research articles analysis
Running head: CYBER- ATTACKS ON HEALTHCARE AND THEIR MITIGATION TECHNIQUES 1
CYBER- ATTACKS ON HEALTHCARE AND THEIR MITIGATION TECHNIQUES 27
Chapter 2 - Cyber- Attacks on Healthcare and Their Mitigation Techniques
Table of Contents
The research paper analyzed the operationalization of variables proposed in the project to address how the variables 12
Application of Qualitative Research 14
Literature Review 16
Cybersecurity Impact on Healthcare Data 17
Healthcare Data Regulation and Ethics 19
Proper Counter Measures for Cybersecurity 28
Cyber- Attacks on Healthcare and Their Mitigation Techniques
In the current healthcare environment, there are issues related to technological attacks that affect the integrity of an entire system. Attacks occur commonly due to the high commercial value of healthcare data on the dark web based on its combination of patients' financial and personal information stored on digital documents. Cyber-attack issues are common, which cause the healthcare industry to get exposed to problems that affect patient treatment and information security and lead to data loss. EHR platforms are the main platforms where cybercriminals access data for false billing and extortion. The dissertation aims to establish cyber-attack management methods since they shall generate a defense process to ensure model improvement operations get performed for all information technology (I.T.) platforms used in healthcare.
The primary search technique to find scholarly works that pertain to my proposed research topic were keyword searches of scholarly journal articles as listed in the yyyyyyyy. The main keywords used in the document's development see the scholarly writing guide on how to avoid anthropomorphisms were:
· Cybersecurity in healthcare
· Mitigation strategies for handling cybersecurity
· Improvement of healthcare environments using technology
· Healthcare management procedures for ensuring safe patient outcomes
· Loss prevention to manage healthcare data
The search strategy ensured the use of filters to connect the accessed documents to healthcare departments. Regarding publication dates, I provided access to records in the past five years so there would be a correlation to current cybersecurity measures. Access to journal articles for the research got performed using credible websites for information technology data and the following databases:
National Library of Medicine
PubMed Central
Hindawi
PLOS ONE
Google Scholar
Frontiers in Psychology
Elsevier
Healthcare industries are critical due to the vast amounts of patients' personal and financial information. Stakeholders must adhere to the ethical management of patient data since patients have a high level of trust in their healthcare providers.. Physicians, nurses, administrative staff and IT teams are the main stakeholders who handle patient information and can access a single healthcare information system. The fact that one information system commonly used these days, an electronic health records (EHR) system, gets accessed by different professionals results in the requirement for generating appropriate healthcare management processes. The behavior of the stakeholders is critical since what they access on the EHR system and their devices connected to the healthcare industry network has the potential to determine patient safety.
Cybercriminals prefer to attack healthcare networks numerous amount of data, on the dark web. Healthcare industry employees are involved in daily access to the internet and a healthcare information system, resulting in them being the key stakeholders who need to eliminate vulnerabilities and entry points into healthcare networks. Generating better system management is possible when healthcare employees understand how an information system can provide cloud storage, application management, and syncing during different times. The collaborative healthcare industry is likely when all stakeholders integrate advanced system improvement operations. In terms of safety, file encryption gets conducted and results in integration system development after discovering change requirements and possibilities of offering better computer resources.
Healthcare employees can endanger patient data due to their limited knowledge of safety operations.
When there are no formal training sessions, problems can affect the accurate delivery of healthcare strategies, especially when an information system does not have a feature to indicate inaccurate data. As different healthcare departments access data in real-time, the resulting outcome is fast decision-making which can, at times, affect proper healthcare quality when the stakeholders involved need to perform due diligence by seeking data from professionals in the healthcare environment. Overreliance on system performance is thus dangerous based on the impact developed when healthcare employees do not use their education to make decisions.
Features of an EHR include a computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system, a radiation oncology information system, clinical decision support system, and e-prescribing systems. All these features facilitate improvement in handling patient data, which is a reliable method of developing appropriate system adherence to existent healthcare expertise. When there is limited knowledge among healthcare employees on using the systems, the resultant outcome is issues related to logging in, lack of accuracy when dealing with content improvement, matters connected to the system, and inappropriate data naming convention, mainly when the different features get recorded by persons from other environments. A healthcare business can thus experience a lack of robustness in various departments that might operate with inappropriate performances.
The functions of EHR have grown in acceptance based on operating on a web-based platform, using applications to facilitate improvements when dealing with system technicalities, integrating syncing operations, and creating structured methods for file encryption. When healthcare employees use systems, the resultant outcome is an improvement by tweaking the system to promote access to data, and user data offers better development. There can be a collaborative process to facilitate healthcare system improvements when stakeholders adhere to a different approach to enable user expectations.
Understanding end-user requirements are mandatory to serve the entire work environment with concepts suitable for their health operations. The use of an EHR available in real-time is required to deal with different types of health data and their management. A user interface provides better outcomes when dealing with records since it is possible to update content without getting concerned with the backend components. Health record systems offer better results when dealing with improvements since they can ensure accurate health improvement without affecting other persons in the healthcare environment (De Benedicti et al., 2020). Concepts such as confidentiality of each user, data integrity, and avoiding errors generate a reliable method of serving all parties in a healthcare environment.
When using EHRs, the process shall be expensive based on the nature of the data which shall get stored in the system. There shall also be a structured method of ensuring change in system operations after working with other persons in the work environment to provide them with accurate handling of their departmental expectations. Each EHR can be accessed by all health environments and only change once the system management procedure integrates different user interfaces for all health departments. There shall be an accurate improvement for all departments once the financial component of getting the EHR receives the required focus (Wolfe et al., 2018). Economic issues might occur, limiting the integration of the systems since their technical; operations shall need to get changed. To eliminate problems, I.T. professionals can purchase a cheap but robust EHR package so their managers will understand methods of offering better health outcomes. The systems can get considered to be viable investments whose operations shall serve all persons in the work environment.
Healthcare departments rely on technology due to the reliability of the technology in different environments. An EHR should include all boundaries in a healthcare business so that every participant knows their responsibility. Meetings should be set up regularly so that issues with a system get discovered by analyzing healthcare providers and I.T. professionals. A tune-up promotes the capability to improve the quality of a product. The content in an EHR should be adhered to. Predictive analysis is a technique of creating predictions whereby data that an organization currently has access to is used to generate foresight for the future. The method identifies patterns that inform how future performance would look. I.T. managers use this analytic tool to determine the future behavior of the software.
In the healthcare industry, healthcare managers can apply load testing to test the performance of an information system. The technique can involve a tool allowing users to type the URL of the tested site. The user then enters metrics as prompted by dialogue boxes. The results would display the active session, response time, and time. All these processes facilitate a straightforward method of ensuring system development operations get performed as required. When the healthcare industry is aware of the types of system operations involved in online systems, cybersecurity measures are imperative to prevent any case of vendor lock-in. Vendor lock-in is a situation where there is an overreliance on a sole provider for cloud services, and this can reduce the reliability of health improvement processes. Vendor lock-in can affect healthcare environments when there are inappropriate methods of facilitating system improvements (Macek et al., 2022). A fast healthcare improvement structure is imperative to ensure conformity to new standards as vendors develop better systems.
When managing healthcare environments, the process requires applications to constantly get tweaked so that there can be improved when ensuring healthcare platforms promote safety for patient information. Constant system upgrades ensure that communication among healthcare employees is performed correctly. The expected operations when dealing with system performances are involved in providing performance testing is a resource utilization capability that is mandatory before data gets shared on a healthcare platform. It ensures that the software or data getting moved works well on a hardware device. Then, there is a positive chance it works on an information system.
Cyber security operations can get used to test the response time of software before moving so that any mistakes get discovered early.
Performing surveys on healthcare employees can get done accurately in the healthcare industry so that there can be aware of different threats and development of suitable mitigation strategies. Collaboration with cybersecurity specialists is the best method to promote data integration in the required I.T. context since systems shall be constantly improved. Specialists can work with security features that measure the extent to which the design conforms to known security standards. It is imperative to ensure availability since all members of the different teams should be present during all critical moments. The development of problem-tolerant systems delves into the sector of data centers, creating system operations that are better than servers for hosting capability.
Enhancement of security in cybersecurity environments is possible by determining existent dangers in healthcare environments and then facilitating a proper method to deal with healthcare industry expectations. Budgeting is mandatory since the implementation of software systems involves different teams and equipment that facilitates the migration. Existent I.T. costs can get studied to determine the exact types of healthcare employees’ behavioral changes that can produce advanced system outcomes. The research shall get used to constantly promote cybersecurity operations due to their reliable performance that enhances security mechanisms in the entire healthcare environment.
Theory Model
The technology acceptance model (TAM) will be the theoretical framework for my proposed study. The TAM includes an analysis of employee behaviors, their intentions, and the type of usage of information systems., so that there can be no case of vulnerability. TAM's use is imperative since the technique measures the capability of clients to adopt new technology, as measured by conformity to user attitudes. The TAM integrates perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and attitude toward using, concepts connected to user motivation (Portz et al., 2019). All these concepts can operate cohesively in different methods, resulting in actual system use. In the healthcare industry, the method customers accept technology is regulated using actual system usage and user motivation (Su & Li, 2021). Whenever technology adoption is required, the resultant outcome is a method to generate perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.
System improvements are possible when developing them using comments from clients and healthcare employees who integrate a lot of healthcare knowledge. The TAM ensures that training sessions get performed to facilitate the proper perception of system operations (Su & Li, 2021). In terms of perceived usefulness, the TAM ensures healthcare departments are capable of conforming to cloud operations that involve the creation of abstraction over data usually saved on a physical machine. The technology is mandatory since different departments access a single platform for connecting user operations appropriately. It is possible to ensure the non-occurrence of downtime since various tasks can get followed to facilitate the accessibility of cloud data from remote locations.
The ease of use of different systems is possible in connection to the management tools involved in creating the design. A TAM promotes suitable intentions as constant monitoring and evaluation tools to ensure usage behaviors do not affect a system's reliability (Su & Li, 2021). The model provides the capability of reducing hardware usage based on existent network requirements such as bandwidth and latency, which can constrict the desire to move. A suitable structure for system performance involves healthcare employees’ usability, where users of the cloud system are considered. The capability of communicating online and then constantly ensuring devices operate based on user specifications is the best method to generate advanced system outcomes.
A TAM's constant improvement generates cognitive instrumental processes that connect intention to use, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and usage behavior (Deng et al., 2021). The ability to scale is possible where the healthcare system is monitored to see its impact on hardware. Storage is mandatory since it determines the application that meets the criteria to be shifted online. It is advisable to acquire the services of a consultant before cloud migration so that they can advise management on the proper technique to follow. Companies usually do not include cloud-based daily since they moderate mistakes. A consultant should have the following skills: experience, the ability to virtualize components, networking, and cloud deployment. A TAM can then facilitate voluntariness, which is imperative when attempting to generate advanced system performance. There can be constant access to knowledge from end-users of a technology to determine whether they would gain the expected outcomes.
Training healthcare providers to adhere to the TAM is appropriate to facilitate advancement in system operations constantly. Once each healthcare employee understands their role, proper attitude management can ensure high-quality healthcare operations are performed. System usage based on the TAM can be adequately performed when perceived usefulness and ease of use are connected as the initial metrics for proper I.T. environment operations. Investment in cyber-defense is the appropriate method to generate user-oriented system performances since there can be constant improvements in a healthcare department. A well-structured healthcare management process is possible by ensuring different plans are performed using resources available by I.T. professionals.
A formal cybersecurity plan is beneficial since it would resonate well with the decision-making team. The FAIR model can also get used to managing cyber risks, a common issue that might prevent organizational effectiveness. It integrates the identification of components of a scenario, evaluation of the frequency of loss events, estimation of the magnitude of future loss, and calculation of risks. All these are advanced methods of ensuring technology systems can adhere to the level of management used to generate end-user expectations. A reliable healthcare information system can be developed when the FAIR model is used to promote suitability between the contents of a cybersecurity plan and the primary goal of cloud migration.
