Physiology of Behavior
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exam7.docxQuestion 11 pts
________ is the most common form of dementia in the Western hemisphere.
Group of answer choices
Parkinson's-related dementia
Vascular dementia
Frontotemporal dementia
Alzheimer's dementia
Question 21 pts
The hallmark cognitive deficit associated with Alzheimer's disease is
Group of answer choices
initial confusion that consists of fluctuating attention (working memory) throughout the day.
difficulty in controlling the arms and legs.
progressive loss of memory
difficulties in motor coordination.
Question 31 pts
One area of primary brain involvement in Alzheimer's dementia is within the
Group of answer choices
hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
basal ganglia
cerebellum
prefrontal cortex
Question 41 pts
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a risk fact of Alzheimer's disease?
Group of answer choices
Down syndrome
Age
presence of APOE gene
Male gender
Question 51 pts
Most cases of Alzheimer's disease occur sometime after age ______ and are _____ in form.
Group of answer choices
50; familial
65; familial
50; sporadic
65; sporadic
Question 61 pts
A hemorrhagic stroke involves _______ within the brain.
Group of answer choices
vasodilation
bleeding
an embolus
a thrombus
Question 71 pts
Interruption of the blood supply to a region of the brain results in _______. Resultant neuronal cell death as a result of the latter mechanisms is referred to as _______.
Group of answer choices
hemorrhage; ischemia
ischemia; hemorrhage
necrosis; ischemia
ischemia; necrosis
Question 81 pts
A major cause of obstructive strokes is
Group of answer choices
failure of the weakened blood vessels in response to extremely elevated blood pressure.
malformed blood vessels.
intracranial bleeding.
thrombi and emboli.
Question 91 pts
A person can reduce risk of stroke by lifestyle changes such as
Group of answer choices
reducing or stopping tobacco use
managing diabetes.
managing blood pressure and cholesterol.
All of the above are correct.
Question 101 pts
Hachinski (1987) coined the term '_________' to describe the periventricular white matter (along the lateral ventricles) changes that are frequently associated with vascular dementia.
Group of answer choices
Leukoencephalopathy
Leukoaraiosis
Leukopathogenesis
Leuko-Skywalkerosis
Question 111 pts
It is important to recognize that contemporary drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease __________________ .
Group of answer choices
A. are generally effective in reversing the disease process.
B. neither slow nor halt the progression of the disease.
C. do not necessarily reverse the disease process, but do show benefit in terms of cognitive improvement over time.
A & C above.
Question 121 pts
Which of the following would be considered a significant risk for developing Alzheimer's-related dementia?
Group of answer choices
Age greater than 65
Genetic/Familial Risk
Female Gender
All of the above
Question 131 pts
In general, the literature suggests that ____________ is the most pronounced area of cognitive change and limitation in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease.
Group of answer choices
episodic learning/memory
visual-spatial processing
language functioning
executive and motor functions
Question 141 pts
Mr. Ames is an 85-year-old attorney who presents for neuropsychological evaluation of memory difficulty. Results of testing suggest impaired performances across every measure of memory function administered; performances in other cognitive domains are within normal limits. Based on self-report, there is not indication of impairment in social or occupational functioning, and this is corroborated by his spouse during the clinical interview. According to DSM-5-TR, Mr. Ames:
Group of answer choices
A. meets criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder based upon his complaints of memory difficulty
B. meets criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder based upon objective memory impairment
C. does not meet criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder as there is no impairment daily function
D. does not meet criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder as memory is the only impaired domain
E. C & D
Question 151 pts
As recommended by his clinician, Mr. Ames (from above) returns for follow-up neuropsychological evaluation 12 months after the time of initial meeting. As previously, Mr. Ames shows impaired performances across every measure of memory function administered. However, results of the second evaluation reveal additional impairments on select measures of executive and language (aphasia) functioning. As previously, Mr. Ames denies that his impairments have contributed to any changes in social or occupational functioning. In contrast, his wife reports that he recently left the stove on while cooking, and this resulted in significant damage to the kitchen. He was also involved in a motor vehicle accident recently, and his license was revoked. Based upon your knowledge of DSM-5-TR, Mr. Ames would likely:
Group of answer choices
A. not meet criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder; he denies any changes in everyday function.
B. not meet criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder because his wife may also have memory difficulty
C. meet criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder given multiple cognitive and functional impairments
D. A & B
Question 161 pts
Suppose that Mr. Ames (from the previous item) did in fact meet criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder. Suppose further that the likely etiology of his memory and other cognitive changes was related to Alzheimer's disease. According to DSM-5-TR, in order to be formally diagnosed with Alzheimer's Dementia, it would have to be demonstrated that:
Group of answer choices
A. neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were present upon post-mortem autopsy
B. cognitive deficits were not due to other CNS, systemic, or substance-induced condition
C. cognitive deficits did not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium
D. the onset of cognitive decline was gradual in nature
E. All of the above
F. B, C, & D only
Question 171 pts
Relative to Alzheimer's Dementia, Vascular Dementia is more likely to be associated with
Group of answer choices
prior history of stroke
focal neurologic signs and symptoms as a result of focal brain involvement
female gender
All of the above
Question 181 pts
Although diagnostic schemes of Alzheimer's and Vascular Dementia may vary, one common diagnostic aspect usually includes:
Group of answer choices
evidence of at least some degree of objective (performance-based) cognitive impairment
clear evidence that the conditions have contributed to changes in personality
clear evidence that premorbid risk factors are responsible for one or the other condition
none of the above
Question 191 pts
As discussed in class, discriminating the source(s) of patients' cognitive deficits in later life can be challenging because:
Group of answer choices
Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative conditions are relatively rare
Diagnostic schemes may vary widely
Patients may present with a 'mixed' condition (e.g., simultaneous AD and VaD)
All of the above
Question 201 pts
According to the Alzheimer's Association (2023), which group below would have the greatest risk of AD?
Group of answer choices
those aged 40 to 50
those aged 55-64
those aged 65-74
those aged 75-84
Question 211 pts
Alzheimer's Dementia has been histopathologically associated with both senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Whereas plaques are ________ in nature, tangles are _________ in nature.
Group of answer choices
intracellular; extracellular
extracellular; intracellular
cortical; subcortical
subcortical; cortical
Question 221 pts
Relkin and Caporaso (2004) suggest that degenerative disease may be classified according to four categories based on presenting symptoms and pathophysiology. Under this scheme, Alzheimer's disease would be an example of a(n) ______-based degenerative disease.
Group of answer choices
Comportmentally
Movement
Linguistically
Amnestic
Question 231 pts
_______ has been designated as a 'prodromal state of transition' between the period of normal cognitive and 'full-blown' dementia.
Group of answer choices
Mild Cognitive Impairment
Moderate Cognitive Impairment
Severe Cognitive Impairment
Outlandishly Severe Cognitive Impairment
Question 241 pts
The pattern of memory impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease is said to resemble that of Korsakoff's syndrome. In this context, the type of memory impairment may be described as _____ in nature.
Group of answer choices
anterograde
retrograde
anteroretrograde
Boy-do-I-need-a-good-grade
Question 251 pts
Based upon our discussion of the revisions made to DSM-IV in class regarding Major Neurocognitive Disorder in DSM-5, why did many researchers fault the DSM-IV criteria for dementia?
Group of answer choices
Formal DSM-IV diagnosis of dementia required that memory impairment be present
Formal DSM-IV diagnosis of dementia suggested that memory and language impairment be present
Formal DSM-IV diagnosis of dementia was only relevant to Alzheimer's and Vascular Dementia
A & B only
Question 261 pts
Various changes were made to the DSM criteria for dementia in the DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR. In fact, the term 'dementia' is no longer included in DSM-5 or DSM-5-TR. What are some of the reasons why this change was made as discussed in class?
Group of answer choices
A. Lack of clarity regarding the meaning of the term among patients and family members
B. Potential stigma associated with the term
C. A and B
D. None of the above
Question 271 pts
Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate that traumatic brain injuries are most often _______ in severity.
