Answer questions for Biology exam review
1 Exam 2 Review
Readings and Lectures As you prepare for quizzes and tests, I strongly recommend reviewing your lecture notes and slides, reading the assigned chapters in Campbell and using the chapter reviews in your text. Be prepared to define any terms we have covered. You may bring a 3x5 HANDWRITTEN notecard to the exam. Lecture Topics/Terms/Readings in Campbell: Intro to General Ecology (Campbell Ch. 34.1‐34.4 & lecture)
o Define ecology (Haeckel) o Ecological hierarchy o Biotic and abiotic factors o ecosystem homeostasis o Rachel Carson
bioaccumulation o What limits geographic distribution of species?
Dispersal, expansion, transplants Habitat selection behavior Biotic factors Abiotic factors Role of climate
Ch. 25 & Lecture notes
Physiological Adaptations o physiological tolerance o Liebig’s Law of Minimum o Shelford Law of Tolerance o success = survival, growth, reproduction
Ex: Bald cypress, Maine warblers o homeostasis o Knut Schmidt‐Nielsen’s study of sea birds & their anatomical adaptations (osmoregulation) o Hummingbirds: homeothermy; torpor
how hummingbirds deal with high energy demand / cold temps? o Carnivorous plants: types of traps, adaptation for nutrient deficiencies
Ch. 35 & Lecture notes
Behavioral Adaptations o All organisms must allocate energy to what basic life processes?
What trade‐offs do we see between growth (body size, growth rate), body maintenance (or life span), and reproductive output in various plants (conifers) animals (e.g., an elephant vs. a mouse)?
Trade‐offs between number of offspring & the size of offspring? o Animal behaviors: define
Instincts (innate behavior): Fixed action: sign stimulus & oriented movement The role of circadian rhythms
Innate vs. learned behaviors communication imprinting, trial and error learning, problem‐solving, and territorial behaviors;
feeding and mate choice affect success most foraging; optimal foraging models (Northwestern Crows?) What are pheromones? What is sexual selection? Mate choice: widow birds; European starlings What is sexual dimorphism, and what are some examples? Examples of male behaviors or displays used to deter other males or to attract females
Agonistic behaviors What life history strategies do lions (cooperative breeding) use to ensure reproductive success?
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Ch. 36 & Lecture notes Population Ecology
o define: ecology, population, population ecology o density & dispersal (types of dispersal)
emigration, immigration o population growth:
vital statistics life tables (cohorts); survivorship curves (TI, TII, TIII) Carrying capacity – what determines it? Exponential Growth Model Logistic Growth Model life history strategies at high density vs. low density r & K = 2 types of survival strategies (characteristics/examples of each) Biotic characteristics of pops that influence growth rates Age pyramids Semelparity vs. iteroparity ‐ 2 types of reproductive strategies (characteristics/examples of each) human populations:
growth curve why exponential growth phase? what does rapid growth mean for humans? current world pop ecological footprint what can rapid pop growth mean for humans?