Variables for the Research – not sure why this is here, follow Dr. Brown’s suggested chapter 2 organization
The research paper what analyzed the operationalization of variables proposed in the project to address how the variables
work in improving cybersecurity in healthcare. When collecting data for the cyberattacks study, the method applied was to use different ways to ensure the correct analysis after the data collection finished and was ready to be recorded. An examination of the dependent and independent variables that can measure the collected data and the type of data collected and researched was accurate to ensure an in-depth understanding of computer systems.
The dependent variable used to collect data to measure the constructs of the research question was enhancing the safety of healthcare technology systems by working with healthcare employees so there would be no cyberattacks. Suppose an individual uses pirated software on their computer system connected to a healthcare information system. In that case, it increases risks in their computer devices, hindering their daily usage of work input. The result exposes the entire healthcare department's data since a vulnerable point can be established in the user's device.
The Independent variable, in this case, is establishing a security mechanism on each employee's devices so that they would be prevented from creating a vulnerable point to a healthcare department's system and also to ensure healthcare employees are aware of the latest threats so that they can establish mitigation strategies. An organization can provide training for healthcare employees to facilitate them with mitigation methods that prevent any cases of cyberattacks. The use of programming software that mitigates common risks is required as it gets placed inside a computer for storage that needs security so that there will be privacy when an individual puts in their personal information and work. Since a healthcare department deals with an electronic health record system that records sensitive data like financial and personal data, there is a need to have security installations in their software to avoid pirated software. Data input in a computer needs a secure system to maintain an ideal working environment.
The literature review shall get performed appropriately using the research questions below:
How to enhance cyber security in healthcare to overcome cyber-attacks?
What can influence healthcare departments to use pirated software systems in their computers instead of secured software?
While using software from different developers, do all healthcare employees consider the risks that may arise to patients’ personal and financial data?
What would be the best advice to stop pirated software from changing the secured software system?
Questions used in the research shall determine the response collected from the qualitative research process since the questions shall guide the research process to consider a particular issue that needs to get addressed. The qualitative research process is appropriate because it will collect original data to describe a situation in a specific population: the healthcare environment. The questions applied will fit the variables to the research management structure by determining the impact of existing software management processes in managing cyberattacks.
Application of Qualitative Research – this will be discussed in chapter 3, not needed in chapter 2
A qualitative research process provides options for data assessment which is appropriate since it shows what is significant. Using secured software in a computer for every employee is a reliable method of protecting patients' personal information and work-related data that can be used against them. A lack of a proper technology management plan can create a limited form of pirated software because the software will not have security. Lack of adequate training for healthcare employees shall expose the entire healthcare environment to inappropriate operations, which are dangerous when trying to produce reliable patient outcomes. Any sensitive data can get disclosed to anyone who can hack the given system of the computer. The qualitative research process will promote effective data improvement procedures by ensuring all the concepts of securing systems can get performed.
Using a qualitative research process can result in the skewness of responses which is a standard process since the collected data can integrate individual responses. Various options for accessing peer-reviewed articles can occur and cause the entire research process to appear affected by numerous options, yet the chances are imperative. The possibilities can skew the responses because they measure what is gained from a real-valued variable about the meaning and what will get accessed when they are used in some cases to find answers to solve the issue of cybersecurity in healthcare. Based on the research question for the qualitative research, the different sources shall produce a variety of responses from individuals that developed a peer-reviewed document. However, the question asked is the same and concerns the same thing that all healthcare environments are affected by. The skewed response can be brought by the options used to get the reaction because of how the observations are spread.
Improvement of the research accuracy is possible by using
data collection methods that ensure variables work with applied measurement to get an accurate response from the qualitative research process done when collecting data. The proposed research method measures the variables since a qualitative research process on a given issue will allow the research process to be aware of results that will get access from different peer-reviewed articles. Synthesis of data collected from other sources shall be the method applied to understand researched concepts from individuals that developed research articles that would have already gotten the knowledge they needed to know about the issue based on the qualitative research process. In the case of cybersecurity measures, software systems in healthcare areas can be managed by healthcare employees that will change their views concerning the improvement of the safety of patients' data.
Literature Review
Importance of Technological Systems for Healthcare
Different departments in the healthcare industry get used to assessing patient data and collecting their personal information. As soon as patients visit a hospital, their information gets recorded in the healthcare information system, which can be an EHR. During each stage of a patient's treatment, there can be connections with various healthcare providers since the data would get sent to different departments' interfaces. A cohesive process of ensuring information access gets performed correctly is possible by dealing with reports generated by diverse departments. The generation of an account is essential since it provides information that can be shared among different departments with proper patient health assessment strategies. Storage of the report is required for future use and the creation of patient history. It would be possible to improve all the patients' well-being by enhancing the internal procedures.
Quality of healthcare can improve using healthcare data management systems capable of retrieving reports from diverse departments, which all perform unique activities to improve a patient's physical status. Healthcare data can exist in different forms like images, videos, and text, all unique in their operational effectiveness. Any healthcare employee can request photos, videos, or texts involving patient data so that decision-making processes can be performed well. Advanced technological systems can be managed to ensure proper patient assessment. The display collected from many healthcare departments would effectively improve the organization’s evaluation of patient information.
The development of healthcare management systems is critical as it ensures clients' satisfaction by providing required services (Aguirre et al., 2019). As the main stakeholders of healthcare systems, patients who experience uninterrupted healthcare improvement processes develop a deep trust in the healthcare center they visit. Medical personnel has to collaborate with I.T. departments to inform them of any procedures required for internal operations in the hospital environment. The resultant outcome of promoting better healthcare management shall understand how to create safe patient statuses.
Cybersecurity Impact on Healthcare Data
Cybersecurity continues to be a critical consideration in the current digitized environment since internet connections are applied in most settings. Organizations' healthcare employees are the key stakeholders who manage device security since their interactions determine the level of device improvements. Computers are used in social, healthcare business, scientific, and educational sectors due to the robust nature of networking and information sharing. The sectors mentioned rely so much on computers that a simple security breach would be highly detrimental. The main vulnerable components of a system infrastructure are software, hardware, and networks. It is imperative to detect any issues and develop countermeasures that protect critical data and operations.
The most common components that spread malware once in a system are spam, phishing, and drive-by downloads. When studying hardware, the most common attacks are "trojan, side channel attack, and illegal clones.” This affects the capability of hardware to handle data and operations. It is imperative to apply countermeasures that include "hardware watermarking, obfuscation, trusted computing base, and tamper-resistant hardware.” Software attacks can occur through "bugs, deployment errors, and software creation bugs.” The countermeasures are "code obfuscation, formal methods, protected design, and protected coding.” Network attacks occur through protocols and sniffling. The suitable countermeasures are "encryption, firewalls, VPN, and attack detection.
Malware threats are constantly growing stronger through internet connections. Malware applies tactical techniques of confusing users to engage with inappropriate content. The main methods are modules from infected systems, tricking users into visiting infected sites, and opening infected ranges. Once malware is collected from the infected range, it transfers itself onto a new machine or system, embedding itself in the new infrastructure. The most affected components of an I.T. infrastructure are servers, end-user machines, network devices, and "process control systems.” These are the most intricate components that offer operations in the environment, a security breach in them would lead to significant damage.
When studying the sources of cyber security attacks, the initial noticed factor is that the current I.T. environment has emerging threats. Healthcare environments integrate different departments, which all use unique patient data to ensure that expected services get performed. The initial vulnerability noticed is malware acquired from web browsers. Social engineering scams create a new technique of reaching end-user systems since users are always on the platform in various geographical areas. Insider threats occur when I.T. personnel knowledgeable about devices' functionalities present users with inappropriate content. Cloud computing is another emerging threat since the virtualization feature allows attackers to create online accessible attacks.
To solve cloud computing and healthcare systems' emerging threats, it is essential to create techniques for researching end-user behavior to develop suitable solutions.
EHR systems are an emerging threat since they are applied by most of the world's population. EHR makes computing easy and available since it has useful features like "personalization, the convergence of technology, connectivity, and mobility.” Vulnerabilities are discovered through Bluetooth, mobile networks, and software applications. Embedded systems are another emerging threat due to the sensors applied in data processing. The widespread installation of embedded systems creates a significant possibility of users getting attacked since the systems can be used in households and professional environments.
Healthcare Data Regulation and Ethics you present concepts here but I do not see the research studies conducted to validate these concepts. And, how that research impacts your proposed study. That is the heart of your scholarly chapter 2 literature review.
According Ferretti, et al. (2021), healthcare industry's data has a deep connection to morality. This is related to the widespread use of various healthcare data formats in a wide variety of sectors around the world. Healthcare data must be linked to industry types since this determines the type of behavior seen in the industry with regards to the safety of its systems. In order to achieve maximum efficiency, healthcare data management applications must adhere to stringent industry regulations, which necessitate a formal setting conducive to the implementation of moral practices. In this sense, meaningful information can only be achieved by examination of healthcare data sources and the varieties of replies (Ferretti, et al., 2021), since healthcare data currently reflects a variety of notions, it is important that the rules governing its neutrality be made clear.
Healthcare data safety is crucial in all industries since even the simplest form is understandable and cannot get considered to be raw when technology gets involved. Connection with ethical practice is valid since healthcare data is thus a genuine concept governing all persons and industries involved (Corbyn, 2021). From this perspective, ethics improvement requires intense healthcare data analysis to determine valid outcomes. The theories of utilitarianism, social contract theory, and virtue ethics are applicable in healthcare environments to facilitate safe patient outcomes at all times (Hand, 2018). Utilitarianism is focused on promoting happiness for all persons in society. Social contract theory establishes that connections among people in the community get governed by a set of rules that require mora behavior.
Finally, virtue ethics theory is connected to different practices that improve the morality of the person involved. All these complicated, unique concepts promote overall cohesion with professionalism. In the current environment, the various forms of healthcare data include audio, images, and text media that get understood by other persons or devices (Sharma, 2020). Healthcare professionals use the data to ensure patient safety can get attained at all times. The nature of the recorded healthcare data is critical since it is connected to the required medium that decodes the data type and offers to understand. Regarding ethics, figure 1 provides a correct direction of how data sources can be human sources or online respondents that all promote understanding once a recipient decoded the intended message.
In the healthcare industry, big data can generate proper healthcare outcomes to ensure the safety of different devices. Big data has been gaining much fame in professional sectors, yet it involves unprecedented risks like limited privacy, security, and recrimination from data sources (Facca et al., 2020; Marr, 2017). Exposure to such threats is detrimental to corporations since it can prevent them from submitting accurate healthcare data during healthcare transactions.
Collecting big data from many technical sources is cheerful, yet issues develop when there is improper research on healthcare data to ensure proper application for decision-making (Kuc-Czarnecka & Olczyk, 2020). This is valid since figure 1 displays how healthcare data security is required even during navigation.
Some actions must be conducted regardless of the consequences they have on the welfare of people (Roby, 2018). This is connected to the binding activities in society that improve the productivity and validity of different social areas. On the other hand, consequentialism focuses on the fact that morality depends on the immediate outcome of a situation and the types of procedures that had to be conducted. In this regard, healthcare data ethics is applicable in both cases, yet it results in a deadlock.
The deadlock is evident in healthcare data ethics since there can be mandatory access to healthcare data. Yet, there would be issues when there are unforeseeable outcomes of the healthcare data. Healthcare data ethics in the current age requires good collaboration with ethical theories, yet problems can occur when it becomes mandatory to use healthcare data for proper operations (Piloidis, 2020). There can be interconnections among the healthcare data concepts in terms of rights to healthcare data possession, yet the application of moral obligation can interfere with proper operations.
