MA

Phases of a Baseball pitch, Wind up. Movement Analysis Elvis Garcia OTA-102/103 The Praxis Institute. Hialeah Campus

Professor: Claudia Larenas-Michalak

03/31/2021

Occupational Therapy Theoretical Perspectives

A framework of practice organizes the principles for training based on the philosophical basis of the discipline. Occupational therapy models of treatment promote this by assisting OT clinicians in coordinating their thoughts around occupation as the profession's core unifying function (Hinojosa, Kramer & Royeen, 2017). A code of practice for clinicians provides practice terminology, an overall understanding of the discipline, assessment methods, and a guide for action. Therapists who follow up with existing literature and treatment models will access a wealth of knowledge, allowing them to better interpret action and practice for the patient's advantage. The body of information in the profession's domain of interest is used to provide frames of reference. A frame of reference outlines the client's transition mechanism and the guidelines for shifting a client from disorder to operation along a continuum. 

The occupational therapist uses multiple reference points at once or sequentially over time, focusing on the intervention practices' center. A definition of the population, change theory, structure and disorder, concepts of action, practitioner position, and assessment instruments is included in the reference frame (Hinojosa, Kramer & Royeen, 2017). An occupational therapist specialist will work out the right way to interfere to serve the client by following a practice model. An occupational therapist should use a point of reference to help the person change in a meaningful way. An OT specialist has the frame of reference to determine what resources to use to support clients, and they should use the model of procedures to know what methodology to use. The resources and interventions go together with that methodology. When it comes to evaluating and intervening for customers, the two practices are used interchangeably.

 

Kinesiology and its Significance for Occupational Therapy

The meaning of the terms in their most simple sense loosely translates to the study and analysis of human movement. Kinesiology is often thought of as the science of muscle research. Understanding and analyzing human movement begins with interpreting human activity accurately . Kinematics is a mathematical term that defines an object's displacement, speed, and acceleration. Kinetics helps one to assess external forces on the body and forces produced within the body. The collection of kinematic data can be done in a variety of ways. Potentiometers, goniometers, electromagnetic detection, and camera systems are only a few examples. A kinesiologist follows various sluggish reactions to the body's corresponding areas to identify the stressor causing the disruption . A kinesiologist is required in occupational therapy to help in identifying the constraints of professionals. Chiropractic therapy, acupuncture, and other holistic medicine methodologies are used to fix, realign, or place the stressor after being determined to interrupt professionals in their work.

Upper Extremity

The picture to analyze is a baseball player performing the subphases of the preparation of a baseball pitch (wind up). The rotator cuff is integral to a good pitch. It consists of four different muscles: the subscapularis, the infraspinatus, the supraspinatus, and the terror minor. A rotator cuff's core function is to provide rotation force and stabilize the humerus at the glenohumeral joint. The subscapularis is the most significant muscle in the rotator innervated by two subscapular nerves originating in the brachial nerve plexus. The terror minor provides 40 % of the external rotation force and aids in concavity production. It originates from the dorsal area and is served as separate nerve branches from the auxiliary nerve.

The rotator cuff is located on the Glenohumeral joint together with the humerus and scapula. The glenohumeral has a ball socket shape with multiple anatomical joints such as acromioclavicular joint, sternoclavicular joint, and glenohumeral joint. The head acts as the humerus, while the scapula acts as the socket convex on concave. Glenohumeral joint movements are facilitated by scapulohumeral muscles, which then attach to the humerus. The glenohumeral nerves arise from the brachial plexus and include the suprascapular nerve and lateral pectoral nerve.

Another vital organ in baseball pitching is the elbow. It comprises three conjoined bones: ulna, radius, and humerus accompanied by 6 degrees valgus joint on the frontal plane. The elbow is made up of four joints responsible for flexion and extension. It has four groups of muscles, namely flexors, flexor pronators, extensors, and extensor supinators. The ulnar collateral ligaments are one of the elbow's ligaments that connects the upper arm to the two bones. The elbow is supplied with four nerve routes, namely ulnar, radial—median and musculocutaneous nerves.