Group of answer choices
Mild
Moderate
Moderate-Severe
Severe
Question 281 pts
The neuropsychology literature indicates that many individuals experience cognitive limitations within initial hours/days of concussive injury; the majority of individuals attain complete recovery no later than approximately ______ post-injury.
Group of answer choices
3 days
3 weeks
3 months
3 years
Question 291 pts
Some research shows that long-term outcomes following mild traumatic brain injuries that are accompanied by clear signs of intracranial disturbance (e.g., hemorrhage; subdural/epidural hematoma) are often consistent with:
Group of answer choices
no brain injury at all.
moderate-severe traumatic brain injury.
head injuries without evidence of brain injury.
none of the above.
Question 301 pts
Which of the following have been identified as complicating factors following concussion?
Group of answer choices
Premorbid/comorbid psychopathology
Chronic pain
Secondary gain
All of the above have been identified as risk factors
Question 311 pts
Which of the following is NOT a conventional parameter by which severity of traumatic brain injury is rated?
Group of answer choices
Self-reported symptoms years post-injury
Duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)
Duration of loss of consciousness (LOC)
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
Question 321 pts
Which of the following brain regions is regarded as especially vulnerable to the mechanistic effects of traumatic brain injury?
Group of answer choices
brain stem
midbrain
pituitary gland
orbitofrontal regions
Question 331 pts
According to a classic study by Dikmen et al. (1995), individuals who were able to follow commands <1 hour after traumatic brain injury were:
Group of answer choices
found to show lasting impairments several weeks later.
found to show lasting impairments several months later.
found to show lasting impairments indefinitely.
found to have attained baseline functioning 1-year post-injury.
Question 341 pts
Among the various factors that may prolong recovery following concussion is:
Group of answer choices
A. premorbid psychopathology.
B. secondary gain and symptom exaggeration.
C. A & B.
D. none of the above
Question 351 pts
Johnny is a high school football player who spends most of the season warming the bench. During one game, he inadvertently fell backward from the bench, striking his head against the concrete ground. A friend confirmed that he was rendered unconscious for 25 minutes as a result of the injury. His first memory after the incident was the next day while lying in the hospital, approximately 5 hours after the fall. According to the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine (1993) criteria, the severity of this injury was most likely:
Group of answer choices
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Profoundly Severe
Question 361 pts
Suppose that Johnny from the item above underwent an emergent head CT after the incident and the results demonstrated a skull fracture, along with a small site of bleeding within the left frontal region. Which of the following would his injury be most consistent with?
Group of answer choices
Mild, Uncomplicated TBI (Uncomplicated Concussion)
Mild, Complicated TBI (Complicated Concussion)
Moderate TBI
Severe TBI
Question 371 pts
Recent epidemology findings suggest that cases of traumatic brain injury have _____________ in recent years.
Group of answer choices
remained stable
decreased
increased
remained indeterminate
Question 381 pts
Whereas rates of diagnosed traffic-related concussions have __________, rates of diagnosed sports-related concussions have ____________ in recent years.
Group of answer choices
remained stable; increased
increased; remained stable
remained stable; decreased
decreased; remained stable
Question 391 pts
In terms of concussion treatment, there is evidence to suggest that ________ may be especially beneficial in preventing the development of chronic 'post-concussion' symptoms.
Group of answer choices
cognitive behavioral psychotherapy (CBT) with message of reassurance
Extensive rehabilitation with highlighting continued emphasis on brain injury symptoms
anit-psychotic medication
none of the above
Question 401 pts
Betty slipped on the ice, with the result that she fell and struck the left posterior scalp. She presents to the emergency department for evaluation of her symptoms. Results of a head CT revealed no significant findings to the posterior scalp, but did show bleeding to the left frontal region. What is likely to explain this finding?
Group of answer choices
the left frontal finding could represent 'coup' damage
the left frontal finding could represent 'countercoup' damage
limited sensitivity of head CT to traumatic brain injury
None of the above
Question 411 pts
One of the more frequent findings in neuroimaging research directed to the study of schizophrenia is that:
Group of answer choices
Patients with schizophrenia tend to exhibit smaller ventricles.
