Quality Time in Children (Abstract)

2

DIVORCE

Divorce

Student’s name

Report Writing and Research Methods.

Instructor’s name:

Date

1 Introduction

Marriage entails an important international relationship experienced by most adults. About 80% of the population get married at some point in their life. However, according to statistics about 40% of new marriages will end up in divorce. Although half of the first marriages are expected to end in divorce or permanent separation, the satisfaction level of marriage that remains together have reduced since 1970. Divorce is a growing problem in the United States. According to a study done by a group of psychotherapists on the cause of divorce in 1981 suggests that common causes of divorce are communication problems, unrealistic expectations, problems of authority, sexuality, conflicts of values, money issues, and lack of affection. However, Scholars has emphasized that quality communication, time spend together, and seeking fidelity as a determinant of satisfaction, happiness, marital adjustment, and emotional and mental dysfunction.

1.1 Statement of the problem

Their many issues that cause of marital conflicts. If these issues are not solved well, problems can arise but if these problems are solved divorce rates will reduce. But poor communication is the major issue in marriage which can lead to strains on children and parents. This paper focuses on how effective communication behaviors, fidelity, and investing time together can enhance marital satisfaction and marriage relationship.

1.2 Research Questions

RQ 1: how does a family life story enhance a marriage?

RQ 2: what communication skills and behaviors enhance marriage relationships?

1.3 Hypothesis:

divorce can be reduced by effective communication, investing time on the relationship, and seeking fidelity.

1.4 Thesis Problem

This research paper is aimed at investigating how divorce between couples can be avoided by enjoying good communication between husband and wife, investing in time alone, and seeking fidelity. The couple needs to take time off like weekends where they get together to do nothing but learn tips and tricks on how to keep their marriage vibrant and healthy. It is important for listening to people who have been married and have stayed steadfast through tribulations and trials coming with marriage struggles and willing to let others know they are not perfect. This is important for married couples to hear. Also, quality communication enhances the maintenance and achievement of interpersonal understanding (Estin 2017). These maintenance strategies help in shaping couples' perceptions of marital satisfaction. However, various communication behaviors influence marital satisfaction such as openness, empathy, understanding, cooperation. But couples need to acquire communication skills which will help in employing those behaviors. This can be achieved through marriage education programs. In the world today their more than 100 marriage education curriculums.

 Literature Review

Divorce is a legal process of separating married people due to any problem, issue, or misunderstanding during the marriage. It is the official method of permanently ending a marriage by the court of law. Divorce is one of the major issues in the world due to the increase in the divorce rates among married couples leading to children being separated from their parents. The major factor influencing divorce is the lack of commitment between the married couples in their marriage leading to cheating, infidelity, and constant arguing. Divorce is caused by many factors but the main factors are domestic violence and substance abuse which creates a hostile environment for one of the marriage partners. Divorce is a legal process accepted in most countries over the world to help the married people gain an escape from a toxic relationship (Guttmann, 2016). The divorce process is an emotionally challenging event for many children since they move from a home with two parents to one and it often causes mental health disorders in young children. Divorce is one of the main processes that have enabled women and children to escape from a hostile home environment as compared in the past where the legal separation was unheard and frowned upon by the local community. The major emotions experienced during the process of divorce are denial, anger, depression, and acceptance of their current state. During the process of divorce, the married couple divide their wealth and conclude who gains custody of the children if there are any,(Espejo, 2015). According to the scientific research conducted on divorce, children are the most affected party during this process since they are dragged through these messy events and are often caught in the middle between their parents. The previous investigations have shown that divorce is caused by a variety of reasons whether it is infidelity or parents losing interest in one another during their marriage period. The research showed that the divorce process affects the mental, emotional, and physical health of the parties involved since they undergo a lot of stress and emotions. The process of divorce has its advantages and disadvantages. I think that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages since it is much better for couples to be separated than to live together in an unconducive environment, (Guttmann, 2016).

The gaps in the contradictions of literatures on divorce is that some literature consider divorce to be a societal problem that should be eliminated while other articles support the presence of divorce in the society. Most literatures contradict there themselves on where their opinion stand on divorce since the advantages and disadvantages are almost equal.The information provided by literature on divorce are inconsistent when tying the destructive and withdrawn behaviors of the children on divorce. The inconsistency of the information is due to the availability of other factors that affect the behavior and characteristics of a human being hence the behavior cannot be completely attributed to one factor. The relationship between literature on divorce is that they provide the reader with the necessary and required information divorce. These literatures help readers to understand the cause and effects of divorce on the related parties.

