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First question: Mention number of the names of the Greek temples choose one of them and provide a historical and architectural explanation about it?

Greek Temples

o Temple of Artemis:

- It was built in 550 BCE by Coresus

- It is located in the western coast of Asia Minor, Modern Turkey

- The temple was rebuilt after being burned in 356 BCE

- The temple is built in the ionic order

o Temple of Olympian Zesus:

- It was built in 174 BCE by the Greeks and it was completed by roman emperor Hadrian in 131 CE

- It is located in the south east of Athens’ Acropolis

- The temple is built in the Corinthian order

- It was one of the largest temples was built in ancient world

o Temple of Aphaia:

- It was built in 480 BC over the ruins of another temple was built in 570 BC

- It is located in the island of Aegina, Greece

- The temple is built from limestone

- The temple is built in the Doric order

o Old temple of Athena:

- It was built between 421 and 406 BCE

- It is located in the north side of Athens’ Acropolis

- The temple is built in the ionic order

- The temple is built out of limestone and marble

o Pathenon:

- It was built in the mid 5th century BC

- It is located in Athens, Greece

- The temple dominates the top of the hill acropolis in Athens

- It was built by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates

- The time that it was built was the time that the Doric order was mostly used in architecture.

- The temple is built in the Doric order

o Temple of Olympian Zesus:

- It is located in the south east of athens’ acropolis

- It was built in 174 BCE by the Greeks and it was completed by roman emperor Hadrian in 131 CE

- The temple was built in an open space of 250 x 130 m

- The temple formed the chief ornament of the new eastern suburb of Athens

- This temple also known as the olympieum

- The temple is designed by architects Antistates, Callaeschrus, Antimachides and Porinus

- The temple is built in the Corinthian order

- It was the biggest of all temples

- Initially it was built using one stone then it was replaced by high quality pentelic marble

- 15 out of all the temples columns are still standing today

Research information about the domus and Insulae that built in the Roman Architecture Style, write about the architecture design, architecture documents, construction, structure, materials, life style, and any other information you find?

o Domus:

- Domus means a structure designed for an extended family and is located in a city or town

- The architectural style of a Domus remained in roman architecture for a long time

- Domus’ were a private family residence of modest to palatial proportions, mostly found in Ancient Rome and Pompeii

- Domus is known for a place where wealthy people live

- The main room of the domus was known as the atrium

- The atrium was the main room in the public part of the house, and it’s divided into deferent spaces for conversation and relaxation

- The atrium can be reached from the street through the prothyrum, it’s an entrance passage way

- It is the main space of the entire house plan

- It was the room in the house which the owner dedicated the majority of spending in order to make sure the decorations or as lavish as possible

- It is a square/rectangular structed area

- The concept of the atrium was derived from Etruscan domestic architecture, in which the atrium comprised the entire dwelling

- There are different arrangements to the atrium, the Tuscan atrium (atrium Tuscanicum), the tetrastyle atrium (atrium tetrastylum), and the Corinthian atrium (atrium Corinthium)

- The Tuscan style lacks columns, necessitating the use of rafters to withstand the weight of the ceiling. Whereas both the Tetrastyle and the Corinthian had columns in the center; the Corinthian atria generally had more columns, which were also taller.

- All three styles of these have a central aperture in the roof

- (compluvium) and a pool set in the floor to fit. The compluvium permitted light, fresh air, and rain into the atrium, while the impluvium captured any rainwater and channeled it to an underground cistern. After that, the water could be used for household propose

Tuscan atrium Corinthian atrium

- The more private portion of the house was mostly based around an open-air courtyard known as the peristyle outside the atrium and tablinum

- The peristyle's central section will be open to the sky and could house a decorative garden, fountains, artwork, or a working kitchen garden

- The peristyle's scale and layout varies greatly depending on the size of the house

- Functional rooms such as the kitchen, bedrooms, slave quarters, latrines and baths in some cases, and the all-important dining room will all interact with the peristyle

- The triclinium will be the place for lavish dinner parties attended by invited guests. Entertainment, debate, and philosophical dialogues. And it’s featured far more than just drinking and eating

- Wall paintings and portable artworks were often used to decorate the triclinium

o Insulae :

- In latin language it means island

- In architecture it means block of grouped but separate buildings or a single structure in ancient Rome and Ostia

- The insulae were mainly tenements that offered economically viable housing in areas where land prices were high and population density was dense

- It is mostly occupied by Roman civilians from the lower and middle classes

- Insulae were mostly five or more stories high and made of bricks coated in concrete

- The typical apartment in the insulae had two small rooms

- The insulae's bottom floors often housed shops and stores that opened out into the streets

- Since the second century B.C.E., Rome was a vertical city, with buildings that have multiple floors

- The best evidence for the Roman apartment block comes from the port city of Ostia

- Ostia was founded in the third century B.C.E. as a Roman colony. Its strategic and mercantile significance was due to its position at the mouth of the Tiber river

- The insulae display a number of Roman architectural styles and include additional details about Roman domestic architecture

- The better apartments in the insulae were on the ground floor, while the low standard (and squalid) units were on the upper floors

- The apartment block demonstrates the pragmatism and imagination of Roman architects who took advantage of their concrete skills (opus caementicium)

Sourses: Temple of Artemis: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/830491987512594275/ https://www.listerious.com/facts-about-the-temple-of-artemis-at-ephesus/ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Temple-of-Artemis-temple-Ephesus-Turkey Temple of olympian zesus: https://www.ancient.eu/article/815/temple-of-olympian-zeus-athens/ https://whyathens.com/temple-of-olympian-zeus/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/564849978242133571/ https://jemappellewendyi.com/tag/temple-of-olympian-zeus/ https://www.greeka.com/attica/athens/sightseeing/athens-olympian-zeus/ https://www.greece-athens.com/photo.php?photo_id=165 Temple of Aphaia: https://www.greeka.com/saronic/aegina/sightseeing/aegina-aphaia-temple/ https://greeklandscapes.com/temple-of-aphaia-aegina-island/ https://www.ancient.eu/image/1100/plan-temple-of-aphaia/ Old temple of Athena: https://www.ancient.eu/Erechtheion/ https://ganymedes.gr/activities/10-interesting-facts-didnt-know-acropolis/ https://mypages.unh.edu/erechtheionbymatt/function Parthenon: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parthenon https://mymodernmet.com/the-parthenon-greece/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/202239839487967501/ Domus: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/x7e914f5b:beginner-guides-to-roman-architecture/a/roman-domestic-architecture-domus https://www.britannica.com/technology/domus-dwelling https://www.pinterest.cl/pin/853572935594773576/ https://hdnh.es/como-era-una-casa-romana/domus-romana/ https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/ap-ancient-rome/a/pompeii-house-of-the-vettii https://www.pinterest.com/pin/462463455459090472/ https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/peristyle/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/82472236899981723/ https://cdn.jhmrad.com/wp-content/uploads/ancient-roman-house-atrium-plan-typical-home-plans_401006.jpg Insulae: https://www.britannica.com/technology/insula https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/x7e914f5b:beginner-guides-to-roman-architecture/a/roman-domestic-architecture-insula https://theromanlifeforum.wordpress.com/2018/06/13/the-roman-insulae/ https://www.ducksters.com/history/ancient_rome/housing_and_homes.php https://www.ostia-antica.org/regio1/4/4-2.htm https://jhmrad.com/19-beautiful-roman-floor-plan/roman-insula-floor-plan-more-information/ https://www.quora.com/What-did-the-average-ancient-Roman-apartment-look-like

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