The application of morality is valid in the current society since it ensures the organizations involved apply impartial operations regardless of the situation. This is imperative to facilitate proper behavioral output regarding the types of professional actions that require conduct (Ferretti et al., 2021). Corporations are required to apply appropriate behaviors from healthcare employees, which is connected to ethical conduct. Healthcare data ethics is thus imperative to ensure the current changing environment provides persons who understand human needs. The healthcare data revolution is essential for technical matters that promote economic improvements while protecting sensitive healthcare data used in ample data research. The existence of ethical challenges is thus possible, but it can get solved when the persons involved improve their understanding of different social environments.
A safe healthcare ecosystem can involve ethical conduct concerning authentication measures, access privileges, security of devices used to access healthcare data, and human subjects that use healthcare data. It is imperative to apply all these since they facilitate proper healthcare data access and ultimately improve security during any information access process. Healthcare data stewardship is applied in this case to encourage appropriate conduct regarding the people or devices involved in getting protection using access control measures.
It is possible to implement reliable management of all areas in methods that generate proper outcomes and ethical conduct during all healthcare data regulation processes. Figure 1 below is valid in its connection which improves the cohesion of different healthcare data senders and recipients and collaborates for total productivity.
Figure 1
Cloud Computing, Insecure Cloud, and Impact on Healthcare Industries
Cloud computing is an available computer system resource that deals with data storage and computing power, and it is a reliable and agile service. It is a virtual system because it is a web-based computer service. It has helped many companies because it is not an expensive platform. It is widely known and used as a technological system to retrieve data. Servers may use the system program in banking, hospitals, media streaming, and healthcare (Argaw et al., 2020). Cloud computing is the service offered in numerous devices or locations in different deployment types: public, private, and Hybrid.
Where public cloud deals with outside vendors, private cloud deals solely with private facilities, and Hybrid deals with locations and sometimes with shared facilities. These types of cloud work with databases networking and software management. Healthcare industries can benefit more from private cloud since the data stored is very important for patients’ health. In healthcare businesses, cloud computing help in the application of data and infrastructures. These resource storage data could also apply to hospitals, banks, and business sales. In healthcare, cloud computing can be used as a business analytic tool promoting proper intelligence operations. These services help and are easily accessible to specific individuals who have been given the opportunity by management to access them.
Healthcare organizations can use the software as a service to provide services to their customers, create, develop, manage and update the data products themselves, and they always have access to global markets so they can be able to increase their services without having to improve the delivery costs (Gao et al., 2018). This being said, healthcare businesses can access every detail of their data online using the web browser and control the products while giving support and help to their customers. This means that the healthcare business has excellent security and fast updates because they monitor and will see if there is a crash and a better user experience to show their customers things they cannot get hold of.
Healthcare industries must manage different operations since they can get support from all management. The use of cloud operations is thus effective in ensuring that healthcare employees' functions do not limit accuracy when managing the expected level of security. Cloud computing is critical in the healthcare sector since each department integrates numerous amounts of data, and there can be challenging to manage the data. An information usage document can get developed to display relevance in this case because I.T. specialists would precisely inform management of the benefits of cloud management for their healthcare business. Cybersecurity can affect cloud computing when users need help understanding the impact of using specific devices without securing them from malicious users. The technology integrates precise information required by a decision-making team to correlate various system operations.
Healthcare industries can rely on SaaS as a built-in setup for growth and stabilization. In form, they look at the products needed, identify the marketplace, and create the product by focusing on introducing them to the market and supporting the customers. When the product reaches the market, the healthcare business expands and grows. Hence, as they continue to have new customers, they create a customer base that will help stabilize the healthcare business with customer service software. A healthcare industry that uses the cloud computing service in their software helps customers quickly access their services because it provides an online version of the office. Google cloud platform is a healthcare business that uses SaaS to give people a place to build and run software using the internet, and they have grown.
Healthcare industries can also use PaaS as a model with a third-party provider that gives hardware and software tools to the users using the internet (Gao et al., 2018). When using the platform as a service, developers do not need to install in-house hardware and software to run applications. When a healthcare business uses this platform, it already has the hardware required technology by them. This is to be said that a production site or development work takes its software service and database and puts them up in any platform provided and manages the platform on its own. They put their software there so that people can see it, and they do not worry about fixing or upgrading the software or even managing it because the platform does the work independently.
The platform can lay out and broadcast the information to many physical locations the cloud serves to reach. The PaaS platforms include Amazon Web Services, Elastic Beanstalk, Google App engine being the most used Platform, Window-Azure cloud, and Microsoft Azure. These platforms are widely used. After all, it is easily accessed because it provides any language the user reads or wants, so they are easily acquired everywhere. The use of infrastructure as a service can be PaaS because it is a remote virtual data center used in the cloud. When an organization uses the IaaS as its cloud computing service, it can get help in reducing maintenance of the data center, and they gain healthcare business insights to grow the healthcare business's income. It provides data storage and software services within the platform's infrastructure using your existing infrastructure, like the developer's operating system database and hardware to compute it. The cloud is highly scalable to run the applications inside the platform's server to share information.
Healthcare employees can manage the system's operations with their software, services, and storage to launch their applications with their supplements. This is cost-saving because after uploading their data, they do not need follow-ups on improving or spreading it. After all, the cloud providers of the platforms they use will do that for them. In addition, the cost of having physical servers is cut when using infrastructure as a service (IaaS). The platform used is Amazon Web Service, a wide use, growing healthcare business that many use to operate their healthcare business.
Numerous companies have adopted cloud computing due to its robust nature and variety of components. Cloud computing has three practical tenets that facilitate its adoption in many industries. There is a high possibility of reducing impactful change based on the ability of cloud computing to connect users in different geographical locations. Cloud computing offers "Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS),” all of which must get provided with high-level security (Gao et al., 2019). According to Gao et al. (2019), cloud computing in healthcare is a reliable process that allows different users to receive secure connections using a framework that facilitates confidentiality, availability, integrity, and authenticity.
Including the I.T. experts in cloud security would ensure all operations get performed effectively as they develop constraints on data. Implementing access control measures as the basis of cloud security would be possible. The use of policies for ensuring cloud security is effective since it allows for handling all eminent dangers and preventing them from causing data loss. Mobile cloud computing requires security over data by providing privacy and confidentiality. Alnajrani et al. (2020) explained that a step-by-step approach is needed to handle all cloud computing security issues. The authors explained that identifying attacks and threats would allow technical teams to discover ways of addressing cloud computing challenges. The technologies that would facilitate cloud computing include cryptography, steganography, creating secure accounts, and setting up security measures that prevent unauthorized access (Tamunobarafiri et al. (2017).
Ensuring data safety is possible by implementing encryption and only providing persons with access once they prove ownership of required credentials. It would be possible to build on trust by facilitating authentication to ensure a system connects with only the required users. The access control procedure is broad and improves the reliability of a plan to reduce daily operations for all persons using a system. Cloud computing is required for industries that store critical user data. This is possible in health industries that ensure all cloud operations get performed effectively and offer collaboration between all system users.
The procedure of facilitating cloud security is possible by improving the platform’s scalability and ensuring all interconnected devices get managed on the cloud infrastructure (Tamunobarafiri et al., 2017). Cloud computing would be possible once all technical teams connect with the I.T. environment and implement access control. Login credentials would only be possible once all persons get provided with a unique level of access.
The secure technologies would be possible once all scalability operations get performed and connected to the cloud environment. It would be possible to ensure that all attempts to impersonate real users get identified early. Since clients provide private information to the I.T. environment, ensuring all persons develop effectively and collaborate with the new environment's requirements is imperative. Creating a reliable cloud computing environment and architecture is a critical operation that must be studied to determine suitable solutions. A practical and reliable security technique would be to check the systems development life cycle (SDLC) when attempting to create a security framework (Ramachandra et al., 2017). The authors explained that cloud security is a broad topic that requires the study of cloud providers, consumers, auditors, brokers, and carriers. This ensures the provision of a reliable platform. Ramachandra et al. (2017) explained that cloud security is performed for the private, public, or hybrid cloud to address common security challenges.
Selecting a reliable cloud provider would ensure that a healthcare business receives numerous operations from the same source. The external cloud provider would provide all operation functions on renting their service to get performed for the correct requirements. A cloud carrier with a reliable architecture would ensure all its operations are conducted entirely and handle healthcare business support requirements. Reliable technology ensures that a cloud auditor performs security checks that determine the level of security and the need for improvement. This way, it would be possible to increase hardware connection to the cloud services at all times. Creating security and performance operations would ensure that all persons receive reliable outcomes from the system.
Security of the cloud computing platform would be possible by ensuring all vulnerabilities get solved early without causing constraints for future development. Migrating data storage to the cloud would ensure that all management operations get performed effectively and promote reliability (Awad, 2020). Implementing logging, remediation, and encrypting during the data in transit stages would ensure that all future cloud security operations become reliable. The backup and recovery process is effective since it allows all cloud service users to receive their required functions. It would be possible for all remote users to receive security improvements. Cloud computing security is necessary to protect critical data like health data stored on cloud storage. Companies’ performance depends on their ability to identify secure cloud service providers that protect from cyberattacks to facilitate daily operations that are critical for clients' well-being.
Proper Counter Measures for Cybersecurity
Al-Issa et al. (2019) explained that cloud security is required for all companies that deal with user data and must facilitate security. The process of ensuring protection from emerging attacks that are common, like DoS, data manipulation, phishing, or backdoor attacks. Adopting cloud security by different industries would ensure they operate with high flexibly connections with user requirements. The initial countermeasure applicable in I.T. environments is access control techniques. This offers confidentiality over critical data where a perimeter is a defense to ensure unauthorized persons cannot access it. Data in integrity is upheld through this method since every authorized user is held accountable for any ill operations. Availability of data is critical for organizations. In this regard, it is imperative for the countermeasures applied to work in real-time security experts to work on the clock to ensure countermeasures are not affected by malware attacks. The most common malware are "viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, and executables.” A secured system would be able to detect such issues and resolve them before data gets compromised.
A perimeter defense mechanism effectively protects internal operations since it makes it hard for malware to enter any infrastructure. Firewalls and anti-virus software offer practical techniques for dealing with malware since they detect and prevent threats. The techniques monitor all traffic coming from external sources to ensure that internal networks do not require specific countermeasures. The costs of running I.T. processes become low when this technique is applied. Since cybersecurity is increasingly growing and can penetrate strong firewalls, it is essential to use virus countermeasures to ensure an I.T. infrastructure is prepared to deal with issues automatically.
The cloud is critical as many operations shift to mobile phones and computers. Mobile cloud computing is practical since it facilitates connectivity for all persons worldwide and ensures they perform functions without interference. Healthcare providers can benefit from using mobile cloud computing while performing e-prescribing operations. Alnajrani et al. (2020) conducted a systematic mapping study that improved the outcome of cloud computing and its vast impact on data privacy and protection. Awad (2020) explained that cloud computing security enhances reliability for companies that have migrated their local environment to cloud services. The security operations would facilitate smooth operations for healthcare businesses based on their requirement. The Awad stated that security is required to prevent loss of control or exposure to public networks and their critical data.
It is essential to consider that system defects are more prone to occur when infrastructure issues exist in its hardware, software, and network. Perimeter defenses, in collaboration with intrusion detection systems, ensure that infrastructure is prepared to handle any techniques. When there are pre-existent vulnerabilities in such environments, it is easier for malware to enter a system and corrupt its data. Cybersecurity personnel must apply internal technique security techniques, and attack that is not filtered is resolved at low levels. Packets from unauthorized sources, as facilitated by internet connections, are filtered in this way if the vulnerability of a system causes attacks to pass through.
Implementation of mitigation is a required operation to facilitate cloud security. It is possible to offer limited and secure access to public networks to ensure all cloud users receive the required security improvement measures. Application of international standards for cybersecurity like "The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), and International Telecommunication Union (ITU)" would ensure paramount security to cover all areas in the cloud environment.
