiders to buy reservation land
		c. made loan money available so tribal councils could improve reservation conditions
		d. all of these
		e. none of these

Question 17

The message of the Ghost Dance from Wovoka, the Paiute prophet, was:

		a. go back to the old customs and the Europeans would depart
		b. the dead ancestors of the Indians were coming back
		c. use guns and alcohol to vent emotions
		d. all of these
		e. a and b

Question 18

Which of the following is true about gambling on Indian reservations?

		a. only a handful of reservations have tried it
		b. it was a disaster among the Florida Seminole
		c. state governments have a lot of control over it
		d. all of these
		e. none of these

Question 19

Common to California tribes was:

		a. living in towns near streams
		b. women farming, men clearing fields and hunting bison
		c. warfare was for prestige and taking of scalps
		d. all of these
		e. none of these

Question 20

Indians of the Northwest Coastal area lived in:

		a. hogans
		b. plank houses
		c. tipis
		d. wattle and daub houses
		e. longhouses

Question 21

Which of the following was true about the Sun Dance?

		a. it was a private ceremony for one or two families
		b. it took place in summer or early autumn
		c. it was an easy form of recreation for participants
		d. all of these
		e. none of these

Question 22

In addition to food, which of the following did buffalo (bison) provide for the Plains Indians?

		a. robes, shields, and containers
		b. scrapers, axes, and awls
		c. sinew for sewing and bowstrings
		d. all of the above
		e. None of the above

Question 23

The Maidu, Mattale, Miwok, Modoc, Monache, Nogatl, and Northern Paiute are all principal tribes of which culture area?

		a. Northwest Coast
		b. California
		c. Columbia Plateau
		d. Pacific Coast
		e. Great Basin

Question 24

As Euroamericans began settling into California, subsistence patterns began to change rapidly, and by the beginning of the twentieth century many tribal groups had disappeared as the result of:

		a. Starvation
		b. Disease
		c. Genocide
		d. All of these
		e. None of these

Question 25

Northwest Coast tribes have been able to thrive in their geographic areas with fewer governmental restrictions, unlike tribes of the Southeast or Great Plains, because they:

		a. reside in more than just one country and have not been dominated by the U.S. government
		b. area economically and politically superior to the white population of the area
		c. they have stronger treaties than other tribal groups
		d. they control all natural resources in the region
		e. none of the above

Question 26

The Indian New Deal refers to:

		a. John Collier's innovative years as director of the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs
		b. A time period that witnessed the passing of the Johnson-O’Malley Act
		c. The passing of the Wheeler-Howard Act and other progressive Indian policies
		d. All of these
		e. None of these

Question 27

The birth of the “urban Indian” was the result of:

		a. The Dawes Severalty Act or the General Allotment Act
		b. The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)
		c. The establishment of casinos on Indian reservations
		d. The Termination and Relocation policies of the early 1950s
		e. The death of Geronimo and Sitting Bull

Question 28

The U.S. president most responsible for opening the door to Indian Self-Determination was:

		a. Dwight D. Eisenhower
		b. John F. Kennedy
		c. Richard M. Nixon
		d. Jimmy Carter
		e. Ronald Reagan

Question 29

According to Comanche educator, Dr. Cornel Pewewardy, "Real Indians" are:

		a. a figment of the mono-cultural American psyche
		b. those Indians that originated from the country of India
		c. America’s indigenous inhabitants from a European perspective
		d. All of these
		e. None of these

Question 30

Which of the following is true about Indians and European diseases?

		a. disease killed more Indians than white man's bullets
		b. estimates claim as much as 90 percent in some tribes died from disease
		c. most indigenous people of the Americas died from measles
		d. a and b above
		e. all of the above

Question 31

Most tribes strongly, yet unsuccessfully, resisted European domination. However, some tribes were able to adapt by:

		a. Adopting the “Whiteman’s” language and culture (assimilation)
		b. They made changes in material culture brought about by trade with Europeans
		c. Adopting European technologies such as the addition of the horse
		d. Many tried to co-exist with the Europeans and retain some of their indigenous culture
		e. All of the above

Question 32

Although the specifics varied according to time and place, one group after another endured which of the following?

		a. successive waves of epidemic disease
		b. inter-tribal and European warfare
		c. rapid environmental change
		d. outside pressure for cultural change, land loss, and sometimes enslavement and servitude
		e. All of the above

Question 33

Why were some Indian tribes terminated while the status of others remained unchanged during the era known as Termination and Relocation?

		a. The U.S. government and private industry wanted to acquire tribal resources from terminated tribes.
		b. Some reservations were too remote and it was too costly to relocate tribal members.
		c. Most tribes marked for termination were populated with sick and disabled people.
		d. The Federal Government was met by strong and determined resistance by heavily armed tribes.
		e. Some reservations operated their own well managed and successful businesses.