The main issues that should be properly addressed during and after the divorce process include the division of the couples' properties, assets, and debts which are required to be divided after the parties sit down and make the decision on how to divide up their properties. Another issue is the spousal maintenance where the couples decide whether an alimony is owed to the wife after the divorce to cater for her expenses, (Tullos, Lebow, 2017). The last and major issue is the legal custody and parenting time if they had any children during their marriage period. This issue is solved when the patients decide who is to gain custody of the children and when the partner is allowed to spend time with their children. This is the most crucial issue during the divorce process since the children are delicate and should be protected from the outcomes of the divorce, (Tullos, Lebow, 2017). These controversies are due to the different perspectives people have on divorce leading to them developing controversial ideas to one another. The main controversies during the divorce process involve estimation of the severity of long term effects of divorce on the children and the parents, understanding why the society views divorce as a problem, how children can be protected from the outcomes of the effect of divorce, and the psychological, emotional, and physical effect of divorce on children and their parents.

The next step in solving the divorce problem depends on the parent’s decision on whether to work out their issues. The problem of divorce can be solved by the parents to enable their children to have a conducive and healthy environment for their growth and development. The divorce problem can be solved by attending counseling sessions to be able to properly work out the issues and differences between the partners. Counseling sessions would enable them to gain a fresh perspective on their problems and issues, (Leach, 2015). Another step involves talking about their needs and requirements of the partners in the relationship to help them understand if they are on the same page in life. This would help them not to set unachievable targets that may lead to future disappointment. The next step would involve the partners becoming accountable for their actions and behaviors by accepting when they are mistaken and require corrective actions,(Leach, 2015). The last step in solving the problem of divorce is by comprehending that we all mistakes in life and by understanding the main issues affecting the marriage to find the best solutions. The problem of divorce cannot be completely solved since in some instances like where a partner filed for a divorce due to domestic violence it is best to go separate ways before the situation escalates. In some circumstances, divorce is the best cause of action to be taken since no remedy can make an unwilling partner to make the marriage work. In my opinion, divorce is better for the children whose parents are constantly fighting and arguing to help them develop into the better version of themselves since most children learn from their home environment, (Leach, 2015).

Methodology

Divorce also referred to as dissolution of marriage, is the marital union terminating process. This entails reorganizing of the legal responsibilities and duties of the marriage thus dissolving married couple matrimony bond under particular state or the country rule of law. The divorce laws are different in various countries, but it generally requires authority or court sanction through which a legal process is followed to fulfil certain factors such as child custody, parenting time, division of debt, spousal support of the distribution of properties. Regardless they are few countries that do not allow divorces such as the Vatican City, the Philippines where divorce for non-Muslim is not legal and the British Crown Dependency of Sark. In western culture, by the age of 50 years, around 90 per cent have been engaged in marriage. Healthy marriages are attributed to the happy couple and good physical and mental health. Healthy marriages are also good for children and help in decreasing some of the mental, educational, physical and social problems. Regardless of these benefits, data indicates that around 50 per cent of married couple divorce in the United States (Eaton, 2018). With high rates of divorce, it is paramount to determine some of the consequences and causes of divorce to the family structure. This will be a research methodology determine at finding the causes and consequences of divorces.

Research Design

The method to be used for this research will be a qualitative approach where the research will be determined at getting in-depth information about the causes and consequences of divorce considering the high rate it is occurring at. Qualitative research entails non-numerical data collection and analysis mainly to understand the opinion, concepts and experiences (Sutton & Austin, 2015). It is used to gather in-depth information into an issue. The concept of the qualitative approach is mostly used in social sciences and humanities that perfectly fit for research on this topic of divorce and various factors such as causes and consequences. More so, they are various qualitative research methods which include observation, interviews, focus grounds, surveys or even secondary research. The reason for choosing a qualitative approach is due to its various benefits which include flexibility, natural setting and meaningful insight which will all fit perfectly in determining causes and consequences of divorces. The qualitative method is flexible while the research is collecting the data and also in the analysis process and can always be adapted when patterns emerge since it is not rigidly. More so, divorce issue is a real-world context and thus occurs in a natural setting making qualitative approach the best method to collect data. More so, the method will give meaningful insights which will be important in giving perfect description to the feelings, experiences and perception of people who have been affected by divorce in one way or the other.