Impact of Internet Use Policies on Security
Applying a security policy is imperative for any healthcare business to ensure smooth business operations without interruption or compromise to the integrated services. Protecting data in use, at rest, and in transit is critical for healthcare businesses. This includes the security of healthcare platform communication and the internet, which ensures that data stored on healthcare business devices is protected and data downloaded from the internet does not limit organizational practices.
According to Awad (2020), the security of healthcare platform communication is mandatory for financial services healthcare businesses since communication within and outside the organization ensures business continuity. Communication with staff, external stakeholders, and customers is critical for inter- and intra-organizational structures. A healthcare platform communication policy is required to ensure the workforce is adequately informed on how to handle organizational issues in case of unwanted healthcare platform communications.
Furthermore, implementing an internet policy is necessary as healthcare employees often access external websites using healthcare business internet connections, negatively impacting the business by using equipment for the wrong purpose. As stated by Alnajrani et al. (2020), implementing platform communication and internet policies are critical to ensure the healthcare business maintains productivity, security, communication functionality, and resource utilization.
Kristin (2018) highlights the benefits of digital transformation for healthcare businesses, where digitization enhances operations by effectively managing assets and resources. The internet offers connectivity among all healthcare business departments connected to a private network. However, it is important to note that internet connectivity is prone to malicious connections as not all people using the platform are trustworthy. Therefore, creating a healthcare platform communication policy that includes guidelines for employees not to click on links that carry spam and internet policies to prevent employees from accessing corrupted content is mandatory. This can help prevent ransomware attacks, as discussed by Groot (2020).
Additionally, internet and healthcare platform communication policies are also essential to maximize healthcare business resources. These policies should be used to limit employee behavior, such as streaming songs and videos, which can cause limitations in bandwidth and make it difficult for employees to complete their work activities. The policies ensure that healthcare business resources are always available for employees to perform required tasks. The guidelines should be developed and printed as a document so that the healthcare workforce adheres to all stipulated requirements.
The guidelines also provide that the financial healthcare business would find it easy to adopt resources such as algorithms and software that enable transformation into digitized techniques for managing clients. Employee connections would be seamless and thus promote the accuracy of operations.
Policy
· The internet policy would include the following information:
· Healthcare employees should use the internet responsibly whenever they are on healthcare business premises.
· Healthcare employees are required to limit their internet usage to job-related activities. Any personal activities should not be performed using healthcare business time.
· Data received on healthcare devices is viewed as healthcare business data and thus subject to legal scrutiny whenever required.
· The healthcare business can block sites it considers harmful to internal healthcare business operations.
· The healthcare business limits the installation of software such as WhatsApp or Instagram on healthcare business devices since such social sites are not suitable for business operations.
· The healthcare platform communication policy would include the following information:
· All healthcare platform communications sent using healthcare business should be for business purposes without including personal information.
· Any healthcare platform communications found on healthcare hardware gets considered the healthcare business’s property.
· Healthcare employees should assess healthcare platform communications to determine any signs of phishing, such as links and improper attachments.
· Healthcare employees should never click on any links in healthcare platforms to prevent phishing attacks.
Policy Compliance is possible when the proposed policy is achieved by ensuring healthcare employees view the policy as printed documents. This would ensure they realize the high level of importance of the policy. Healthcare employees should receive an explanation from top-level management so that they adopt the implemented policies. The private network for the financial services healthcare business would be implemented using security policies and protocols that enhance security in the internal network. It would be possible to limit unwanted connections with external systems. The adoption of Wi-Fi Protected Access limits connections with unwanted connections (Kazmeyer, 2019). Protection of internal healthcare environments can generate reliable system improvements.
Integration of healthcare information systems for healthcare industry operations is a viable projection with the capability of generating lots of profits. Healthcare industries have been against the idea of a decentralized network that cannot get affected by their regulations. However, healthcare information systems can offer an effective data management process for healthcare industry use. The healthcare industry trusts and supports currency management processes to be aware of their operations. To diversify the accurate data management process, the can healthcare industry can integrate healthcare information systems based on the transparency and accountability of data management processes made by all stakeholders.
They can control the value of resources that it issues to various.
The healthcare industry has reservations since healthcare information systems technology is expected to circumvent capital rules by allowing multiple social and business actions to occur. Even if such limiting factors exist, the healthcare industry can select a trusted healthcare information systems management source to facilitate streamlined data management procedures. Healthcare information systems technology can be presented to the public to improve their knowledge of the system, thus charging healthcare industry departments that adopt it.
Healthcare industries face challenges since there are data types on citizens, operational processes, and foreign affairs, which all need to be managed to generate proper business management procedures. Existent legacy and decentralized systems have yet to find it possible to generate the highly robust operations required by the current management environment. Countries must adopt healthcare information systems technology since it streamlines existing business operations. Even though the finance sector has displayed the positive outcomes of healthcare information systems technology, more profitable results can get attained when the healthcare industry uses its vast resources to establish a healthcare information systems platform. This research shall perform a literature review on different sources to determine how current researchers have found a proper understanding of healthcare information systems technology.
The healthcare industry can adopt healthcare information systems technology to establish transparency. This can attract more users who would appreciate the liquidity that comes with monitoring work operations on the healthcare information systems platform. Since the healthcare industry already adopts a high level of operations, the healthcare information systems industry can scale its protocols to accommodate a variety of transactions. Based on numerous resources, the healthcare industry can use healthcare information systems technology to improve its system security and immunity against hacking.
Applying more algorithms to accommodate the influx of operational departments is imperative to overcome the public’s unacceptance of healthcare information systems technology. Healthcare industry officials should understand healthcare information systems technology's capability to contribute to eliminating the trend of citizens’ mistrust. Handling critical features in transparency facilitated by decentralization allows participating users to view and verify transactions’ data. The availability of healthcare information systems technology proves the beneficial outcomes of trustworthiness, transparency, and immutability of all healthcare information systems network transactions.
There can be a reliable method that the healthcare industry can get to demonstrate how healthcare information systems technology can fight fraud, money laundering, and cyber security. Officials from the healthcare industry working with healthcare information systems specialists can consider how healthcare information systems algorithms can mitigate hacking by implementing hardened networks that decentralize data. Any unauthorized access to a healthcare information system can get hindered to prevent breaches from occurring in the entire system. Diverse departments in the healthcare industry can allow their operational services to apply healthcare information systems technology so that citizens’ needs can get verified independently. This shall directly apply healthcare information systems technology’s capability to harness required system operations.
Healthcare information systems technology can transform internet operations to improve proper operational procedures. The healthcare industry can use its resources to establish a technology-based platform that deals with various system functional requirements.
This propose study section will analyze how cybersecurity is tested. The fields discussed will be IT, forensics, the population, and blockchain.
Healthcare data is stored using a reliable structure that conforms to existing operations standards. Research exists to indicate cybersecurity measures that currently get performed in I.T. environments. A router and servers are the hardware devices that can provide security at International Plastics Inc. The I.T. environment can implement a Network Access Control (NAC) server to ensure the machines are supplied with a high level of security (Melnick, 2019). The NAC can connect to internal servers and all network devices to ensure there is no likelihood of malware entering the system. The NAC assesses all devices attempting to connect to a network to determine whether they are safe. Routers can provide security by accessing information from all sessions and devices connected to the internet (Bidkar, n.d.). The router has a firewall that prevents improper or infected information m entering a system. The firewall in the router can get configured to ensure that any virus targeted to a computer gets detected early.
The I.T. environment requires a transformation of existing operations to ensure it can deal with unfamiliar and emerging security issues. Another technology adaptation is using devices and software that produces faster internet connections. Internet speed is connected to security since there is a possibility of enhancing faster communication devices using good internet speeds. The internal I.T. personnel would be able to ensure a secure environment once there is a seamless and accurate connection. Security shall be enhanced at International Plastics Inc. when the proposed switches and remote association hardware get implemented. The buttons would enable the I.T. environment to connect all components requiring constant communication. The remote access functionality can promote the healthcare business’s operations since it would be possible to implement network access controls enabling healthcare employees to work from any location.
The technology applicable in monitoring the I.T. operations is "Network performance monitoring and diagnostics (NPMD)" and artificial intelligence (Optanix, 2020). NPMD scans the network to determine all functions required in a healthcare business. The technique ensures the detection of procedures that limit business continuity. It is possible to detect any issues and fix them. NMPD works A.I. to improve functionality and enable quicker functionality for business continuity. The healthcare business can assess the end-user experience to ensure proper alignment with healthcare business activities. Any industry can adopt the proposed I.T. operations and security techniques since it can connect with clients. The organization shall attach to the WAN smoothly and ensure secure transactions as data enters the internal network. The proposed network devices would ensure that the I.T. environment provides seamless transactions.
Cloud Computing in Businesses
Using cloud computing in business when storing data and resources is cost-saving. There will be no need to hire physical administrators; this is the I.T. because you will manage and maintain the systems yourself. The scalability of your business will be achieved because the cloud servers will handle the upgrading of the system, and you will get time to run your business and scale up the operations. Cloud computing gives access to automatic updates of the latest technology; this can be updating software versions and upgrades of the servers.
Cloud computing helps share and communicate work projects if your business is across many locations because you can access the project records using the server.
The information applicable in managing cloud computing business is that cybersecurity personnel must have strong knowledge of the social interactions people apply (Dawson & Thomson, 2018). Being tech-savvy is an intricate consideration but having a proper understanding of how end users behave puts I.T. personnel at a higher advantage in developing effective countermeasures. User privacy is a critical consideration that should be applied in the health sector (Jalali & Kaiser, 2018). In this regard, cyber security personnel should transform their tech-savvy skills to fit hospital environments. The data stored is critical to people's health and should never be compromised.
There is the risk of the server crashing because of having many customers using the site simultaneously; because of this, the healthcare business's database could be exposed to other companies; this is always experienced because of technical issues seen in many cloud technologies. To access the cloud, you need internet connectivity, so if you do not have good internet, then gathering the data from the cloud will be a problem, especially if it is an agent issue. Sometimes service maintenance can be delayed because of low power and internet in the area where the system gets used. Having seen and read this research shows that every person uses cloud computing services without knowing, or even if they do not want to use it, they still get access to it. After the research, it is also seen that cloud computing is the fastest-growing part of the network in computing because many companies and businesses use it to run their hardware and software data. The Healthcare business is also considered the widely used cloud computing system because when you look at SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS, the e-commerce businesses are mentioned.
Blockchain Technology
Leible et al. (2019) performed a qualitative review to determine how blockchain technology is applicable in the science field. The use of systematic review offers explicitly a crucial understanding of how experienced persons have harnessed the capability of blockchain technology to leverage proper business outcomes and delivery. The authors stated that the technology is applicable for greater transparency of data, which increases efficiency and traceability depending on the expected results. Security adoption can get attained by the blockchain platform for suitable security outcomes of the system and finding out areas correlated with the current advanced system operations (Clavin et al., 2020). Blockchain offers a platform to produce, store, share, and access data as it progresses, leading to more research (Leible et al., 2019).
All transactions create a complicated and impenetrable chain that unauthorized persons cannot access. According to Xu et al. (2019), internet users have grown by approximately two million daily, meaning lots of data passes online every second. On the negative side, the internet and digital technology get associated with some disadvantages, including insecure financial information, lack of proper identity management, and addresses to specific locations that can get leaked over the internet. Regardless of the issues, the advantages of blockchain technology include increased productivity, accurate communication, and required data management (Justinia, 2019). Blockchain technology can integrate various levels of operations, including databases, peer-to-peer networks, and their application. Generation of proper service operations is possible for blockchain technology to integrate an expected level of productivity. Data management processes can then get performed as expected for the entire blockchain platform's safety.