Question 34

When gold was found in California:

		a. many Indians became rich.
		b. many Indians started selling their land to white settlers.
		c. many Indians were forced out of their land.
		d. all of the above
		e. none of the above

Question 35

At the beginning of the 20th century the American government

		a. started putting Indians in special reservations
		b. started bringing Indians to cities
		c. started moving Indians to California
		d. began a campaign of genocide against California tribes
		e. made all Indians tribes American citizens

Question 36

In most Native nations of California, the populace was differentiated into three groups: elites, commoners, and poor people. In some groups there was a fourth class that consisted of:

		a. vagabonds or slaves.
		b. adopted non-Natives or whites.
		c. prostitutes and beggars.
		d. mentally ill or elderly.
		e. all of the above

Question 37

The religious system known as Kuksu was practiced in central and northcentral California by the:

		a. Pomo and Patwin
		b. Miwok and Maidu
		c. Yuki
		d. all of the above
		e. none of the above

Question 38

The people of the Pacific Northwest traveled in canoes to:

		a. net salmon.
		b. harpoon whales.
		c. gather clams.
		d. spearfish
		e. all of the above

Question 39

The tribes of the Northwest Coast created an important cultural symbol that was almost as important as any of their basic needs. The symbol was referred to as the:

		a. longboat
		b. potlatch
		c. totem pole
		d. whale harpoon
		e. clan crest

Question 40

The Indian people of the Northwest Coast and the European travelers to this region quickly discovered this common ground:

		a. they were savage hunters and warriors.
		b. they lived communally.
		c. they both came from materially acquisitive, trade-oriented cultures.
		d. they depended on buffalo, bear, and deer for meat, their staple food.
		e. all of the above

Question 41

Winter lodges of early Columbia Plateau Indians could best be described as:

		a. Long underground pits covered with tule mats
		b. Rectangular-shaped pole frames with tule mats
		c. Conical-shaped pole frames with tule mats
		d. Both b and c
		e. Wigwams

Question 42

A majority of early Indians in the Columbia Plateau region spoke dialects of the:

		a. Salishan language family
		b. Uto-Aztecan language family
		c. Sahaptin language family
		d. All of the above
		e. None of the above

Question 43

Subarctic groups are primarily hunters and fishers, and they are also economically dependent on:

		a. bear grass basket making.
		b. whaling and whale oil production.
		c. the international slave trade.
		d. foraging for roots and berries.
		e. the lucrative fur trade.

Question 44

Arctic people include the Inuit and the Aleut (of the Aleutian Islands). However,

		a. there are no “tribes” within the Inuit-Aleut family.
		b. most arctic tribal groups live in Greenland.
		c. Arctic tribes speak several linguistic variations of Algonquin.
		d. Inuit tribes dwell exclusively in igloos and live long and healthy lives.
		e. none of the above

Question 45

One of the most significant U.S. Federal policy decisions of the twentieth century was:

		a. the Indian Removal Act
		b. the Indian General Allotment Act
		c. the Canadian Indian Act
		d. the Indian Reorganization Act
		e. Fort Laramie Treaty

Question 46

Subsequent to the Allotment and Assimilation Era (1887-1943), Federal Indian Policy turned toward a new policy initiative designed to completely assimilate Native Americans by integrating the Indian population with mainstream America. This new policy initiative refers to:

		a. Termination and Relocation
		b. Establishment of Indian Boarding Schools
		c. the creation of the National Congress of American Indians
		d. Establishment of the National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC)
		e. creation of the Indian Claims Commission (ICC)

Question 47

European assumptions about their right to claim the lands and resources of peoples in the Americas (and elsewhere) were based on what has come to be called the:

		a. Pax Americana
		b. Manifest Destiny
		c. Eminent Domain
		d. Tierra del Europa
		e. Doctrine of Discovery

Question 48

The first successful European colony in Northeast America was founded by the:

		a. French settlers in Nova Scotia
		b. English settlers at Jamestown, Virginia
		c. Dutch missionaries in Manhattan, New York
		d. English Puritans at Plymouth, Massachusetts
		e. Spanish at Cape Fear, North Carolina

Question 49

Native leaders acceded to government demands that they cede much of their land and settle on reservations because they hoped:

		a. to finally partake of the “American Dream”
		b. that some measure of peace and security would result
		c. to build up their populations and continue their struggles against the Whiteman
		d. that Euro-Americans would finally cease in their acquisition of indigenous lands
		e. that reservation life would be much better than life on the Great Plains

Question 50

Mohawk settlements were unique in that they erected palisades that surrounded groupings of:

		a. pit houses
		b. wigwams
		c. birch bark wickiups
		d. longhouses
		e. buffalo hide tipis