Purpose of the study

Divorce is considered to have major effects when it occurs to both the spouses and also to the children who are affected by the divorce. For a marriage dissolution to occur, they are must be various causing factors and also after the dissolution has occurred, they are various consequences that are likely to happen. This research will want to enlighten on:

i. Finding out the causes of divorce

ii. Finding out the consequences of the divorce. That is

· To find out how the adolescent are affected by the divorce of their parent.

· To find out how young adults are affected by parental divorce.

· To determine the impacted of divorce to the spouses.

· To determine ways of reducing the divorce impact.

Problem Statement

Supporting and encouraging healthy marriages is needed for the healthy social development for children and also for health and family lives for the spouse. Regardless, there are high rates of divorces which poses a serious implication of marriage and family raising fundamental questions about these social issues. In the United States, around 40 to 50 per cent of the people end up divorcing show how serious the problem is. This indicates that in the United States when the married people are combined, half of them will end up divorcing while the other half end up surviving in the marriage.

The problem of divorces is brought by many factors which affects the family but one thing for sure they are consequences related to divorce for the children and also for the spousal who have divorced. Children being an essential part of the family, high divorce rates have a significant effect on their wellbeing and even in their social development (Anderson, 2014). Data indicates that around 50 per cent of the children witness their parent divorces and quarrels that may lead to such divorces. These high rates of divorce have direct consequences to the children lives, such as behavior development of even education. Regardless, also parent divorce because they disagree on various issues or one has wrong the other in an acceptable way but the bottom line is that most divorce is messy living the separated spousal each impacted in the different ways. Thus why the topic of determining the causes and consequences of divorce is essential as it can help in coming up with new ideas of how to deal with some of these issues such as reducing the impact on divorce on the children.

Research Questions

i. What are the various causes of divorces?

ii. How does divorce affect preschooler’s children?

iii. How divorces do affects adolescent and influence their social development?

iv. How does divorce impact young adults?

v. How does parent living together impact the development of their children?

vi. How do divorces impact the spousal?

vii. How does divorce impact, other family relatives

viii. How can the negative impact of divorce be reduced?

Hypothesis

Hypothesis presents are that divorce has direct consequences to both parents and children. In children, it may obscure their socio-economic pursuits as resources relocation may affect their success in socio-economic. More so, divorce impacts on children development and behavior changes. In adults, it may also impact their social lives with feeling such as shock, anger and disappointment and even economic loss due to the whole process of marriage dissolution.

Participants

A sample of 60 participants will be involved, all of who have experienced divorce either as spouses of the children of parents who experienced the divorce of their parent. Of this number, 20 of the participants were adults who were once married to someone before they were involved in a divorce. These participants will be from the age of 32 years and above who will be required to give detailed feedback at their own consent and comfort on the causes and consequences of the divorce. The other group of participant will involve the children who have witnessed their parent divorce in one or more instance in their lives. All participant of this group will be 18 years old although their experience on divorces will be based on how old they were when the divorce occurred from the age of 10 years to the age of 18 years.

The sample recruitment of the children who have experienced divorce will be conducted in the undergraduate from the university. This will involve a description of the research, and its purposes being communicated to the undergraduate classes through the social media platforms of the university and also through leading aloud to undergraduate classes. Those interested in being part of the study and knew things that might be interesting about the divorce would be asked to contact the research through the email or in person.

On the other hand for the adults who have been involved in the divorce, the researcher will rely on referrals and snowballing from friends and family to determine all will participant to give insight on their experience and feel about divorce. This group will involve around 20 participants who will be a former husband or former wives. One the research will gain the contact and name of any person who will be interested in the research for divorce causes and consequences; the researcher will call them to confirm the willingness to participated and also guide them on what will be needed for the process. This will not be random exercise as the for one to participate, they must meet the criteria of ever being involved in a divorce. More so in all the cases, the participants will involve in this research through voluntary means and under-informed consent where everyone is required to be as conformable as they can be during the research.