The robust feature of blockchain technology for decentralization is compelling so that every transaction gets verified by trusted agents chosen by regulators. Every user in a blockchain can access a database since this feature of openness is applicable to generate transparency. The history of transactions can also get accessed without using a third-party component. Using a distributed network enhances the adoption of the blockchain system and technology (Levis et al., 2021). Abstraction is possible for the platform since as long as the persons granted access perform transactions, the ledger records all operations. Application of healthcare industry management processes is potential when the user’s alternate blockchain copies for the suitable system management procedure. Recording transactions in real-time is likely based on disseminated ledger records of transactions.
Fraud prevention is thus possible once the technique gets adopted.
Finding a method to automatically reduce the chances of fraud is possible after using decentralized infrastructures existent in blockchain management because of their limited conditions. According to Verma and Sheel (2022), blockchain technology promotes users’ anonymity, which is imperative to establish a system known to control online operations. Blockchain addresses promote the anonymity of transactions since they contain data but do not display the types of transactions handled in the lectures.
In this way, there is a possibility to establish proper blockchain management after learning about system considerations and the need to create reliable transactions (Bellucci et al., 2022). All blockchain users get provided with a unique alphanumeric address for proper anonymity operations (Casino et al., 2019). The technology network can then be managed using advanced system operations to promote good blockchain technology outcomes. The reliability of blockchain technology is possible since every transaction made gets subjected to recording and encryption and is then linked to the previous transaction. All these operational factors are reliable for managing blockchain management procedures.
All the concepts indicate the expanse of cybersecurity, which always expects advanced knowledge for mitigation and threat management. To establish control, healthcare industries can still dictate all sectors operated using healthcare information systems by eliminating any sectors that appear to be insecure. The data the authors analyzed above indicates that it is appropriate for the healthcare industry to establish a healthcare information systems platform using its high accountability and performance-oriented approach. Healthcare industries can monitor transactions and enhance their departments' responsibility to achieve this. Application of a consensus mechanism is possible for the network to determine cases of any healthcare information systems issues that can lead to a lack of trusted agents.
When a network lacks a central trusted agent, there can be a limitation for proper system outcomes. Implementing relevant system factors is then applicable to managing individual operations submitted by the system. The healthcare industry can establish control for the entire system when different sections can access data based on their work operations. In healthcare industries, there is a crucial requirement to work with advanced and technical systems since their usage in hospital environments generates better health outcomes. Storage Online patient data storage healthcare department to establish an advanced healthcare business development structure. In terms of finances, healthcare industries can purchase an EHR and profit once the system analyses diverse patient data.
This section shall explain various plans to enhance cybersecurity in existing platforms. There is a reliable outcome for system improvements once information is used to promote the stability of the entire healthcare industry.
The concepts explained in the previous sections shall generate a good structure cybersecurity development framework that can get used by any healthcare industry. Contribution to the body of knowledge is suitable for the cybersecurity industry due to the vast amounts of information collected from journal articles. The population participants will be fifteen to twenty cybersecurity specialists who are aware of advanced I.T. contexts and cybersecurity techniques. The technology acceptance model shall then generate appropriate technology device usage by healthcare employees. The research shall determine how healthcare employees know the latest threats and mitigation strategies that support patient health management.
There is a statistically significant relationship between the implementation of healthcare information systems in the healthcare industry and the promotion of cost management of transactions, cybersecurity, trust, and providing a competitive advantage for all sectors implementing the technology. The research questions are valid to understand how the healthcare information system technology concept helps reduce inaccurate data management transactions and promote data safety. For the current business, economy, and legal sectors, there is a crucial need to develop a streamlined approach to dealing with data to offer reliable process outcomes. It is imperative to find out why healthcare information system technology applies to the current operational environment and thus ask why healthcare industry officials need to study the department.
The research shall assist in establishing trust in the technology since examining its security and the advancements that make it a safe platform can be provided for accurate data improvement sessions. Every research question can already get answered in the literature review that has integrated a comprehensive process of ensuring the management of cyberattacks using cybersecurity. It is imperative to prevent concepts that might influence healthcare departments to perform as required based on a limited health adherence process when the stakeholders need clarification about the best method to transform their healthcare experiences.
Cloud computing will help a healthcare business respond to any incident because it will have the data installed. If any security issue comes to pass, the cloud will provide a solution. During an emergency, a provider has software that is quickly there to deploy it and get the necessary resources needed, so it is always effective. When using cloud computing, there is a risk of the server failing, so while using the cloud base, the user is supposed to have a backup copy of the data that is credited in the cloud. In addition, security threats in the cloud can hinder the performance of the business in that there could be mischievous healthcare employees whose role in the healthcare business can get them access to the cloud, thus becoming a risk to the business data and resources. Another security threat is that v.
The study of cybersecurity requires future research due to the emerging threats and increased knowledge of attackers. Privacy is an intricate consideration since end-users store personal data while having absolute trust in online entities. Another future consideration is the study of how the internet can be secure regardless of existent threats. System providers are the primary consideration when determining how users can operate effectively and safely. Executing operations on the healthcare information systems platform can be attained after learning about different rules and algorithms to trigger the transaction between nodes. Program execution in a healthcare information systems platform can be performed as required for properly handling system operations.
The healthcare industry's adoption of healthcare information systems offers reliable outcomes in determining system operations that integrate immutability, anonymity, and decentralization, making the technology valuable. Evaluability of technology operations is possible for healthcare information systems technology based on enhancing services' outcomes and detailing operational environment needs. A healthcare industry that adopts healthcare information systems technology is crucial to determine proper system operations known to increase performance enhancement and deal with diverse system outcomes for the ultimate beneficial data management process. The healthcare industry can attain global-scale knowledge, research-based economic growth, ethical management of healthcare procedures, and enhancement of ethical system outcomes. The healthcare industry’s use of digital property management offers tracking records and secure recording built on healthcare information systems platforms.
Change in the entire public sector is possible using healthcare information systems technology's potential to initiate change based on provisions of technical operations that are known to manage models required for the success of business outcomes. The healthcare industry needs to harness the capability of decentralized healthcare information systems technology to manage the accuracy of various healthcare information systems procedures. Healthcare industry officials can get trained to understand platform operations and thus lead to advanced functionality of healthcare information systems technology.
This study aims to explain how healthcare information technology can be used in the financial sector to remove the intermediaries who disrupt the institution's operational models. An EHR is a formal technique that uses technology to record the relevant information of a given transaction on a decentralized platform (De Benedictis et al., 2020). It is anticipated to lower the transaction cost, do away with the problem posed by the transaction with unknown organizations, and solve the financial sector's cyber insecurity problem. Much research has been done, but healthcare information technology has yet to influence, as discussed in the sections above effectively. More research on relevant institutions must be done to achieve healthcare information technology.
There is a close relationship between cybersecurity, trust, and lowering the cost of the transaction.
In cybersecurity, healthcare information technology ensures complete security in all transactions conducted. It further identifies the required information, making it different from the rest. To achieve this purpose, quantitative research must acquire accurate findings. More details and intensive studies based on published articles are required since descriptive statistics regarding healthcare information technology must prove the theories suggested. Casual comparatives will be incorporated in the research design of the data collection methods to establish that relationships exist (Nyre-Yu et al., 2019). Advanced research in healthcare information technology has to be evaluated using case studies and liaising with large companies for adoption. The study will also rely on internationally influential organizations such as Amazon and Alibaba, among others, to gather the data required to achieve the research objective.
This study may help society understand healthcare information technology's concept in reducing transaction costs and promoting safety in most business financial transactions considering many are using internet-connected operations. Challenges such as cyberattacks can never be taken for granted, and their usefulness in advancing economic diversity and payments. This understanding will improve economic diversity in business operations. Besides, the research will help establish trust in the technology since it examines its security and the advancements that make it a safe technology to provide a competitive advantage for individuals and organizations (Van der Kleij et al., 2017). Secondly, the technology may help attain greater transparency, which increases efficiency and traceability and improves security for the people using the technology. Security is a very significant input because it prevents repudiation.
Every transaction made undergoes recording and encryption and is then linked to the previous transaction. These transactions create an impenetrable and incorruptible chain of falsified information and hacking. This study aims to identify the relationship between healthcare information system implementation in the healthcare sector and the promotion of cybersecurity and trust, lowering the cost of transactions and providing a competitive advantage for businesses that implement the technology. The study reviewed and synthesized different articles from Google Scholar to achieve this objective.
The articles selected from different sources, as discussed above, shall represent the work of the previous researchers on healthcare information technology, cybersecurity, and emerging trends in the healthcare sector. Synthesis of different information shall generate reliable comprehension of cybersecurity mechanisms. Over the years, cybersecurity has emerged as a significant threat to incorporating modern technology in EHR. Professionals can perform suitable health activities, which is imperative in changing the hospital environment. An HER’s capabilities can be relied on to facilitate advanced healthcare development processes and a reliable structure for healthcare employees to perform ethical activities.
In conclusion, cybersecurity is an intricate field whose operations determine the safety of patient information. Industry professionals involved in cybersecurity are aware of the critical nature of healthcare data which then influences develop of suitable countermeasures to prevent dangers from occurring to patient data. It is essential to formulate a brief since it would inform an audience of the primary purpose of the chosen work. A formal brief concerning cybersecurity measures is the most appropriate since healthcare information systems store patients' personal and financial data. A healthcare organization must provide funds for the facilitation of operational activities. The I.T. sector involves a variety of projects performed by teams of diverse members.
As such , it is essential to ensure that healthcare employees understand all information stored on healthcare platforms. There can be holistic healthcare development when healthcare team members follow an ordinary course of action as mandated by the brief. Once employees understand their intricate roles in supporting appropriate use cases, there can be a reliable healthcare improvement process. Constant interactions among different persons are the best method to facilitate adherence to healthcare data management which is the direct method of reducing change. Access to patient personal and financial information is a necessary procedure that needs to get managed by dealing with constant information system operations.
A reliable healthcare environment can get established when the stakeholders involved constantly perform system improvements to facilitate adherence to advanced system management processes. An I.T. team conversant with current threat and mitigation strategies is the best to ensure conformity to advanced system management processes. There can be the safety of patient data so that they do not get exposed to malicious hackers after leaving hospitals. Cybersecurity is a collective process that can get used to ensure proper system outcomes occur at different stages.
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Kazmer, M. (2019). The Basics of Wireless Networking for Business. Retrieved 1 February 2021 from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/basics-wireless-networking-business-58708.html.
Kristin, V., Kirsten, L., Sven, P. & Uwe, H. (2018) Success factors for fostering a digital transformation in manufacturing companies, Journal of Enterprise Transformation, 8,1-2, 121-142, doi: 10.1080/19488289.2019.1578839.
Macek, C., Cunningham, B., & Boillot, N. (2022). Open standard is the new open source. Journal of global health, 12, 03042. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.03042
Melnick, J. (2019). Network Security Devices You Need to Know About. Retrieved 20 October from https://blog.netwrix.com/2019/01/22/network-security-devices-you-need-to-know-about/.
Nyre-Yu, M., Gutzwiller, R. S., & Caldwell, B. S. (2019). Observing cyber security incident response: Qualitative themes from field research. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 63(1), 437–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631016
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Portz, J. D., Bayliss, E. A., Bull, S., Boxer, R. S., Bekelman, D. B., Gleason, K., & Czaja, S. (2019). Using the technology acceptance model to explore user experience, intent to use, and use behavior of a patient portal among older adults with multiple chronic conditions: Descriptive qualitative study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(4). doi:10.2196/11604
Ramachandra, G., Iftikhar, M., & Khan, F. (2017). A Comprehensive Survey on Security in Cloud Computing. Procedia Computer Science, 110, 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.06.124.
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Scholarly Writing Guide 26 Item
Scholarly Writing Guide - In addition to following the rules specified in the 6th edition of the APA Style Manual - go through the entire paper using each writing Guide identified in BOLD one at a time (that’s 26 times as there are 26 Writing Guide paragraphs) as a “how to re-write in APA Style guide” and make corrections as applicable on each pass.
