800 words summary On Chapter 24 and 25

faragher_ch25_lecture.ppt

Home >History homework help >American history homework help >800 words summary On Chapter 24 and 25

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Out of Many A History of the American People

Seventh Edition

Chapter

World War II

1941-1945

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

World War II
1941-1945

World War II 1941-1945

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt reviews helmeted soldiers standing at attention.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Chapter Focus Questions

What steps did Roosevelt take in the late 1930s to prepare the United States for war?
How did the government marshal the nation’s resources to fight the war?
What major changes occurred in American society as a consequence of wartime mobilization?

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Chapter Focus Questions (cont’d)

What role did women play in the armed forces during World War II?
What were the main elements of the Allied war strategy?
What were the factors behind the decision to deploy the atomic bomb against Japan?

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

North America and Los Alamos

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Los Alamos, New Mexico

The Coming of World War II
The Great Arsenal of Democracy
The Home Front
Men and Women in Uniform
The World at War
The Last Stages of War

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Coming of World War II

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

This photograph shows the explosion of the
USS Shaw

On December 7, 1941, Japanese attack planes devastated the U.S. fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor, on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. This photograph shows the explosion of the USS Shaw, a drydocked destroyer, during the second wave of Japanese attack. The “sneak” attack on Pearl Harbor became a symbol of Japanese treachery and the necessity for U.S. revenge.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Coming of World War II

With war in Europe, FDR had no clear foreign policy plans
Most Americans opposed foreign entanglements.
Yet the U.S. would discover it would have no choice in being pulled into war.
Italy, Germany and Japan

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Roosevelt Readies for War (cont'd)

FDR promoted military preparedness, despite little national support.
1940 FDR reelected with a pledge to keep out of war he knew he would not keep.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Roosevelt Readies for War (cont’d)

German-Soviet invasion of Poland plunged Europe into war.
Germans moved west: take over Denmark, Norway, Belgium and France.
The Nazi pounded Britain
In June 1941 Germany invaded Russia,

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Roosevelt Readies for War (cont’d)

FDR pushed for increased military expenditures.
In August 1941, FDR met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and drafted the Atlantic Charter—a statement of war aims.
The Pacific

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Pearl Harbor

The Japanese threatened to seize Europe’s Asian colonies (Indochina)
FDR cut off trade and placed embargo
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on 12/7/41
The US declared war on Japan
Germany and Italy declared war on the US

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress

On the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress and asked for an immediate declaration of war against Japan. The resolution passed with one dissenting vote, and the United States entered World War II.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Great Arsenal of Democracy

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

A woman is shown riveting the wing of an airplane

Facing a shortage of workers and increased production demands, the War Manpower Commission and the Office of War Information conducted a campaign to recruit women into the labor force. Women were encouraged to “take a job for your husband/son/brother” and to “keep the world safe for your children.” Higher wages also enticed many women to take jobs in factories. In this photograph, a woman is shown riveting the wing of an airplane.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Great Arsenal of Democracy

By time the US enters war, the economy had been re-geared for military purposes.
The Great Depression ended; economic boom pulled the country out of depression.
The government poured an record amount of energy/money into wartime production.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Organizing the War Economy

The industrial capacity of the US was a decisive factor in the war.
Civilian firms were converted to war purposes and American industries were primed for all-out production.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

New Workers

Mexicans, Indians, African Americans, and women in the industrial labor force.
female workers broke down many stereotypes.
The major unions agreed to no-strike
Some illegal strikes did break out, leading to federal antistrike legislation.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

TABLE 25.1

SOURCE: “Work Stoppages Caused by Labor–Management Disputes in 1945,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1946, p. 720; and Martin Glaberman, War Time Strikes (Detroit: Bewick, 1980), p. 36.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Home Front

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Home Front

Battle did not touch the U.S. directly, but the war still affected American society.
Upsurge of patriotism ran deep conflicts on the home front.
Racial and ethnic hostilities often erupted in violence.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Families in Wartime (cont'd)

In what ways does Rockwell’s painting convey ideals related to gender roles during the war?

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Norman Rockwell’s “Rosie, the Riveter”

www.curtispublishing.com

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Internment of Japanese Americans

Doubt of the loyalty of Japanese Americans prompted FDR Executive Order 9066 in February 1942.
More than 112,000 Japanese Americans were removed from their homes in the West to relocation centers.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Young boys waiting in the baggage-inspection line

More than 110,000 Japanese Americans were interned during World War II, some for up to four years. This photograph, taken in May 1942 by Dorothea Lange (1895–1965), the famed photographer of depression-era migrant families, shows young boys waiting in the baggage-inspection line at the Assembly Center in Turlock, California.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

“Double V”: Victory at Home and Abroad

African-American activists launched a “Double V” campaign calling for victory overseas and equal rights at home.
FDR responded to a threatened march on Washington by banning racial discrimination in defense industries.
New civil rights organizations emerged while older ones grew.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

“Double V”: Victory at Home and Abroad (cont’d)

More than 1 million blacks left the South to take jobs in war industries.
They often encountered violent resistance from local whites.
In 1943, riots broke out in Detroit and many other cities.