Generally, the participants will be a mix of both female and males. This may include those who are single after a divorce or even those who are married by having some experience about the whole concept of divorce. On the other hand, the race will not be a factor of consideration as the study will be open to every person of the race as long as they are willing to participate and researchable for the study. More so the research will be conducted within the university locality, and for the parent who has been in divorce, the research will also include the local areas where the participant will act as the sample representative of the whole population on the matter of divorce to determine why the rates are always high and some of the causes of divorce.

Data Collection Methods

The main method to used data collection includes in-depth interviews and focus group discussion, where the participants will give their views on the causes and consequences of divorce.

i. In-depth interviews

The in-depth interviews will be conducted using guides for the interview with the participants of the study to determine their opinions, perceptions and experiences regarding the causes and consequence of divorce to both children and parent who divorce. The primary participant will be both male and females both over the age of 18 years. Regardless, they will fall under the category of children who experienced their parent divorce or under the category of spousal who have been involved in a divorce in their marriage life.

Key informant includes former husbands, former wives, children of former divorced parents, and even family members of the divorcees. There will also be a group of religious leaders, community leaders, and women organization and any other group that might be researcher such as religious court judges who may have some on the sight of some of the problems existing in the families that may lead to divorce. This category of the group will consist of 20 participants who will give a general knowledge of why the community is experiencing high rates of divorce now and then. Generally they participants will also be classified as a divorcee or remarried for the groups of former husband or wife.

ii. Focus group

The other data collection technique will involve focus group discussion to study the causes and consequences of divorce. The researcher plan to use a group of four to six participant for the study. The group will be categorized either as children of former divorcees or the group of divorcees who altogether will be subjected to focus group on giving detailed insight where each member will share their views in the presence of other members to determine the causes and consequences of divorce. More so, these groups will involve both males and females and will involve two age set from eighteen years to thirty years and from thirty years to fifty years.

Sampling and Recruitment of the Study Participants

For divorcee, snowballing was mainly used for recruitment. The main participants of the study were identified and recruited if willing to help in researching the topic under the study. For the undergraduate who was the main group for the divorcee children, those who show interest by reaching out through the mail recruitment will be based on first come first serve where they first twenty were selected for the study. The other group which can be categorized as a "third party" which included family members or a certain group of the community. Recruitment will be through snowballing for those who will be will, comfortable and have time to engage in the topic under study. This third category will be not the main category under focus, but the researcher is positive will have some willing participants to give their insight of the divorce rate as these people have a deep understanding of the family problems in the society.

Data collection and analysis

The data collected in this research will involve digitally recording the interviews using voice recorders. The researcher will not be alone in these sessions as he or she will have two assistant who will help in technical activities such as recording the interview session, guiding the participant for instance when the research takes a short break and helping in any way possible when the situation arises. All the voices will be translated and transcribed in the English language for this research.

For the data entry, analysis or even editing, the researcher plans to use NVivo software where the researcher will be able to determine the causes and consequences of divorce from the participant group. Generally, during data collection and analysis step, the researcher will also ensure validation, quality assurance and ethical consideration during the study.

After the study is conducted, the researcher will validate the preliminary findings twice, where they will confirm they make an alliance with all the stakeholders. In terms of quality assurance, the research will ensure that the participants were recruited after well-formulated consultation with the research assistants. The researcher will ensure they hold several meetings with the assistance before the study occurs to identify any difficulties and issues may arise so that they can ensure quality data will be collected from the research. There will be the moderation of all interviews, training of the assistants and discussion in the English language.

The researcher also during data collection ensured ethical consideration would be taken into place through various ways such as taken the informed consent of the participants verbally. More so, the participant will be entitled to agree and disagree while the researcher will be interviewing them and also they will have the rights to stop the interview at their own pleasing. More so, the verbal language used will be formal and respectable one where participants will not feel intimidated in any way or unflavored by the topic under study. The other ethical consideration is ensuring that the research will be conducted in a comfortable environment where every participant will be eager and comfortable while sharing their views on the causes and consequences that are associated with divorce.