IN A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Interviews, documents, artifacts, etc. are data sources. Not data collection. a quantitative research study will have instruments. Be sure to use the correct language.
Avoid the passive voice
Passive voice example
Passive voice. Please do not use. Check the entire document. The passive voice is a form of “be” (is) and a participle (seen). Over-use of the passive voice can make paragraphs officious and tedious to read. Prefer the active voice. For example, passive voice = The paper was completed on time. Active voice = the student completed the paper on time.
Hint.when you have two verbs together, you will have passive voice. Always place the subject prior to the verb. Example:
Passive voice: The apple was purchased by Paul yesterday.
Active voice: Paul purchased the apple yesterday.
Acronyms or abbreviations
Per APA, once you’ve defined an acronym or abbreviation for the reader, you can go ahead and use that acronym or abbreviation exclusively for the rest of the document.
How to use United States in a scholarly work
In addition, per APA, when used as a modifier before a noun, abbreviate as U.S.; when used as a noun, write out United States. In addition, you want to make sure you’re using serial commas (per APA), and that numbers 10 and up are numerals.
Figures need captions, not headings and watch the formatting – do not use caps same as Tables….Please SEE the APA Style Manual FOR MORE DETAIL
Instead of using "get,"
Instead of using "get," which has many definitions, more formal approach is to use forms of "receive," "obtain," "arrive at," "can," "could," "grow," "able to," "encourage," "become," etc.
Avoid using clichés and jargon.
Avoid using clichés and jargon. See section 3.09 in APA Manual. Run your text through the http://cliche.theinfo.org/
To highlight clichés that should be removed.
Example Cliché: "actual" and "actually" are weak words whose meaning is nothing more than "in point of fact." They are often used as intensifiers but usually can be deleted with no change in meaning.
Expletive construction--"there is," "there are," "there was," "there were," "it is," or "it was" are non-specific phrases; thus, meaningless to academic writing. APA Rule 2.04 provides “[make certain that every word means exactly what you intend it to mean. Avoid statements like the company has their ………or there has been.
Avoid using anthropomorphisms
(attributing human characteristics to nonhuman or inanimate objects).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK993/
Also, see APA p. 69. See APA page 69, section 3.09 to learn more
Anthropomorphism is defined as giving human characteristics to inanimate objects
Example:
A function to determine all features in a particular region of a Bioseq need not care what types of features they are.
Rewrite as:
A function to determine all features in a particular region of a Bioseq is not affected by what types of features there are.
Eliminate vague pronoun references.
A pronoun must refer to a specific word in the sentence. See sections 3.09 and 3.20 in APA Manual. “They” is a vague pronoun reference because it does not refer to a specific word in the sentence, e.g. Who or what are “they” – What is “it” -- “It” is a vague pronoun reference because ‘it’ does not refer to a specific word in the sentence.)
Voice: Active versus Passive
When the subject of the sentence performs the action of the verb, the sentence has been constructed in active voice.
· I hit the ball across the yard.
If the subject is being acted upon, then the sentence has been constructed in the passive voice.
· The ball was hit across the yard.
The choice of active or passive sentence structure affects the emphasis in the sentence (see also “Emphasis” in the section Style Points and Conventions ). The beginning of the sentence receives more emphasis in the active voice. The end of the sentence receives more emphasis in the passive voice. Both can be used to advantage.
Passive Voice
Advantages of passive voice:
· minimizes or leaves out the role of the person performing an action (for cases where you do not know who did it, do not want to mention who did it, or who did it is irrelevant)
· softens the tone or makes the message less personal
Disadvantages of passive voice:
· makes the sentence wordy and awkward
· adds formality
Sentences constructed in passive voice often begin with “There is” and “There are”. Most sentences can be improved by changing to active voice:
· Instead of: “There are dozens of research resources at NCBI.”
· Sentences are more dynamic, forceful, clearer, stronger, and concise.
Active Voice
Advantages of active voice:
· Shorter sentences are easier to read (“was” and “by” are usually eliminated of active voice:
· Sentence overuse emphasizes the doer of the action.
Mixing Voices
Do not mix active and passive constructions in the same sentence. An easy way to check for passive voice is by asking, “Who did that?” If you cannot give a definite answer, the sentence is passive.
Scientific writing most often uses passive sentence construction to give the author less importance and to focus attention on the facts at hand. But scientific writing can be made more engaging by using some sentences in active voice as well.
Strike a balance between the use of active voice and passive voice. Both have their uses. Consider the emphasis in the sentence and whether the sentence needs to be more dynamic. The use of more constructions in the active voice makes text more engaging.
Write in the Active Voice without using the First Person
Consider the following example to writing in active voice without using first person: I will conduct semistructured interviews with 20 mid-level managers. This sentence could read: Twenty mid-level managers will participate in semistructured interviews to share their perceptions/experiences.
Dangling Modifier
The subordinate phrase To answer the major investigative questions posed above does not appear to be modifying the subject it. Rewrite the sentence to avoid a dangling modifier.
Modifiers should be placed as close as possible to the nouns they modify. A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that attempts to modify a noun that isn’t actually in the sentence. Sometimes, the target noun does appear in the sentence but is too far away, which results in the modifier getting attached to the wrong noun. In the following examples, the subordinate clause and the subject are in bold to illustrate how one modifies the other.
Incorrect:
Exiting the building, the sunlight blinded me.
Correct:
Exiting the building, I was blinded by the sunlight.
Incorrect:
Having studied hard, the test was passed.
Correct:
Having studied hard, Chris passed the test.
Avoid using over-sweeping adjectives
Example - ”This Saunders and Nedelec (2014) study is a critical one for this project because the motivation to work is a large part of the determination to become an entrepreneur."
Should be - ”Saunders and Nedelec (2014) provided useful information for this project because the motivation to work is a large part of the determination to become an entrepreneur."
Academic tone:
Avoid using jargon, informal/casual language, idiomatic expressions, or cliché in formal writing.
Example - The paper is mostly useful as a compare-and-contrast to the data collected in this study because Harkes et al. (2014) focused on entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom rather than the United States.
Better - The authors' research provides a compare-and-contrast to the data collected in this study because Harkes et al. (2014) focused on entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom rather than the United States.
Confused Prepositions
Prepositions are function words that indicate how a noun or noun phrase relates to the rest of the sentence. Some prepositions, such as in, on, after, or since, express temporal or spatial relationships. In other cases, the relationship is more abstract and the best preposition to use may depend on the words around it. These are known as “dependent prepositions,” and they do not follow any clear pattern. Choose prepositions carefully because sometimes changing a preposition can completely change the meaning of the phrase. A good dictionary will provide guidance on which prepositions to use with which words.
Incorrect:
The library is in the north side of the quad.
Correct:
The library is on the north side of the quad.
Incorrect:
Dave ran in the room and told us the news.
Correct:
Dave ran into the room and told us the news.
Incorrect:
The new study program has made an impact in test scores.
Correct:
The new study program has made an impact on test scores.
Correct:
Simon doesn’t care for parties. (This means Simon doesn’t like parties.)
Correct:
Simon doesn’t care about parties. (This means Simon doesn’t think parties are important.)
Split Infinitive
The to-infinitive to answer has been split by the modifier satisfactorily. Depending on context, it may or may not need to be unsplit. Consider the following points.
There is no grammatical rule against splitting the infinitive, but some people strongly object to the construction, especially in formal writing. In many instances, un-splitting the infinitive can sound awkward or change the meaning of the sentence. If your reader is likely to object to the split infinitive, rewrite the sentence to avoid its use. (We flag this for that reason.) It is unlikely that long phrases and interrupters can smoothly split the infinitive.
Controversial:
I chose to quietly sneak away from the situation.
Recommended:
I chose to sneak away from the situation quietly.
Controversial:
He was asked to solemnly swear that he was telling the truth.
Recommended:
He was asked to swear solemnly that he was telling the truth.
Unclear antecedent
It may be unclear who or what This refers to. Consider rewriting the sentence to remove the unclear reference.
Pronouns such as he, she, they, that, and this are words that stand in for other nouns. When using pronouns, however, it’s important to make it clear which nouns they are standing in for. When the original noun (called the antecedent) appears several sentences before the pronoun that replaces it or doesn’t appear at all, readers may not understand who or what the pronoun refers to.
Vague:
The company advertised on a billboard for the first time. This will attract new customers.
Clear:
The company advertised on a billboard for the first time. This medium will attract new customers.
Clear:
The company advertised for the first time on a billboard in order to attract new customers.
Vague:
Literature is my favorite subject. They are such interesting people.
Clear:
Literature is my favorite subject. Writers are such interesting people.
Use Digital Object identifiers
Use doi’s instead of retrieved from for Internet based resources. Only use retrieved from if an Internet-based source does not have a doi.
Using Retrieved from
Only used retrieved from when a doi has not been created. And when using retrieved from… the link needs to go to the Journal homepage not the actual article location.
Article use
Do not overuse the word “the.” Many times the should be replace by “a” or “an.” An easy way to think of the difference is - use “the” when there is only one.
The Word “That”
Should you refrain from using the word ‘”that” in formal writing because it is an indication of wordiness. This information has been based upon an APA blog ( http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2015/09/principles-of-writing-how-to-avoid-wordiness.html ). In the bog, the author suggested that writers should avoid unnecessary wording by removing unnecessary introductory clauses or nonessential clauses like “ Phrases involving “the facts.” Examples: based on the fact that, due to the fact that, in spite of the fact that, because of the fact that, and so forth: or Phrases involving “importance” and “interestingness.” Examples: it is important to note that, importantly, interestingly, it is interesting to note that, it is essential that, and so forth. ”
Some of the phrases listed above happen to contain the word “that” in them; however, this is not what makes the phrase wordy. It is the entire unnecessary introductory clause or nonessential clause that makes the sentence wordy.
In standard English, there are times when the word “that” is needed to make a sentence grammatically correct. When reporting verbs (ie., claimed, stated, suggested, etc.) are followed with a noun clause, the word “that” is required to keep the sentence grammatical. It functions like a conjunction in a sentence, combining the first part (The author posited/argued/claimed/maintained/hypothesized that…) to the second part (the idea was important). (In informal, spoken English, we sometimes leave out the “that.” However, in written, academic English, this is needed for grammaticality).
“That” is often used as a conjunction, pronoun, or restrictive clause; all perfectly acceptable and scholarly uses of the word.
Thus, the dissertation editors recommend informed suggestions for removing “that” (i.e., in the instances of reduced restrictive clauses), but not a blanket removal of “that", as “that” is often needed in subordinating conjunctions, pronouns, and restrictive clauses.
Prepositional Phrases
Minimize the use of prepositional phrases by using adjectives or adverbs. Example, Instead of “…participants of the study…” use “…study participants…”
Nouns or Pronouns in APA Style!
APA j writing style. So, instead of the following pronouns use nouns. For further clarity in pronouns please see APA section 3.09, pp. 68-70.
All
Another
Any
Anybody
Anyone
Anything
Both
Each
Each other
Either
Everybody
Everyone
Everything
Few
He
Her
Hers
Herself
Him
Himself
His
I
It
Its
Itself
Little
Many
Me
Mine
More
Most
Much
My
Myself
Neither
No one
Nobody
None
Nothing
One
One another
Other
Others
Gender Neutral
Use gender-neutral language.
For example, change:
mankind → humanity
best man for the job → best person for the job
the common man → average person, ordinary people
mailman → mail carrier
congressman → congressional representative
policeman → police officer
Other ways to handle this problem are to recast a sentence in the plural, reword to eliminate gender problems, or replace the masculine pronoun with “one” or “you”.
