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Explanation of Lift Generation

You write a technical paper including figures and equations to explain how lift is generated from airfoil and wing. You can read the following reference papers, and explain the underlying physics of flight based on your own language and insights.

There are three cases of references: popular science, more technical and very technical papers. You can follow the style and format of the popular science papers listed below. The length of your paper is 4 pages or more in Word document with single space. For students who are interested in more technical details, you can read more technical papers and give in-depth review.

References:

Popular science papers:

K. Weltner, A comparison of explanations of the aerodynamic lifting force. Am. J. Phys. 55, 50 (1987); (file name: A comparison of explanations of the aerodynamic lifting force)

C. N. Eastlake, An aerodynamicist's view of Lift, Bernoulli, and Newton.

The Physics Teacher 40, 166 (2002); (file name: aerodynamicist's_view_of_lift)

R. P. Bauman and R. Schwaneberg. Interpretation of Bernoulli’s equation. The Physics Teacher 32, 478 (1994); (file name: interpretation_of_Bernoulli's_equation)

J. H. McMasters, The Flight of the Bumblebee and Related Myths of Entomological Engineering: Bees help bridge the gap between science and engineering. American Scientist, Vol. 77, No. 2 (March-April 1989), pp. 164-169 (file name: bumblebee flight)

More technical papers:

T. Liu and J-Z Wu, Physical Origin of Lift (unpublished) (file name: Lift_AmJPhys_Liu_Wu_new_v1a)

T. Liu and J-Z Wu, The Origin of Lift --- A Physical Explanation. (unpublished) (file name: Lift_JAeroEng_submitted)

Very technical papers:

J. Z. Wu, L. Q. Liu, and T. Liu, “Fundamental theories of aerodynamic force in viscous and compressible complex flows,” Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 99, pp. 27-63 (2018).

T. Liu, S. Wang, and G. He, “Explicit role of viscosity in generating lift,” AIAA Journal, 55(11), pp. 3990-3994, July, (2017).

J. Zhu, T. Liu, L. Liu, S. Zou, and J-Z Wu “Causal mechanism in airfoil-circulation formation,” Physics of Fluids, 27(12):123601 (2015).

S. Wang, X. Zhang, G. He and T. Liu, “Lift enhancement by bats’ dynamically changing wingspan,” J. of Royal Society: Interface, 12, 20150823 (2015).

T. Liu, S. Wang, X. Zhang & G. He, “Unsteady thin airfoil theory revisited: application of a simple lift formula,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 1493-1502 (2015).

S. Wang, G. He, X. Zhang and T. Liu, “Evaluation of lift formulas applied to low Reynolds number flows,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 161-175 (2015).

S. Wang, G. He, X. Zhang and T. Liu, “Numerical simulation of unsteady flow over a slow-flying bat,” Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters, Vol. 5, pp. 5-8 (2015).

S. Wang, G. He, X. Zhang and T. Liu, “Lift enhancement by dynamically changing wingspan in forward flapping flight,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 26, p. 061903 (2014).

S. Wang, X. Zhang, G. He, and T. Liu, “A lift formula applied to low-Reynolds-number unsteady flows,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 25, p. 093605 (2013).

T. Liu, J. Montefort, W. Liou, S. R. Pantula, and Q. Shams “Lift enhancement by static extended trailing edge,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp. 1939-1947 (2007).

T. Liu and J. Montefort, “Thin-airfoil-theoretical interpretation for Gurney flap lift enhancement,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 667-671 (2007).

T. Liu, “Weight criterion on flow control in level flight,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 348-351 (2007).

T. Liu, “Time-area-averaged momentum stream tube model for flapping flight”, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 459-466 (2007).

T. Liu, “Comparative scaling of flapping- and fixed-wing flyers”, AIAA Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 24-33 (2006).

T. Liu, K. Kuykendoll, R. Rhew and S. Jones, “Avian wing geometry and kinematics”, AIAA Journal, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 954-963 (2006).