Limitation

Some of the limitations that are likely to affect the study will include participant availability, sensitive to the study issues and also interference during the interview sessions. The study may be limited to the availability of participants as it may be difficult to recruit participants of the study considering the topic is divorce, and thus some people may not be willing to talk about the past. More so, for the category of divorcee children, this group may not be willing to be open about their experiences in their childhood while the other group of a divorcee and third-party may be willing to participate in the study but unavailable for the study due to time constraints, work and other roles. The study is also likely to be limited by the sensitivity issues when it comes to divorce.

It may be difficult extracting information from the participants regarding their sexual lives, and experiences of domestic violence and other causes that are likely to lead to divorce. Some of their participants may not be willing to be open and share some of these feelings and experiences as some are filled with bitterness, pain and bad memories. This may limit the amount of the data, or the sensitivity of asking some question as the researcher may not for sure know how the participant will react. Lastly, the interview may be limited by interferences now under than when the researcher is interviewing the participant or engaging in the focus group. Interference may result from, instrument damage and other parties such as participants side, for instance, calls, emergencies and any other thing that may halt the process.

Implications of the Study

The topic of divorce can be dated back many years ago and have been associated with negative outcomes both to the children, divorcee, and other parties such as family members. There is a negative impact on either side, such as the experience of poverty and socio-economic failures, among others that are not well known to the society. Understanding these causes of divorce is paramount to understanding our family structure and how people can avoid divorce and if not invertible how to dealing in better ways concerning the consequences of divorce. Generally, scholars, policymakers and professionals always engage on the importance of marriages and the impact the divorce may have. Most of these researchers have pointed to small effects, and most of the people who have not been the victim of divorce may believe they do not have significant consequences. Others have suggested that even if they are small consequences when it happens at a high rate, it may lead to public and social health problems. Regardless, families have a high chance of achievement in a strong environment where there are social, psychological and material resources needed. Thus scholars and policymakers should consider reforms that are comprehensive on reducing the causes and consequences of divorce to the children’s and the parents alike. Thus study on divorce is essential to determine these causes in more depth and consequences which can help in creating better reforms that may deal with the issue of divorce

Results

Divorce also referred to as dissolution of marriage, is the marital union terminating process. This entails reorganizing of the legal responsibilities and duties of the marriage thus dissolving married couple matrimony bond under particular state or the country rule of law. The divorce laws are different in various countries, but it generally requires authority or court sanction through which a legal process is followed to fulfil certain factors such as child custody, parenting time, division of debt, spousal support of the distribution of properties. Regardless they are few countries that do not allow divorces such as the Vatican City, the Philippines where divorce for non-Muslim is not legal and the British Crown Dependency of Sark. In western culture, by the age of 50 years, around 90 per cent have been engaged in marriage. Healthy marriages are attributed to the happy couple and good physical and mental health. Healthy marriages are also good for children and help in decreasing some of the mental, educational, physical and social problems. Regardless of these benefits, data indicates that around 50 per cent of married couple divorce in the United States (Eaton, 2018). With high rates of divorce, it is paramount to determine some of the consequences and causes of divorce to the family structure. This will be a research methodology determine at finding the causes and consequences of divorces.

Research Design

The method to be used for this research will be a qualitative approach where the research will be determined at getting in-depth information about the causes and consequences of divorce considering the high rate it is occurring at. Qualitative research entails non-numerical data collection and analysis mainly to understand the opinion, concepts and experiences (Sutton & Austin, 2015). It is used to gather in-depth information into an issue. The concept of the qualitative approach is mostly used in social sciences and humanities that perfectly fit for research on this topic of divorce and various factors such as causes and consequences. More so, they are various qualitative research methods which include observation, interviews, focus grounds, surveys or even secondary research. The reason for choosing a qualitative approach is due to its various benefits which include flexibility, natural setting and meaningful insight which will all fit perfectly in determining causes and consequences of divorces. The qualitative method is flexible while the research is collecting the data and also in the analysis process and can always be adapted when patterns emerge since it is not rigidly. More so, divorce issue is a real-world context and thus occurs in a natural setting making qualitative approach the best method to collect data. More so, the method will give meaningful insights which will be important in giving perfect description to the feelings, experiences and perception of people who have been affected by divorce in one way or the other.

