SPSS Assignment

Data Analysis Report Assignment

Objective: The purpose of this assignment is to conduct statistical analysis to test hypotheses (associations or relationships between variables) and report your findings. This is a group project (3 to 4 students). Your instructor will assign your group a case study with SPSS data. Read the case to get familiarized with the research problem and research questions/objectives. Take notes on the details of the case to help you make inferences, and state clear statistical hypotheses. You will then test these hypotheses, and analyze your data set using SPSS. Your data analysis report MUST be formatted using APA 6th ed. Please refer to the following https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/19/ for a detailed description of APA 6th ed formatting of tables, graphs, and figures. Before you begin, you will need to clean up your SPSS data, code all variables, and select the appropriate level of measurement of the variables according to your case study information.

Data Analysis

1. Descriptive Statistics of Demographic variables Describe the demographic composition of your respondents. In addition, use tables and graphs to illustrate the structure of your sample. That is, frequency distributions for the demographic variables, tables and graphical representations of such distributions. You can use pies or bar charts, illustrate using percentages. Example The respondents form our sample were 55% males, and 45% females. The average income was about $50,000 dollars a year. 43% were highly educated. That is, 20% reported to have a Ph.D., and 23% a master’s degree or higher. 41% achieved only high school degrees… etc.

Table 1: Proportion of males vs. females of the sample

Males 55% Females 45% Total 100%

Graph 1: Demographic composition, Gender

0%

50%

100%

Males Females

Gender

2.1 Proposition of Hypotheses You will state both the null (H0) and the working (H1) hypothesis, in each case. Make sure to use the appropriate wording in your hypotheses. If you are testing an association between two variables, the wording in your hypothesis is different than if you are testing for cause and effect, or differences, etc. Also, the type of statistics you can use to test a hypothesis will be determined by the level of measurement (categorical, or continuous variables) of the variables implicated in the hypothesis. There is a multiplicity of statistical tests, i.e., differences, relationships, correlations, or predictions of dependency… that can be used to test hypotheses. For example:

Hypothesis 1 (Q4 Categorical; and Q8 Categorical – Chi Square Analysis): H0: “We do not expect to find an association between gender (question 4) and level of education (Question 8)” H1: We expect that there is an association between gender and level of education”

Hypothesis 2 (Q4 Categorical; and Q 5 Scale – Independent Samples t-test): H0: We do not expect to find differences in the distribution of cholesterol levels (Question 5) between males and females (Question 4)” H1: We expect to find differences in the distribution of cholesterol levels between males and females” Hypothesis 3: ...etc … Each member of the group needs to test and report at least 2 hypotheses. That is if you are a group of 4 your minimum total number of hypotheses is 8. Make sure to include the question numbers, and measurement levels, in each of the hypotheses. The entire report needs to cover at least one of each of the following statistics: 1 Crosstab (contingency tables) for categorical vs. categorical. 1 T-test for categorical vs. scale 1 ANOVA for categorical vs. scale. 1 Correlation for scale vs. scale. 1 Bivariate Regression (Y=b0+b1X+e) for scale vs. scale. 1 Multiple regressions (Y=b0+biXi+ei) 2.2. Testing, and Analysis of Hypotheses. Interpretation of key findings, conclusions and recommendations You will report key indicators of the statistics used to test the hypotheses, i.e., t, r, F, p, etc. Both accepting or rejecting a null hypothesis have business implications. For example, if you are trying to prove that the current advertising campaign is still effective, you will benefit from the acceptance of the null hypothesis (keeping the Status Quo). This means that your current advertisement remains effective, and you do not need additional investments to promote your product, or brand.

• Explain why you chosen to use certain statistical analysis to test each of your hypotheses. Walk the reader indicating step by step how did you conduct each analysis.

• Report all significant findings, and key statistics (t, r, r2, F, α…) from your SPSS outputs.

• Include clean tables, and graphs in each analysis (Clean tables are not raw SPSS outputs. You need to format these tables according to APA 6th Ed.).

• Explain why you accept or reject the null hypothesis. This section contains the inferences derived from the research results, and states the feasible or practical recommendations that can be used by the decision-maker (business). Using each hypothesis as a subtitle. Explain your overall conclusion and relate it to your findings. Use a descriptive approach instead of speculation. Limit your argument to what you found from your data analysis, and why your findings are relevant for the business case. In other words, explain how these findings inform the research problem/objectives/questions. Note on findings: You need to tell the story of what do the findings entail, and what are the business implications. Therefore, it is important to include important statistics in each analysis, tables, graphs, charts, etc. For example, if you have the following contingency table, and graph, you will report your findings by summarizing the key indicators:

*P < 0.05

For example, in the table, we can appreciate that although 52.4 percent of the males are heavy users, only 20.8 percent of females are heavy users. This seems to indicate that compared to females, males are more likely to be heavy users of Nike shoes. The

0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00%

Light Users Medium Users Heavy Users

58.40%

20.80% 20.80%23.80% 23.80%

52.40%

TABLE 16.4: Usage of Nike Shoe by Gender

Males Females

recommendation to management might be to promote more heavily to women to increase their usage rate or to promote more heavily to men to prevent brand loyalty erosion, etc. You will need to report the significance level, at a p value of 0.05 below the table/graph/figure. Each statistical analysis merits and explanation, a table, and a graph or figure. Make sure you interpret the results of the SPSS outputs, and mention what they do indicate in terms of business research.

Note: You need to use Excel to construct appropriate clean tables, and graphs (SPSS outputs are raw data, and are not acceptable in the body of the report. However, you need to include them in the appendix). Select the main results you wish to highlight, and display them in an appropriately edited graph, figure, or table. Tables, figures, and charts need titles; and should be associated with the hypothesis under analysis.

Appendix

Here, you will include your SPSS raw outputs by hypothesis. Use each hypothesis as a title for each appendix. Appendix A Hypothesis 1: We expect that there is an association between gender and level of education…” Appendix B Hypothesis 2: …….

Stylistic Elements

Professional Writing: First person is appropriate though not required. Avoid gender/cultural/etc - stereotyped forms. Present material in an unbiased and unemotional (for example, no feelings about things), but not necessarily uninteresting, fashion. Parallel Construction: Keep tense parallel within and between sentences (as appropriate). Sentence Structure: Use correct sentence structure and punctuation. Avoid incomplete and run-on sentences. Spelling and Word Usage: Make sure that spelling and word usage are appropriate. Correctly capitalize and abbreviate words. General Style: Ensure that the document is neatly produced and reads well. The format for the document has been correctly followed. Document Format: “This Report Paper” must conform to APA 6th edition guidelines. Note: All Assignments in this course are checked for originality with Turnitin!!!