�

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

“Double V”: Victory at Home and Abroad (cont'd)

The depiction of the contradictions between the principles of liberty and justice, for which Americans were fighting abroad, and the reality of racial prejudice at home.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

This painting is by Horace Pippin

This painting is by Horace Pippin, a self-taught African American artist who began painting as therapy for an injury suffered while serving with the U.S. Army’s 369th Colored Infantry Regiment during World War I. It is one of a series drawn during World War II illustrating the contradiction between the principles of liberty and justice, for which Americans were fighting abroad, and the reality of racial prejudice at home.

SOURCE: Horace Pippin (1888–1946), Mr. Prejudice, 1943. Oil on canvas, 18 ✕ 14 inches. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Matthew T. Moore. Photo by Graydon Wood. 1984–108–1.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Zoot-Suit Riots

Whites’ bitter resentment against Mexican Americans exploded in 1943.
The zoot-suit riots erupted when whites concluded that Mexican youths who wore the flamboyant clothes were unpatriotic.
Yet most Mexican Americans served in the military or worked in war industries.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Popular Culture and the “Good War”

Movies, radio and reading all became more popular during the war.
Southerners migrants brought musical styles and changed popular culture.
Fashion adapted to the war with shorter skirts and nylon stockings.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Men and Women in Uniform

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

New recruits to the Women’s Army Corps (WAC) pick up their clothing

New recruits to the Women’s Army Corps (WAC) pick up their clothing “issue” (allotment). These volunteers served in many capacities, from nursing men in combat to performing clerical and communication duties “stateside” (within the United States). Approximately 140,000 women served in the WACS during World War II.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Men and Women in Uniform

World War II mobilized 16.4 million Americans into the armed forces.
34 percent saw combat
More than 350,000 women served in the war;
1 million African Americans
300,000 Mexicans
25,000 Indians

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Women Enter the Military

Most women stayed in the country and performed clerical or health-related duties. Some flew planes and others went into combat with the troops.
The military closely monitored sexual activity.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Old Practices and New Horizons

African Americans served in the armed forces, encountering segregation.
Army eventually used blacks in combat and organized the Tuskegee Airmen.
Japanese Americans fought heroically in Europe.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Old Practices and New Horizons (cont'd)

Many racial or ethnic minorities, gays also served finding that their experience made them feel more included in American society.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Kirk operating a portable radio unit in a jungle clearing near the front lines

The U.S. Marines recruited more than 400 Navajos to serve as code talkers by communicating in their own language. Deployed mainly to the Pacific Theater, they used radio and telegraph to transmit quickly vital information about battlefield activities, including troop movements. This photograph, taken in December 1943, shows Corporal Henry Bake, Jr., and Private First Class George H. Kirk operating a portable radio unit in a jungle clearing near the front lines.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Medical Corps

New medicines and blood transfusions saved many who would have died in earlier wars.
Battle fatigue also was a problem, forcing the Army to adopt a troop rotation system.
Nursing emerged as a military specialty
The true heroes of the battlefront were the medics attached to each infantry battalion.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The World at War

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Bombers launched a devastating attack on Dresden The city was left in ruins.

As part of the air war on Germany, Allied bombers launched a devastating attack on Dresden, a major economic center, in February 1945. Of the civilians who died, most from burns or smoke inhalation during the firestorm, a large number were women and children, refugees from the eastern front. The city was left in ruins.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The World at War (cont’d)

Through 1942, Hitler’s forces controlled Europe, pounding England and driving deep into Russia and across northern Africa to take the Suez Canal.
In the Pacific, Japanese planes struck the main U.S. base in the Philippines.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The World at War (cont’d)

Roosevelt called the news “all bad,” and his military advisers predicted a long fight to victory.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

MAP 25.1 The War in Europe

The Allies remained on the defensive during the first years of the war, but by 1943 the British and Americans, with an almost endless supply of resources, had turned the tide.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Soviets Halt Nazi Drive

The burden of fighting the Nazis fell to the Soviets who blocked the German advance on Moscow.
The Soviets broke the siege of Stalingrad in February 1943 and began to push the Germans back.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Soviets Halt Nazi Drive (cont'd)

New weapons—automatic weapons, tanks, artillery and aircraft—made war deadlier but better communications improved command.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Planning and Initiating the Allied Offensive