Purpose of the study

Divorce is considered to have major effects when it occurs to both the spouses and also to the children who are affected by the divorce. For a marriage dissolution to occur, they are must be various causing factors and also after the dissolution has occurred, they are various consequences that are likely to happen. This research will want to enlighten on:

iii. Finding out the causes of divorce

iv. Finding out the consequences of the divorce. That is

· To find out how the adolescent are affected by the divorce of their parent.

· To find out how young adults are affected by parental divorce.

· To determine the impacted of divorce to the spouses.

· To determine ways of reducing the divorce impact.

Problem Statement

Supporting and encouraging healthy marriages is needed for the healthy social development for children and also for health and family lives for the spouse. Regardless, there are high rates of divorces which poses a serious implication of marriage and family raising fundamental questions about these social issues. In the United States, around 40 to 50 per cent of the people end up divorcing show how serious the problem is. This indicates that in the United States when the married people are combined, half of them will end up divorcing while the other half end up surviving in the marriage.

The problem of divorces is brought by many factors which affects the family but one thing for sure they are consequences related to divorce for the children and also for the spousal who have divorced. Children being an essential part of the family, high divorce rates have a significant effect on their wellbeing and even in their social development (Anderson, 2014). Data indicates that around 50 per cent of the children witness their parent divorces and quarrels that may lead to such divorces. These high rates of divorce have direct consequences to the children lives, such as behavior development of even education. Regardless, also parent divorce because they disagree on various issues or one has wrong the other in an acceptable way but the bottom line is that most divorce is messy living the separated spousal each impacted in the different ways. Thus why the topic of determining the causes and consequences of divorce is essential as it can help in coming up with new ideas of how to deal with some of these issues such as reducing the impact on divorce on the children.

Research Questions

ix. What are the various causes of divorces?

x. How does divorce affect preschooler’s children?

xi. How divorces do affects adolescent and influence their social development?

xii. How does divorce impact young adults?

xiii. How does parent living together impact the development of their children?

xiv. How do divorces impact the spousal?

xv. How does divorce impact, other family relatives

xvi. How can the negative impact of divorce be reduced?

Hypothesis

Hypothesis presents are that divorce has direct consequences to both parents and children. In children, it may obscure their socio-economic pursuits as resources relocation may affect their success in socio-economic. More so, divorce impacts on children development and behavior changes. In adults, it may also impact their social lives with feeling such as shock, anger and disappointment and even economic loss due to the whole process of marriage dissolution.

Participants

A sample of 60 participants will be involved, all of who have experienced divorce either as spouses of the children of parents who experienced the divorce of their parent. Of this number, 20 of the participants were adults who were once married to someone before they were involved in a divorce. These participants will be from the age of 32 years and above who will be required to give detailed feedback at their own consent and comfort on the causes and consequences of the divorce. The other group of participant will involve the children who have witnessed their parent divorce in one or more instance in their lives. All participant of this group will be 18 years old although their experience on divorces will be based on how old they were when the divorce occurred from the age of 10 years to the age of 18 years.

The sample recruitment of the children who have experienced divorce will be conducted in the undergraduate from the university. This will involve a description of the research, and its purposes being communicated to the undergraduate classes through the social media platforms of the university and also through leading aloud to undergraduate classes. Those interested in being part of the study and knew things that might be interesting about the divorce would be asked to contact the research through the email or in person.

On the other hand for the adults who have been involved in the divorce, the researcher will rely on referrals and snowballing from friends and family to determine all will participant to give insight on their experience and feel about divorce. This group will involve around 20 participants who will be a former husband or former wives. One the research will gain the contact and name of any person who will be interested in the research for divorce causes and consequences; the researcher will call them to confirm the willingness to participated and also guide them on what will be needed for the process. This will not be random exercise as the for one to participate, they must meet the criteria of ever being involved in a divorce. More so in all the cases, the participants will involve in this research through voluntary means and under-informed consent where everyone is required to be as conformable as they can be during the research.

Generally, the participants will be a mix of both female and males. This may include those who are single after a divorce or even those who are married by having some experience about the whole concept of divorce. On the other hand, the race will not be a factor of consideration as the study will be open to every person of the race as long as they are willing to participate and researchable for the study. More so the research will be conducted within the university locality, and for the parent who has been in divorce, the research will also include the local areas where the participant will act as the sample representative of the whole population on the matter of divorce to determine why the rates are always high and some of the causes of divorce.