Lower Extremity

Another critical body organ in baseball is the hip joint that experiences flexion and rotation force during pitching; the acetabulofemoral consists of an articulation between the head of a femur and the pelvis's acetabulum . The acetabulum resembles a cup-like depression and plays a crucial role in hip joint stability. The acetabular labrum is fibrocartilaginous with unique anatomical structures. The hip joint comprises two ligaments, namely intra capsular and extracapsular, that increase joint stability. The iliotibial band is a thicked layer of fascia lata that originates from the pelvis and crosses over to the Gerd's tubercle on the tibia. It comprises several bony attachments e,g anterior pelvis, the greater trochanter, femur and femoral attachments.

 

.  Another essential joint is the ankle joint located in the lower limb. The lower limb consists of 26 bones that join each other to form a metatarsus arch divided into two supportive angles, lateral and medial . The talocrural joint is formed by bones of the leg (tibia and fibula) and the foot (talus). The lower ankle joint is formed between the calcaneus and talus connected with solid ligaments. Baseball players need to have substantial health ligaments to jump and run effectively . Examples of ligaments in the ankle include a deltoid whose main job is to strengthen the ankle joint. Muscles of the Ankle cause the ankle's movement and have the anterior, posterior, and lateral muscles . Another critical organ is the wrist that bridges the hand to the forearm. It is made up of several bones, such as five metacarpal bones and eight carpal bones. The radiocarpal joint transition between the forearm and hand. It is made up of four ligaments, namely dorsal radiocarpal, ulnar collateral, and radial collateral.

Summary of all muscles and movements performs by this baseball player (: a)

Movement

Neck rotation. Left shoulder is doing medial rotation. Right elbow is doing flexion. Right wrist is doing extension.

At the hip is extension and the left knee is doing flexion. In the right the hip is lateral rotation and the knee is extended. Also, the right ankle is doing plantar flexion.

Muscles in action and innervation

Upper Extremity:

Subscapularis- upper and lower subscapular nerve C-5 C-6

Infraspinatus- subscapular nerve C-5 C-6

Supraspinatus- subrascapular nerve C-5 C6

Teres Minor- Axillary nerve C5 C6

Anterior deltoid - axillary nerve (C5, C6)

Pectoralis major - lateral pectoral nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)

Trapezius -cranial nerve XI (C3, C4) (sensory)

Serratus anterior –long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7)

Brachialis –musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)

Brachioradialis-radial nerve (C5, C6)

Supinator –radial nerve (C6)

Palmaris longus –median nerve (C6, C7)

Flexor carpiradialis –median nerve (C6, C7)

Neck:

Splenius Capitis- Middle and lower cervical nerve

Splenius Cervicis- Middle and lower cervical nerve

Lower extremity

Hip

-Gluteus maximus -inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

-Semitendinosus -sciatic-tibial division nerve (L5, S1, S2)

-Semimembranosus -sciatic-tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)

-Biceps femoris -sciatic-tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Knee

-Popliteus -tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)

-Gastrocnemius muscle -tibial nerve (S1, S2)

Ankle

-Gastrocnemius -tibial nerve (S1, S2)

-Soleus -tibial nerve (S1, S2)

-Plantaris -tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)

-Flexor hallucis longus -tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)

-Flexor digitorum longus -tibial nerve (L5, S1).

Conclusion

Kinesiology and Occupational Therapy work hand in hand to expedite patient's recovery journey. The dynamic duo seeks to cure the dilemma and find out its solutions (Newell, 2017). Knowledge in kinesiology is fundamental in the assessment of patients. More occupational therapists are needed with kinesiology expertise because many professionals experience constraints in their occupations. However, be prepared to put in extra effort in training about kinesiology and actual practice

 

References

Lippert, L. (2017). Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy (Sixth ed.). FA Davis Company.

Kadi, R., Milants, A., & Shahabpour, M. (2017). Shoulder anatomy and normal variants. Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology, 101(Suppl 2).

Newell, K. M. (2017). Reflections on kinesiology: Persistent issues and contemporary challenges. Kinesiology Review, 6(2), 211-216.