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FA18_KNH125_11.Addiction.Drug.Abuse.pptxAddiction & Drug Abuse
Lecture 11
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Overview
Part 1 of 2
Be able to differentiate Addiction vs. Habit when given an example.
Know what is meant by Behavioral Addiction, Substance Addiction, Psychological Dependence, and Physiological Dependence.
Part 2 of 2
Know what is meant by Drug Abuse, Drug Misuse, Prescription Drug, and OTC Drug.
Know details (facts and misconceptions) about Marijuana
Know what is meant by “relapse,” and why it is important in addiction treatment/recovery.
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Introduction
Addiction is a persistent & compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance, despite ongoing negative consequences.
Psychological dependence is the dependency of the mind on a substance or behavior; Can lead to psychological withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, irritability, or cravings.
Physiological dependence results in tolerance & withdrawal
Addiction is recognized as a form of mental disorder by the APA
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Introduction
Two types of addictions:
Behavior / Process Addictions (e.g., gambling, shopping, eating, and sex)
Substance Addictions (e.g., alcoholism, drug abuse, and smoking)
Don’t confuse two types of addictions with two forms of dependence (psychological & physiological)
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What Happens to Addicts?
Dependence may be psychological and/or physiological
Often see…
Compulsion
Loss of control + tolerance
Negative consequences
Denial
Withdrawl
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Why Care about Addiction? (micro)
Is addiction just a “bad” habit? (NO, not really)
Addiction involves elements of habit, a repeated behavior in which the repetition may be unconscious.
But, not all habits are addiction
Habits can be broken.
Addiction involves repetition of a behavior that occurs with compulsion, and considerable discomfort occurs if the behavior is not performed (withdrawl)
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Why Care about Addiction? (micro)
Effect on (of effect of) Family/Friends
Codependents
Enablers
Knowingly or unknowingly protect addicts from the consequences of their behavior
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Why Care about Addiction? (macro)
In the U.S… (according to the Surgeon General’s Report)
48 million people use illegal drugs or abuse prescription drugs
28 million people drive under the influence of drugs or alcohol
21 million people suffer from addiction
8 million people need treatment for drug addiction
Less than 10% of addicts receive proper treatment
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Behavioral Addiction: Types
Gambling Addiction
Characteristic behaviors include preoccupation with gambling, unsuccessful efforts to quit, and lying to conceal the extent of one’s involvement.
Affects more than two million Americans.
Only behavioral addiction recognized by DSM-V.
Can happen to college students too
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Behavioral Addiction: Types
Technology / Internet Addictions
Exercise Addiction
Work Addiction
Shopping Addiction
Sexual Addiction
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Substance Addiction: Background
Various routes of drug administration
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Substance Addiction: Background
Drug misuse vs. abuse
Drug misuse: using a drug for a purpose for which it was not intended
Drug abuse: excessive use of any drug.
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Substance Addiction: Background
Prescription vs. OTC drugs
Prescription drugs: Only available via a licensed healthcare practitioner; Not readily available
Over-the-Counter (“OTC”) Drugs: Can be purchased without a prescription; Many times, safer and as effective as prescribed drugs
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Substance Addiction: Background
Legal vs. illegal/controlled substance? (DEA)
Federal law vs. state/local law?
Legal infraction vs. misdemeanor vs. felony?
Total prohibition vs. allowing use vs. possession vs. sale vs. transportation vs. cultivation of substance?
De-regulation vs. de-criminalization? (admin efficiency?)
Legalization vs. de-criminalization? (impunity?)