Data Collection Methods

The main method to used data collection includes in-depth interviews and focus group discussion, where the participants will give their views on the causes and consequences of divorce.

iii. In-depth interviews

The in-depth interviews will be conducted using guides for the interview with the participants of the study to determine their opinions, perceptions and experiences regarding the causes and consequence of divorce to both children and parent who divorce. The primary participant will be both male and females both over the age of 18 years. Regardless, they will fall under the category of children who experienced their parent divorce or under the category of spousal who have been involved in a divorce in their marriage life.

Key informant includes former husbands, former wives, children of former divorced parents, and even family members of the divorcees. There will also be a group of religious leaders, community leaders, and women organization and any other group that might be researcher such as religious court judges who may have some on the sight of some of the problems existing in the families that may lead to divorce. This category of the group will consist of 20 participants who will give a general knowledge of why the community is experiencing high rates of divorce now and then. Generally they participants will also be classified as a divorcee or remarried for the groups of former husband or wife.

iv. Focus group

The other data collection technique will involve focus group discussion to study the causes and consequences of divorce. The researcher plan to use a group of four to six participant for the study. The group will be categorized either as children of former divorcees or the group of divorcees who altogether will be subjected to focus group on giving detailed insight where each member will share their views in the presence of other members to determine the causes and consequences of divorce. More so, these groups will involve both males and females and will involve two age set from eighteen years to thirty years and from thirty years to fifty years.

Sampling and Recruitment of the Study Participants

For divorcee, snowballing was mainly used for recruitment. The main participants of the study were identified and recruited if willing to help in researching the topic under the study. For the undergraduate who was the main group for the divorcee children, those who show interest by reaching out through the mail recruitment will be based on first come first serve where they first twenty were selected for the study. The other group which can be categorized as a "third party" which included family members or a certain group of the community. Recruitment will be through snowballing for those who will be will, comfortable and have time to engage in the topic under study. This third category will be not the main category under focus, but the researcher is positive will have some willing participants to give their insight of the divorce rate as these people have a deep understanding of the family problems in the society.

Data collection and analysis

The data collected in this research will involve digitally recording the interviews using voice recorders. The researcher will not be alone in these sessions as he or she will have two assistant who will help in technical activities such as recording the interview session, guiding the participant for instance when the research takes a short break and helping in any way possible when the situation arises. All the voices will be translated and transcribed in the English language for this research.

For the data entry, analysis or even editing, the researcher plans to use NVivo software where the researcher will be able to determine the causes and consequences of divorce from the participant group. Generally, during data collection and analysis step, the researcher will also ensure validation, quality assurance and ethical consideration during the study.

After the study is conducted, the researcher will validate the preliminary findings twice, where they will confirm they make an alliance with all the stakeholders. In terms of quality assurance, the research will ensure that the participants were recruited after well-formulated consultation with the research assistants. The researcher will ensure they hold several meetings with the assistance before the study occurs to identify any difficulties and issues may arise so that they can ensure quality data will be collected from the research. There will be the moderation of all interviews, training of the assistants and discussion in the English language.

The researcher also during data collection ensured ethical consideration would be taken into place through various ways such as taken the informed consent of the participants verbally. More so, the participant will be entitled to agree and disagree while the researcher will be interviewing them and also they will have the rights to stop the interview at their own pleasing. More so, the verbal language used will be formal and respectable one where participants will not feel intimidated in any way or unflavored by the topic under study. The other ethical consideration is ensuring that the research will be conducted in a comfortable environment where every participant will be eager and comfortable while sharing their views on the causes and consequences that are associated with divorce.

Limitation

Some of the limitations that are likely to affect the study will include participant availability, sensitive to the study issues and also interference during the interview sessions. The study may be limited to the availability of participants as it may be difficult to recruit participants of the study considering the topic is divorce, and thus some people may not be willing to talk about the past. More so, for the category of divorcee children, this group may not be willing to be open about their experiences in their childhood while the other group of a divorcee and third-party may be willing to participate in the study but unavailable for the study due to time constraints, work and other roles. The study is also likely to be limited by the sensitivity issues when it comes to divorce.