1942: German and Japanese momentum faded
Soviets appealed for the Allies to open up a “second front” in western Europe.
Churchill and FDR in Casablanca
unconditional German surrender

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Planning and Initiating the Allied Offensive (cont’d)

US and British planes bombed German cities
Allied invasion forced Italy out of the war, though German troops stalled Allied advances.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Allied Invasion of Europe

Under Eisenhower’s command, more than a million men landed in Normandy on June 6 and after.
Paris was taken on August 25, 1944. France and other occupied countries recovered as Allied units overran the Germans.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Troop ships ferried Allied soldiers from England to Normandy beaches

D-Day landing, June 6, 1944, marked the greatest amphibious maneuver in military history. Troop ships ferried Allied soldiers from England to Normandy beaches. Within a month, nearly 1 million men had assembled in France, ready to retake western and central Europe from German forces.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The High Cost of European Victory

After Christmas Day 1944, the Germans retreated back into their own territory.
In March 1945 an intact bridge across the Rhine gave the Allies a route into the heart of Germany.
In the East, the Soviets drove through Poland and besieged Berlin by April.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

MAP 25.2 War in the Pacific

Across an ocean battlefield utterly unlike the European Theater, Allies battled Japanese troops near their homeland.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The War in Asia and the Pacific

Japanese hindered by June 1942 in Pacific.
US Victories in the Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa enabled the Allies to bomb Japanese cities.
Britain and the United States pressed for rapid surrender to prevent the Soviets from taking any Japanese-held territories.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Last Stages of War

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Belsen Camp: The Compound for Women, painted by American artist Leslie Cole

Belsen Camp: The Compound for Women, painted by American artist Leslie Cole, depicts Belsen as the Allied troops found it when they invaded Germany in 1945.

SOURCE: Leslie Cole, Belsen Camp: The Compound for Women. Imperial War Museum, London.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Last Stages of War

Until mid-1943, Roosevelt had focused on military strategy rather than on plans for peace. With the defeat of Germany in sight, diplomatic objectives moved to the forefront.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Last Stages of War (cont’d)

Roosevelt wanted both to crush the Axis powers and to establish a system of collective security to prevent another world war. He knew he could not succeed without the cooperation of the other key leaders, Stalin and Churchill.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Last Stages of War (cont’d)

During 1944 and 1945, the “Big Three” met to hammer out the shape of the postwar world, not realizing how quickly the Grand Alliance would fall apart in the face of these issues.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Holocaust

The horror of the Nazi’s systematic extermination of Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and other “inferior” races was slow to enter American consciousness.
Although Jewish refugees pleaded for a military strike to stop the killings, the War Department vetoed any such plans.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Holocaust (cont'd)

Only after death camps were liberated in April 1945 did Americans learn of the extent of Nazi crimes.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Yalta Conference

In 1944 FDR was reelected to a 4th term. Exhausted and ill, he still kept VP Truman uninformed.
Churchill, Stalin and FDR attempted to hammer out the shape of the postwar world.
The ideals of the Atlantic Charter fell before Soviet and British demands for spheres of influence.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Yalta Conference (cont'd)

FDR continued to hold on to his idealism, but his death in April cast a shadow over hopes for peaceful solutions to global problems.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Atomic Bomb

The new president, Harry S. Truman, had little leadership experience and lacked FDR’s finesse, but planned a get-tough policy with the Soviet Union.
Informed of a successful test, Truman decided to use nuclear weapons against the Japanese.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Atomic Bomb (cont’d)

Hiroshima was destroyed on August 6 and Nagasaki on August 9, forcing Japan to surrender on August 14.
Truman claimed the use of the bomb would substantially shorten the war and save American lives.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The Atomic Bomb (cont'd)

Truman and his advisors also believed atomic weapons would give them leverage against the Soviets, who did not yet have the bomb.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Conclusion

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Conclusion

World War II was made deadlier than earlier wars by new weapons and tactics, leading to massive military and civilian deaths.
Although America suffered about a million casualties, by comparison with Soviet losses and a worldwide toll of 40 to 50 million, the U.S. came out of the war relatively unscathed.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Conclusion (cont’d)

The war mobilized almost all Americans, reinforced federal government power, and forced the U.S. into world leadership.
With peace and prosperity after the war, Americans looked forward with confidence and optimism into what would prove to be an uncertain future.

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

Chronology

Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage

The World at War (cont’d)

Despite Axis success, the Allies enjoyed several important advantages: vast natural resources and a skilled workforce with sufficient reserves to accelerate the production of weapons and ammunitions; the determination of millions of antifascists throughout Europe and Asia; and the capacity of the Soviet Union to endure immense losses.