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Substance Abuse/Addiction: Types
Legal Drugs
Can be legally bought and sold in the marketplace
Includes drugs that can be closely regulated, likely regulated, and not regulated at all
Controlled Substances and Illicit Drugs
Those regulated by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970
Cannot be cultivated, manufactured, bought, sold, or used within the confines of the law
Schedule I – high potential for abuse; no accepted medical uses
Schedules II-V – have medical uses; scheduled based on potential for risk of dependence or abuse
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) responsible for enforcing Controlled Substances Act
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Substance Abuse/Addiction: Types
Legal Drugs
Can be legally bought and sold in the marketplace
Includes drugs that can be closely regulated, likely regulated, and not regulated at all
Controlled Substances and Illicit Drugs
Those regulated by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970
Cannot be cultivated, manufactured, bought, sold, or used within the confines of the law
Schedule I – high potential for abuse; no accepted medical uses
Schedules II-V – have medical uses; scheduled based on potential for risk of dependence or abuse
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) responsible for enforcing Controlled Substances Act
Alcohol, nicotine, nonprescription (OTC) drugs, prescription drugs
Marijuana, narcotics, cocaine and crack cocaine, hallucinogens, stimulants, depressants, club drugs and designer drugs, anabolic drugs, inhalants
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Substance Abuse: Legal Drugs
Alcohol & Nicotine Products
Some of most commonly used & abused substance
Presented in Lecture 12
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Substance Abuse: Legal Drugs
Prescription Drugs
Regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Subject to misuse and abuse
Opioid pain relievers
Risk of dependence and unintentional overdose
Development of drug-resistant strains of pathogens
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Substance Abuse: Legal Drugs
Over-the-Counter Drugs (OTCs)
Most only provide symptomatic relief, not a cure
Regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Subject to misuse and abuse
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Substance Abuse: Illegal Drugs
Marijuana
Products derived from hemp plant (active ingredient = THC)
Most abused illicit drug in the U.S.
Legal status varies by State; Not legal at federal level
Polydrug use common
Not a safer alternative to cigarette/tobacco
Acute effects – reduced concentration, slowed reaction time, impaired short-term memory, impaired judgment
Chronic effects – damage to the respiratory system (if smoked), amotivational syndrome
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Substance Abuse: Illegal Drugs
Opioids (syn. = opiates; narcotics)
Opium and its derivatives, morphine and heroin, come from an oriental poppy plant
Numb the senses and reduce pain
High potential for abuse; recently declared a “national public health emergency” (not all are necessarily illegal)
Opium poppies do not grow in U.S.; drug trafficking problems
Heroin addiction leads to significant community health problems
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Substance Abuse: Illegal Drugs
Depressants
Slow down the central nervous system
May lower anxiety and inhibitions
Tolerance develops; Strong physical dependence
Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
(again, not all depressants are illegal)
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Substance Abuse: Illegal Drugs
Stimulants
Increase the activity of the central nervous system
Includes caffeine (legal)
Amphetamines
Schedule II prescription drugs; widely abused
Methamphetamines often made in secret labs
Total of all secret lab incidents involving methamphetamine
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Substance Abuse: Illegal Drugs
Inhalants
Collection of psychoactive breathable chemicals
Paint solvents, motor fuels, glues, aerosol sprays, cleaners (e.g., “liquid gold”)
Easy availability + Low cost
Often drug choice of younger population
Acute and chronic effects
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Prevention/Control of Drug Abuse
Primary prevention aimed at those who have never used drugs (DARE)
Secondary prevention aimed at those who have used, but are not chronic abusers (students)
Tertiary prevention aimed at drug abuse treatment and aftercare, including relapse prevention (AA?)
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Prevention/Control of Drug Abuse
Goals of prevention is to…
Reduce demand for drugs
Education
Treatment
Reduce supply and availability of drugs
Public policy
Law enforcement
NOT EASY!
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Treatment/Recovery
Treatment/recovery is a lifelong process
Recognition of problem first step to before treatment
Persistence is key
Expect relapse
Relapse: an isolated occurrence of or full return to addictive behavior is a defining characteristic of addiction.
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Take-Home Points
Addiction is a serious problem with physiological and psychological consequences
Individuals affected by addiction go through several stages, with external and internal characteristics
Abuse and addiction come in various forms, including use of illicit drugs, prescription medication, uncontrolled behavior, etc.
Substance abuse has acute and chronic effect on person’s physical and mental health
Common drug abuse involves stimulants, marijuana, depressants, hallucinogens, inhalants, etc.
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