Pathophysiology

Exam 1 Highlights

Essentials of Pathophysiology

Module 1: The Cell Structure and Function

· Definitions: Etiology, pathogenesis, acute, chronic, exacerbation, remission, etc.

· Signs vs. Symptoms

· Levels of Disease Prevention: Primary vs. Secondary vs. Tertiary

· Stages of Disease: Latent Prodromal Acute

· What happens in each stage?

· What is homeostasis? How does it work?

· What do the different parts of a cell do? (nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, cell membrane, etc.)

· What is cellular metabolism?

· What is the cell’s energy currency?

· Anabolism vs. Catabolism

· What is stress? How does it affect homeostasis?

· What causes stress?

· Emotional vs. Physical stressors

· Internal vs. External Stressors

· GAS Stages: Alarm Resistance Fatigue

· What happens in each stage? (Know VS changes, labs, & other assessment findings)

· What are the risk factors for stress?

· Neurohormones of stress response: catecholamines, adrenocortical steroids, endorphins, etc.

· Examples of each

· What does each do?

· Neoplasms/Cancer

· Terminology: neoplasia, “oma”, etc.

· Biology of normal vs. malignant cells

· Primary and secondary prevention measures

· 4 stages of carcinogenesis

· Know each stage (initiation metastasis).

· What happens in each stage?

· Cancer classification: Grading & Staging (TNM especially!)

· Clinical Manifestations of cancer

· Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances

· Compartments of body fluid: Extracellular vs. Intracellular vs. Interstitial vs. Vascular vs. Transcellular

· Hormones Involved in Fluid balance : ADH, Aldosterone, natriuretic peptides

· How do they work? What do they do?

· RAAS!

· Fluid volume imbalances: Hypovolemia vs. Hypervolemia

· Definitions

· Etiologies

· Clinical Manifestations

· Electrolyte Imbalances: Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Phosphate, Chloride

· Principles of electrolyte homeostasis: elyte intake/absorption distribution excretion

· What is each imbalance called? (i.e. Sodium = hypo-/hyper-natremia)

· Normal ranges of each electrolyte

· Sources of elyte

· Etiologies of imbalances (examples)

· Clinical manifestations of imbalances

· What is the primary body system involved?

· Acid-base Balance

· Normal values for pH, PaCO2, HCO3, PaO2

· Acid base imbalances (respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic alkalosis)

Module 2: Cellular Responses, Adaptation, & Dysfunction:

· What is immunity?

· What are the 3 Organs/tissues that make up immunity? Define/describe each.

· What reduces our immunity?

· Innate vs. Specific defenses

· Describe each.

· What cell types are involved in each defense system?

· What is the difference between antigen & antibody?

· Cells involved in immunity

· Leukocytes: Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, & basophils

· Subtypes of each (i.e. segs and bands are subtypes of neutrophils)

· Imbalances

· What does each cell do? What type of infectious agent do they fight off?

· Chemical mediators of immunity:

· In general, what does each do? What S/Sx do they cause?

· What is inflammation?

· Stages of inflammation

· Types of inflammatory exudates

· Clinical manifestations of inflammation:

· Five cardinal symptoms of LOCALIZED inflammation

· Systemic S/Sx of inflammation

· Antibody-mediated vs. cell-mediated immunity

· Define/describe each.

· What is active immunity? Passive? Natural? Artificial?

· Provide examples of each.

· Chapter 10: Alterations in Immune Function

· 2 Types of EXCESSIVE immune response: &

· Define each

· Etiology

· Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions: I, II, III, & IV

· Define/describe each

· Examples

· Etiology

· Cell mediators involved (if applicable)

· Clinical manifestations

· DEFICIENT Immune Responses

· What happens when our immune system is deficient?

· Chapter 8: Infectious Processes (Supplemental content)

· What is infectious disease?

· Host-Microbe Relationship: transient vs. resident flora

· Barriers against infection: Physical vs. Biochemical vs. Host defenses

· Pathogen characteristics: What are they? What does each term mean?

· What are the links in the chain of infection transmission?

· Definitions & examples of each link

· 4 Types of pathogens: Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Parasites

· Define

· What does it do? How does it cause disease?

· Types/Examples

Module 3: Skin & Musculoskeletal Disorders:

· MSK System:

· A&P Review: Types of Soft tissue

· MSK injuries: Sprains, strains, etc.

· Define/describe each

· Types

· Etiologies

· Clinical manifestations

· Complications

· Types/extents of fractures:

· Complications of fractures: Delayed healing, delayed union, osteomyelitis, malunion, osteonecrosis, fat embolism syndrome, compartment syndrome, etc.

· Define/describe each that is listed in your notes

· Etiologies

· Clinical Manifestations

· Bone structure disorders: Scoliosis, osteoporosis, Rickets, etc.

· Define/describe each that is listed in your notes

· Etiologies

· Clinical Manifestations

· How does osteoporosis affect patient activity?

· Bone tumors

· Types

· Which is most deadly/malignant?

· Skeletal Muscle Diseases: Muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, fibromyalgia

· Define/describe each that is listed in your notes

· Etiologies

· Clinical Manifestations

· Complications (i.e. Myasthenic crisis)

· Disorders of MSK function: Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis

· Define/describe each that is listed in your notes

· Know for each: inflammatory or noninflammatory?

· Etiologies

· Clinical Manifestations

· Joint dysfunction s/t other diseases: Psoriatic arthritis, Gout

· Definitions

· Etiologies

· Clinical Manifestations

· Integumentary System

· A & P of integumentary system

· Infectious diseases affecting the skin: Viral vs. Bacterial

· Define/describe each that is listed in your notes

· Know examples

· Etiologies

· Clinical Manifestations

· Dermatitis

· Types

· Define/Describe

· Clinical manifestations

· Examples

· Allergic skin responses

· Define/describe each that is listed in your notes

· Know examples

· Etiologies

· Clinical Manifestations