Patients with schizophrenia tend to exhibit smaller hippocampi.
Patients with schizophrenia tend to exhibit larger ventricles.
Patients with schizophrenia tend to exhibit larger hippocampi.
Question 421 pts
Relevant to our discussion of the physiological bases of psychiatric disorders, when determining whether a specific patient/client meets criteria for a primary psychological disorder, it is important to recognize that:
Group of answer choices
most DSM-5-TR diagnoses require that patients' symptoms not be better explained by other medical conditions.
structural neuroimaging findings are commonplace in diagnosing primary psychiatric conditions
functional neuroimaging findings are commonplace in diagnosing primary psychiatric conditions
none of the above
Question 431 pts
As discussed in Carlson and Birkett (2017), the monoamine hypothesis states that depression is caused by
Group of answer choices
loss of cells within the prefrontal cortex
insufficient activity of monoaminergic neurons
excessive activity of DA synapses
overactivity of monoaminergic neurons
Question 441 pts
A common alternative to lithium for treatment of bipolar disorder is use of:
Group of answer choices
anticonvulsant drugs.
cocaine or amphetamine.
chlordiazepoxide.
Prozac
Question 451 pts
Research directed to the study of brain-related changes in bipolar disorder suggests that:
Group of answer choices
cerebellar atrophy is very common.
pronounced degeneration of prefrontal cortex is typically observed even after a first episode of the condition
the volume of lateral ventricles increases after multiple episodes
all of the above.
Question 461 pts
As discussed in class, functional neuroimaging studies suggest that a variety of treatment interventions (e.g., SSRI's, SNRI's) correlate with decreased activity within the ______________
Group of answer choices
lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
red nucleus of the midbrain
subgenual anterior cingulate cortex
all of the above
Question 471 pts
Neuroimaging studies suggest that patients with diagnosed schizophrenia tend to exhibit _____________.
Group of answer choices
A. greater volumes of the lateral ventricles, suggesting an increase (hypertrophy) in cortical tissue
B. an increase in cerebral gray matter compared with healthy samples of similar age.
C. A & B above.
D. None of the above.
Question 481 pts
Neuroimaging studies conducted in samples with diagnosed schizophrenia suggest that the condition is accompanied by:
Group of answer choices
decreased activation of prefrontal cortex, which correlates with significant executive dysfunction.
increased activation of prefrontal cortex, which correlates with significant executive dysfunction.
decreased activation of primary visual cortex, which correlates with significant visual-spatial dysfunction.
increased activation of primary visual cortex, which correlates with significant visual-spatial dysfunction.
Question 491 pts
Meta-analytic research suggests that bipolar disorder is accompanied by neuropsychological dysfunction whose overall effect sizes are _____________ in magnitude.
Group of answer choices
neglible (0 to .1)
small (.2)
medium (.6)
large (>1.0)
Question 501 pts
Regarding schizophrenia, the Dopamine (DA) hypothesis is supported by the finding that:
Group of answer choices
antipsychotic drugs are DA agonists.
cocaine and amphetamine result in decreased symptoms of schizophrenia.
drugs that induce symptoms of schizophrenia are DA antagonists.
DA antagonists often relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Question 11 pts
The resting potential between intra- and extracellular fluid of a neuron is approximately –70mV. What factors contribute to this potential?
Group of answer choices
A. Electrostatic pressure
B. Force of Diffusion
C. Neurotransmitter-Dependent Ion Channels
D. A and B only
E. All of the above.
Question 21 pts
In what year did Pierre Paul Broca conclude that a portion of the left frontal lobe was necessary for production of speech?
Group of answer choices
1850
1861
1901
1950
1983
Question 31 pts
Mr. Smith sustains a hemorrhagic stroke that impacts much of the left occipital (primary visual) cortex. Which of the following patterns of visual disturbance is he most likely to demonstrate?
Group of answer choices
complete loss of both outer visual fields
complete loss of the right visual field only
complete loss of the left visual field only
complete loss of both inner visual fields
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