Scientific English: Past, Present, and Simple
One of the finer points of science writing in English is the expression of the degree of acceptance of information by the use of present tense and past tense. Established knowledge (statements of fact, natural laws, universal (established) truths, or a widely held tenet of science) is given in the simple present tense, and the new results and findings of an author's own research are given in the simple past tense. Once an author's findings are published and become an established truth (generally accepted by experts in the field), they are referred to in the present tense.
These ideas are complex but are illustrated below:
1. Simple present tense:
2. --PubMed Central is the National Library of Medicine’s digital archive of full-text journal literature.
3. --Entrez is the text-based search and retrieval system used at NCBI for all of the major databases.
4. Simple past tense (isolates the event in the past):
5. --The cells were produced by continuous proliferation of the hybridoma cell line.
6. --The lytic ability of the T8 cell subset was examined.
Some authors, especially those whose native language is not English, are not as aware that the use of past and present tenses signals the status of the presented information. Because the use of the simple present tense signals that something is a general truth, the reader is given some feeling of certainty about the information. A misinterpretation of the significance of the findings could occur if the wrong tense is used. The use of the simple present tense when first presenting one’s own findings could be perceived as arrogant as well.
Even the demonstration of significant results in one's own study is not a reason for using the present tense in the Discussion section of the paper first reporting those results. However, explanations of graphical presentations of data, such as tables and figures, should use the present tense. For example, when referring to Table 3, it is fine to say: “Table 3 shows that the mean yield is lower than expected.”.
Note to Authors: To avoid misunderstanding, report your findings in the past tense.
A fascinating, detailed account of this convention is provided in:
· Burrough-Boenisch J. Examining present tense conventions in scientific writing in the light of reader reactions to three Dutch-authored discussions. English for Specific Purposes 2003;22(1):5-24.
Additional information about the use of tenses in science is provided in:
· Matthews JR, Bowen JM, Matthews RW. Successful scientific writing: a step-by-step guide for biomedical scientists. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
Subject–Verb Agreement
Subject and verb agreement means that if the subject is singular, the verb must be singular. If the subject is plural, the verb must be plural. This sounds very simple, but people run into trouble because of intervening phrases (phrases that come between the subject and the verb). For example, this type of sentence gives many people trouble:
· The number of birds was impressive.
The subject of the sentence is “number” (singular), and the verb is “was” (singular). The plural word “birds” is part of a prepositional phrase (that intervenes between the subject and the verb) and therefore is not considered when checking for subject–verb agreement.
Mixing Voices
Do not mix active and passive constructions in the same sentence. An easy way to check for passive voice is by asking, “Who did that?” If you cannot give a definite answer, the sentence is passive.
Scientific writing most often uses passive sentence construction to give the author less importance and to focus attention on the facts at hand. But scientific writing can be made more engaging by using some sentences in active voice as well.
Strike a balance between the use of active voice and passive voice. Both have their uses. Consider the emphasis in the sentence and whether the sentence needs to be more dynamic. The use of more constructions in the active voice makes text more engaging.
Wordy Constructions to Avoid, Substitutions of Common Phrases, Plainer Synonyms
To write concisely, you must eliminate superfluous detail. Sometimes, this is just a matter of eliminating some phrases altogether. Take the phrase “is designed to”. Unless the design is the point of the sentence, drop this phrase. Type this search in Google: “is designed to” site: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . Look at the results and try mentally dropping the phrase “is designed to”. Was the sentence adversely affected or improved?
The following list contains helpful suggestions for writing more succinctly.
a number of → few, many, several, some
a majority of → most
accordingly → therefore
accounted for the fact that → because
actually → (consider eliminating this word)
additional → more, added, other
additionally → and, also
adequate number of → enough
adjacent to → close to, near, next to
advantageous → useful, helpful
along the lines of → similar to
an innumerable number of → innumerable, countless, many
an order of magnitude → 10 times
antecedent to → before
anterior to → before
anticipate → expect
any particular type of → any
are of the same opinion → agree
as a consequence of → because of
as a means to → to
as a result of → because of, from
as far as our own observations are concerned, they show → we observed
as regards → about, concerning
as to → on, for, about, of
ascertain the location of → find
at an early date → soon
at present → now, currently
at such time as → when
at the place where → where
at the present moment → now
at the present time → now
at the time that → when
at this point in time → now
basically → (consider eliminating this word)
because of the fact that → given that
by means of → with, in, by
by reason of → because of
by virtue of → by, under, because of
caused injuries to → injured
completely filled → filled
concerning the matter of → on, for
concur → agree
connect together → by
consequence → result
consequently → therefore
consider all factors carefully → consider
consolidate → combine, join
constitute → make up
deem → consider, think, treat as
definitely → (consider eliminating this word)
definitely proved → proved
demonstrate → show, prove
designate → appoint, name, choose, set
despite the fact that → although
diminish → lessen, reduce
discontinue → stop
due to the fact that → because
during such time as → while
during the course of → during, while
during the period from → from
during the time that → while, when
elucidate → explain, clarify
enumerate → list, name
equally as → equally
equivalent → equal, the same
excessive number of → too many
fabricate → build, make
facilitate → make easier, help
fewer in number → fewer
following → after
for a period of → for
for all intents and purposes → (consider eliminating this phrase)
for the purpose of → to, for
for the purpose of examining → to examine
for the reason that → because
frequently → often
from the point of view of → from, for
furthermore it would seem → and
generally → (consider eliminating this word)
give proper consideration to → consider
give rise to → cause
goes under the name of → is called
future plans → plans
has a tendency to → tends
has the ability to → can
has the capability of → can, is able
has discretion to → may
have a negative impact → hurt, harm
hence → therefore
identical → same
if conditions are such that → if, when
illustrate → show
impact → affect, influence
implement → carry out, begin, start, create, set up
in a precise manner → precisely
in a satisfactory manner → satisfactorily
in a situation where → if, when
in addition to → besides, also
in all cases → always, invariably
in an adequate manner → adequately
in back of → behind
in case → if
in close proximity to → near
in connection with → with, about, concerning, for
in excess of → more than, over
in favor of → for
in lieu of → instead of, rather than
in order to → to, for
in proximity to → close to, near
in reference to → on, for
in regard to → on, for
in relation to → on, for
in spite of the fact that → although
in terms of → in, for, about
in the absence of → without
in the amount of → for
in the case in which → when
in the case of → in, with
in the course of → during, while
in the event that → if, when
in the nature of → like, similar to
in the near future → soon
in the neighborhood of → about, roughly
in the place in which → where
in this instance, however → but
in view of the fact that → because
in the vicinity of → close to, near
inasmuch as → given that
inception → start, beginning
indicate → show, suggest
indication → sign
individual → person
initial → first
initiate → begin, start, set up
institute → begin, start, set up
is able to → can
is authorized to → may
is capable of → can
is in a position to → can, may
is permitted to → may
it has been reported by Smith → Smith reported
it is (omit)
it is believed that (omit)
it is felt that (omit)
it is important that → must, should
it is necessary that → must, should
it is often the case that → often
it is possible that the cause is → the cause may be
it is probable that → probably
it is this that → this
it is worth pointing out that → note that
it would appear that → apparently
it would thus appear that → apparently
kind of → rather (or consider eliminating this phrase)
lacked the ability to → could not
large amounts of → much
large in size → large
large numbers of → many
located in → in
located near → near
magnitude → size
manufacture → make
methodologies → methods
modification → change
modify → change
necessitate → require
necessitates the inclusion of → needs, requires
necessity → need, requirement
no later than September 30 → before October 1
notification → notice
notwithstanding → despite
notwithstanding the fact that → although
numerous → many
objective → goal, aim
on a daily basis → daily, every day
on account of → because
on behalf of → for
on or before September 30 → before October 1
on the basis of → by, from, because of
on the grounds that → because
on the part of → by
on the occasion of → on
on the part of → by
ongoing → continuing, active
opt for → choose
optimum → best
option → choice
oval in shape, oval-shaped → oval
owing to the fact that → because
parameter → limit, boundary, guideline, condition
particular → (consider eliminating this word)
past history → history
preclude → prevent
preferable → best, better, preferred
posterior to → after
previous → earlier, last, past
previous to → before
previously → before, earlier
principal → main, chief
prior → earlier
prior to → before
provided that → if, but
really → (consider eliminating this phrase)
referred to as → called
regarding → about, on, for
represents → is, makes up, stands for
responsible for → causes, has charge of
results so far achieved → results thus far, results to date
retain → keep
round in shape → round
serves the function of being → is
situated → placed, sits, lies
smaller in size → smaller
sort of → (consider eliminating this phrase)
subsequent to → later, after
subsequently → later, afterwards, then
sufficient → enough
sufficient number of → enough
take into consideration → consider
terminate → end, stop
termination → end
the organism in question → this organism
the majority of → most
the question as to whether → whether
the reason why is that → because
the tests have not as yet → the tests have not
the treatment having been performed → after treatment
there are (omit)
there can be little doubt that this is → this probably is
there is (omit)
there is a need for → must, should
this is a subject that → this subject
this is a topic that → this topic
there is no doubt but that → doubtless, no doubt
through the use of → by, with (not “via”)
throughout the entire area → throughout the area
throughout the whole experiment → throughout the experiment
transpire → happen
type of → (consider eliminating this phrase)
two equal halves → halves
under circumstances in which →
under the provisions of → under
until such time as → until
used to fulfil → needed
utilize → use
visualize → think of, imagine
warrant the use of → must or should have, require
was of the opinion that → believed
with a view to → to, for
with a view to getting → to get
with reference to → about
with regard to → about, concerning
with respect to → on, for
with the exception of → except for
with the object of → to, for
with the result that → so that
without some kind of → without
Displaying Figures and Tables
Figures and Tables are always displayed together. Do not spread them between two pages.Please be sure that figures and tables are always displayed together. Do not spread them between two pages.
Figures and Tables Notes
All tables need in-depth Note as well as all Figures need an in-depth explanation as well as page fit. Refer to the APA examples in the manual. Please make sure you add notes and explanations according to APA standards. Refer to the examples in the APA manual.
Consider Using Reciteworks.com - An Application that Helps with Your References - What does recite do?
Very simply, Recite checks that your in text citations match the reference list at the end of your work.
First, Recite checks that the authors and dates in the body of your work match up with the references at the end.
Then Recite tells you where it finds errors.
Recite also checks for a growing list of stylistic errors related to referencing.
Multiple citations
When you have multiple citations they should be in one set of parentheses separated by a semi colon.
When to Include the Year in Citations Appearing More Than Once in a Paragraph
You may already know that references in APA Style are cited in text with an author–date system (e.g., Smith, 2012). But do you know when to include the year of publication when one of your citations appears more than once in a paragraph? Getting it right is simple as long as you remember the following two guidelines:
1. All parenthetical citations (i.e., citations in which both the author name and publication date are enclosed within parentheses) should include the year, regardless of how often they appear in a paragraph.
2. When the name of the author is part of the narrative and appears outside of parentheses, after the first citation in each paragraph you need not include the year in subsequent nonparenthetical citations as long as the study cannot be confused with other studies in the article (see p. 174 in the sixth edition of the Publication Manual).
To help illustrate these guidelines, let’s look at a few examples that correctly show when to include the year in citations appearing more than once in a paragraph:
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Morin (1988) described two separate but linked epidemics. . . . Morin distinguished the HIV (viral) epidemic from the subsequent AIDS (disease) epidemic, foreseeing the ultimate convergence of preventing the spread of the virus and managing the disease it causes. . . . Morin also discussed a third epidemic . . . . This third epidemic is as much a part of the pathology of AIDS as the virus itself (Morin, 1988). Socioeconomic status (SES) and chronic diseases rather consistently fall on a gradient, where those of relatively lower SES have poorer health and are more often afflicted by multiple diseases than those above them on the SES ladder (Adler & Stewart, 2010). . . . Adler and Stewart (2010) offered a framework to explain the major pathways by which SES can influence health outcomes. . . . The model is developmental, illustrating individual, social, and structural influences on disease over the lifespan (Adler & Stewart, 2010). |
Retrieved from: https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/04/when-to-include-the-year-in-citations-appearing-more-than-once-in-a-paragraph.html
Hyphenation
APA 4.13 discusses hyphenation; in that section, Tables 4.1 through 4.3 cover basic hyphenation rules. Note that most self- words take hyphens, and prefixes such as multi, non, pre, and post typically do not. Many compound adjectives take hyphens when they precede the word they modify. The Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) is APA’s preferred dictionary, and it is an excellent resource if you have a question about hyphenation. Refer to the Formatting Guidelines
Do Not Use The “authors”
Do not phrase sentences with “the authors” because the authors you are discussing are unclear and need to be in APA format. I will mark three areas. It is your responsibility to comb through your whole paper and make updates as needed.