It may be difficult extracting information from the participants regarding their sexual lives, and experiences of domestic violence and other causes that are likely to lead to divorce. Some of their participants may not be willing to be open and share some of these feelings and experiences as some are filled with bitterness, pain and bad memories. This may limit the amount of the data, or the sensitivity of asking some question as the researcher may not for sure know how the participant will react. Lastly, the interview may be limited by interferences now under than when the researcher is interviewing the participant or engaging in the focus group. Interference may result from, instrument damage and other parties such as participants side, for instance, calls, emergencies and any other thing that may halt the process.

Implications of the Study

The topic of divorce can be dated back many years ago and have been associated with negative outcomes both to the children, divorcee, and other parties such as family members. There is a negative impact on either side, such as the experience of poverty and socio-economic failures, among others that are not well known to the society. Understanding these causes of divorce is paramount to understanding our family structure and how people can avoid divorce and if not invertible how to dealing in better ways concerning the consequences of divorce. Generally, scholars, policymakers and professionals always engage on the importance of marriages and the impact the divorce may have. Most of these researchers have pointed to small effects, and most of the people who have not been the victim of divorce may believe they do not have significant consequences. Others have suggested that even if they are small consequences when it happens at a high rate, it may lead to public and social health problems. Regardless, families have a high chance of achievement in a strong environment where there are social, psychological and material resources needed. Thus scholars and policymakers should consider reforms that are comprehensive on reducing the causes and consequences of divorce to the children’s and the parents alike. Thus study on divorce is essential to determine these causes in more depth and consequences which can help in creating better reforms that may deal with the issue of divorce

Conclusion and Recommendations: Divorce.

Introduction

This chapter provides conclusions from the findings based on the objectives and also presents the recommendations made from the findings

Conclusion

The study concludes that preschoolers experience more effects of divorce and this is witnessed signs of distress and behavioral discomfort while both in school and at home. The children face some problems in getting quality sleep during bedtime and at the time do not sleep during the night at all.

While at the school, their performance dwindles as they have problems adjusting to their new environments without one of their parents (Estin, 2017). This research tried to understand the effect that divorce has on adolescents of ages 7- 13 years and it was the conclusion of the study concluded that these children are highly affected to an alarming as their performance in school indicates, their levels of self-esteem that are too low and therefore resulting to antisocial behavior towards their peers and some withdraw when the effect is beyond the stable levels ((Vasudevan, Geetha, Bhaskar, Areekal, Lucas, & Chintha., 2015). It is also observed that some affected adolescents engage in unprotected sexual activities as well as the abuse of drugs due to the effects of the divorce of their father and mother.

This study also concludes that divorce also has affected the young adults of ages 12-26 years shown by the life choices they tend to make.at this age, they try to solve and fix the problems of their parents so that they could have strong, stable relationships and secure families.

Importantly, the study also concludes that these young adults out of the effects of their parents’ divorce have fears of starting and engaging in relationships as they may end up like they saw with their parents and therefore decide to engage in bad behaviors to comfort themselves.

However, there is a positive correlation when parents live together and this has a big impact on the social development of the children who also show some good social life and perform well both in school and their social life outside of school.

The study concludes that mediators could be brought on board, and better and open communication channels can play a critical role in the reduction of the effects of divorce on the social development of children over the period divorce proceedings are ongoing and also after.

Recommendations

The study found out that divorce has a very powerful influence on the development of the children socially at almost all ages and also the choices they make for their lifelike use of drugs and settling to start their own families.

Therefore this study recommends strong and well-structured guidance and counseling to assist the children to understand clearly and adjust properly to avoid adverse effects that come with the divorce of their parents (Haddad, Phillips & Bone. 2016,). The children who exhibit this extreme and adverse negative social behavior need some therapy either at the individual level or in the company of their parents so that they can cope with the changes and mitigate any anti-social behaviors out of the divorce.

The study further recommends that during the divorce proceedings, the welfare of the children should be prioritized since they face adverse effects of their parents’ divorce. Parents should co-parent after divorce in order to ensure that the social development of there is not negatively affected by the divorce process.

References

Anderson, J. (2014). The Impact of Family Structure on the Health of Children: Effects of Divorce. The Linacre Quarterly, 81(4), 378–387. https://doi.org/10.1179/0024363914z.00000000087