ANSWER THE ESSAYS AND THE BULLET (-) QUESTIONS

BIOL 201 Exam 4 Study Guide- Nervous System

Short Answer Essay Questions for Exam 5:

51. Describe two mechanisms to stop the signal in a synaptic transmission and explain why this is necessary.

52, Explain the reason for antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and provide a detailed example.

Study Guide:

I. Nervous System Organization

1. identify functional differences between endocrine and nervous systems.

2. list major steps in transmission of a nerve signal.

3. list major subdivisions of nervous system- know functions as well.

4. for each the peripheral nervous system, know the further subdivisions

and associated functions.

5. list three universal properties of all neurons.

6. major structures & functions of the neuron

(soma (cell body), dendrites, axon).

7. function of axonal transport.

8. list major types, functions, and locations of neuroglial cells.

9. function of myelin and cell types/locations forming myelin sheath

10. structures of myelin sheath (e.g. internodes, nodes of Ranvier)

II. Electrophysiology of Neurons

1. describe ionic basis for the resting membrane potential of the neuron.

2. list changes in neuron membrane potential upon stimulus

3. compare/contrast local potentials vs. action potentials

4. understand mV/time diagram for an action potential

5. understand how this diagram relates to nerve signal transmission.

6. list purpose of the refractory period

7. know structural/functional properties of a synapse.

8. list impact of myelin of action potential generation

9. list major types of neurotransmitters.

10. list functions of neurotransmitters.

11. know what determines neurotransmitter effect, if

this neurotransmitter plays a different role in

different tissues.

12. know major types of synapses we covered in class

(cholinergic, GABA-ergic, adrenergic)

III. Central Nervous System

1. major brain structures & functions: cerebrum, cerebellum, & brainstem

2. major brainstem structures & associated functions:

Medulla oblongata, Pons, Mid-brain

3. functional & structural differences & similarities of grey & white matter

4. meninges- function & subtypes (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)

5. ventricles- function, number, and location relative to one another

6. CSF- function, composition (rough), source (epidymal cells)

7. Blood-brain barrier- function & what is allowed to pass

8. choroid plexus- structure, location, function

9. midbrain subsections- tegmentum, substantia nigra, cerebral crus

10. reticular formation- structure, location, function

11. thalamus- location & function

12. hypothalamus- location & function

13. epithalamus- location & function

14. pineal gland- location & function

15. cerebrum- major structural features (gyri, sulci, longitudinal fissure,

2 cerebral hemispheres)

16. cerebrum- lobes (location & function)

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula

17. cerebral cortex- there are 6 layers; know

Role of grey & white matter in cerebral cortex;

Major cell types (pyramidal and stellate) w/ function.

18. basal nuclei- location & function

19. limbic system- location & function

20. limbic system substructures- location & function

(hippocampus, amygdale, cingulate gyrus)

21. higher brain functions- integrated brain areas required

22. motor control- know rough path through CNS w/ Cerebellum

23. cranial nerves- know common name & function

V. Peripheral Nervous System

1. functions of spinal cord

2. spinal cord anatomy- major regions (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral);

Medullary cone, cauda equine, enlargements (cervical, lumbar)g

3. meninges- location & function also, epidural & subarachnoid spaces

4. grey & white matter in spinal cord- location & function, structure

5. spinal tracts- types and functions

6. nerve structure and function, classification

7. ganglia- structure & function, posterior root ganglion- structure/function

8. plexus- structure and function, location

9. spinal nerves- 31 pairs; classification; divisions

10. rami- structure and function

11. reflexes- properties

12. pathway of a reflex arc

13. know patellar, withdrawl, & stretch reflexes

V. Autonomic Nervous System

1. general properties of ANS; differences from PNS/CNS

2. functions of ANS

3. visceral reflexes- properties

4. divisions of ANS (sympathetic/parasympathetic)- functions

5. adrenal gland- function, location, subdivisions, relationship to ANS