Use Nouns Not Pronouns
Do not use pronouns as pronouns are Unclear Antecedents - see - https://www.publicationcoach.com/unclear-antecedents/
Why you
7th Edition - Pronoun Case is really a very simple matter. There are three cases.
· Subjective case: pronouns used as subject.
· Objective case: pronouns used as objects of verbs or prepositions.
· Possessive case: pronouns which express ownership.
|
Pronouns as Subjects |
Pronouns as Objects |
Pronouns that show Possession |
|
I |
me |
my (mine) |
|
you |
you |
your (yours) |
|
he, she, it |
him, her, it |
his, her (hers), it (its) |
|
we |
us |
our (ours) |
|
they |
them |
their (theirs) |
|
who |
whom |
whose |
Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169-179 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.
On pages 65-66, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found...).
In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining
· Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
· If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. ( Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)
· When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs.
· Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo."
· Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.
· Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."
APA citation basics
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
Short quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
Long quotations
Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
Figures
Figure Checklist (Taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed., Section 5.30)
· Is the figure necessary?
· Is the figure simple, clean, and free of extraneous detail?
· Is the figure title descriptive of the content of the figure?
· Are all elements of the figure clearly labeled?
· Are the magnitude, scale, and direction of grid elements clearly labeled?
· Are parallel figures or equally important figures prepared according to the same scale?
· Are the figures numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals?
· Are all figures mentioned in the text?
· Has written permission for print and electronic reuse been obtained? Is proper credit given in the figure caption?
· Have all substantive modifications to photographic images been disclosed?
· Are the figures being submitted in a file format acceptable to the publisher?
· Have the files been produced at a sufficiently high resolution to allow for accurate reproduction?
As tables supplement the text, so should each figure.
Graphs in APA Style
Graphs are good at quickly conveying relationships like comparison and distribution. The most common forms of graphs are scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, pictorial graphs, and pie graphs. For more details and specifics on what kind of information, relations, and meaning can be expressed with the different types of graphs, google scholar quantitative analysis. And remember spreadsheet programs, such as Microsoft Excel, can generate the graphs for you.
Scatter plots are composed of individual dots that represent the value of a specific event on the scale established by the two variables plotted on the x- and y-axes. When the dots cluster together, a correlation is implied. On the other hand, when the dots are scattered randomly, no correlation is seen.
Figure 1. Example of a Scatter Plot Graph. This figure demonstrates a proper scatter plot graph.
Line graphs depict the relationship between quantitative variables. Usually, the independent variable is plotted along the x-axis (horizontally) and the dependent variable is plotted along the y-axis (vertically).
Figure 2. Example of a Line Graph. This figure demonstrates a proper line graph.
Bar graphs come in three main types: 1) solid vertical or horizontal bars, 2) multiple bar graphs, and 3) sliding bars. In solid bar graphs, the independent variable is categorical, and each bar represents one kind of datum, e. g. a bar graph of monthly expenditures. A multiple bar graph can show more complex information than a simple bar graph, e. g. monthly expenditures divided into categories (housing, food, transportation, etc.). In sliding bar graphs, the bars are divided by a horizontal line which serves as the baseline, enabling the representation of data above and below a specific reference point, e. g. high and low temperatures v. average temperature.
Figure 3. Example of a Bar Graph 1. This figure shows an example of a bar graph.
Figure 4. Example of a Bar Graph 2. This figure shows a second example of a bar graph.
Pictorial graphs can be used to show quantitative differences between groups. Pictorial graphs can be very deceptive: if the height of an image is doubled, its area is quadrupled. Therefore, great care should be taken that images representing the same values must be the same size.
Circle (pie) graphs are used to represent percentages and proportions. For the sake of readability, no more than five variables should be compared in a single pie graph. The segments should be ordered very strictly: beginning at twelve o’clock, order them from the largest to the smallest, and shade the segments from dark to light (i.e., the largest segment should be the darkest). Lines and dots can be used for shading in black and white documents.
Figure 5. Example of a Circle (or Pie) Graph. This figure shows an example of a circle (pie) graph.
Charts are used to represent the components of larger objects or groups (e. g. military ranks), the steps in a process (as in a flow-chart), or the schematics of an object (the components of a cell phone).
Figure 6. Example of a Chart. This figure shows a chart.
Drawings and photographs can be used to communicate very specific information about a subject. Thanks to software, both are now highly manipulable. For the sake of readability and simplicity, line drawings should be used, and photographs should have the highest possible contrast between the background and focal point. Cropping, cutting out extraneous detail, can be very beneficial for a photograph. Use software like GraphicConverter or Photoshop to convert color photographs to black and white before printing on a laser printer. Otherwise most printers will produce an image with poor contrast.
Figure 7. Example of a Photograph. This figure shows an example of a photograph.
Preparing Figures
In preparing figures, communication and readability must be the ultimate criteria. Avoid the temptation to use the special effects available in most advanced software packages. While three-dimensional effects, shading, and layered text may look interesting to the author, overuse, inconsistent use, and misuse may distort the data, and distract or even annoy readers. Design properly done is inconspicuous, almost invisible, because it supports communication. Design improperly, or amateurishly, done draws the reader’s attention from the data, and makes him or her question the author’s credibility.
The APA has determined specifications for the size of figures and the fonts used in them. Figures of one column must be between 2 and 3.25 inches wide (5 to 8.45 cm). Two-column figures must be between 4.25 and 6.875 inches wide (10.6 to 17.5 cm). The height of figures should not exceed the top and bottom margins. The text in a figure should be in a san serif font (such as Helvetica, Arial, or Futura). The font size must be between eight and fourteen point. Use circles and squares to distinguish curves on a line graph (at the same font size as the other labels). (See examples above.)
Captions and Legends
For figures, make sure to include the figure number and a title with a legend and caption. These elements appear below the visual display. For the figure number, type Figure X. Then type the title of the figure in sentence case. Follow the title with a legend that explains the symbols in the figure and a caption that explains the figure:
Figure 1. How to create figures in APA style. This figure illustrates effective elements in APA style figures.
Captions serve as a brief, but complete, explanation and as a title. For example, “ Figure 4. Population” is insufficient, whereas “ Figure 4. Population of Grand Rapids, MI by race (1980)” is better. If the figure has a title in the image, crop it.
Additionally, if the image is reproduced from another source, include the citation at the end of the caption.
Graphs should always include a legend that explains the symbols, abbreviations, and terminology used in the figure. These terms must be consistent with those used in the text and in other figures. The lettering in the legend should be of the same type and size as that used in the figure.
Article in Journal Paginated by Volume
Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc.
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Article in Journal Paginated by Issue
Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined.
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15( 3), 5-13. Note Volume Must be in Italics
Elements of the Abstract Guidelines
Each area usually needs one sentence, except for Methodology and Results, which may take a few.
1-Background/General Introduction of the Issue (optional)—abstract may begin with research problem.
2-Research Problem and Why It’s Important—be clear; who cares if the problem is solved?
3-Purpose or Rationale—this is sometimes combined with research questions to avoid redundancy.
4-Theoretical Foundations—name the theory OR describe the conceptual framework, if appropriate.
5-Research Questions (RQs)/Guiding Question—present these as statements, not questions.
6-Methodology and Overall Design—be specific; include the sample size and inclusion criteria.
7-Data Analytic Procedures—explain how data were analyzed to address the research questions.
8-Key Results/Conclusions/Recommendations (for final paper only)—ensure alignment with purpose/RQs. 9-Implications for Positive Social Change—specify who benefits from the research and in what ways.
OVERALL—Alignment (along the logical progression from problem→ research questions→ method→ results)
Form and Style Tips
• Limit the abstract to one typed page.
• Maintain the scholarly language used throughout the capstone document.
• Keep the abstract concise, accurate, and readable. Use correct English grammar.
• Ensure each sentence adds value to the reader’s understanding of the research.
• Use the full name of any acronym/abbreviation and include the acronym/abbreviation in parentheses; you can thereafter refer to the acronym/abbreviation.
• Abstracts do not have paragraphs; keep the text to one long paragraph with no indentation.
• Do not include references or citations in the abstract.
• Per APA style, use numerals in the abstract, not written-out numbers, unless at the start of a sentence.
all figures in your Study need captions,
not headings and watch the formatting
Also, figures do not use caps as do Tables
APA Style 6 Formatting Examples
Journal article
Brenner, S. L., Burns, B. J., Curry, J. F., Silva, S. G., Kratochvil, C. J., & Domino, M. E. (2015). Mental health service use among adolescents following participation in a randomized controlled trial for clinical depression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(4), 551-558. https://doi.org/doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.881291
Journal Article (when authors number 8 or more)
Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Engel, C. C., Foa, E. B., Shea, M. T., Chow, B. K., . . . Bernardy, N. (2007). Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 297, 820–830. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.8.820
Open Access Journal
Fink, P., Ørnbøl, E., & Christensen, K. S. (2010). The outcome of health anxiety in primary care. A two-year follow-up study on health care costs and self-rated health. PLoS ONE, 5, e9873. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009873
Cochrane Review
Smith, J., Kurt, K., & Anderston, B. (2012). Occupational therapy and schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012(1), 1–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007967.pub2
Advance Online Publication
Lansford, K. L., & Liss, J. M. (2014). Vowel acoustics in dysarthria: Mapping to perception. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1044/1092-4388 (2013/12-0263)
Not Published Yet
Frazier, E. A., Fristad, M. A., Arnold, L. E., Gracious, B., Failla, M., Chitchumroonchokchai, C., & Habash, D. (in press). Nutritional and safety outcomes from an open-label micronutrient intervention for pediatric bipolar spectrum disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology.
Book Examples
Book
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Publisher.
Duffy, J. R. (2005). Motor speech disorders: Substrates, differential diagnosis, and management (2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Book Chapter
Weismer, G., & Kim, Y. (2010). Classification and taxonomy of motor speech disorders: What are the issues? In B. Maassen & P. H. H. M. van Lieshout (Eds.), Speech motor control: New developments in basic and applied research (pp. 229–241). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Other Examples
Government Report
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2009). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2008: Volume I, Secondary school students (NIH Publication No. 097402). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved from http://monitoringthefuture.org/
Centers for Disease Control, & Prevention. (2012). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61.
Blog Post
Nieder, D. (2018, February 10). An AAC WWYD, for the professionals [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://niederfamily.blogspot.com/2018/02/an-aac-wwyd-for-professionals.html
Video
Valant, J. (2015, November 5). How to do a bridge exercise [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WowARnE-p0s
Website
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (n.d.). Dysarthria. Retrieved from https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/dysarthria/
App
Nike, Inc. (2018). Nike Training Club (Version 5.13.0) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from https://itunes.apple.com/
Class Notes, Class Lectures & Presentations
Online PowerPoint Slides
Bannon, C. M. (2018, September 17). Lecture 3: Accessing the vision science literature [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from https://midwestern.instructure.com/courses/1712/files/163394?module_item_id=72550
Online Class Handouts
Nadler, B. (2018, September 17). Lecture 4: Medical mobile apps [Class handout]. Retrieved from https://midwestern.instructure.com/courses/1712/files/163394?module_item_id=72550