BIO EVENTS

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Event 9

Review of previous activities.

On-line (and upcoming) activities

Cells to organisms: Growth, development, and sexual reproduction.

Assignment, Event 9

Quiz

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How did you do this last exam? Did you go to my review session? Did you do the online readings? You’ve now taken two exams in this class so you know the formatting and what to expect for the final. Think of three things you could have done differently and how you can implement those strategies while studying for the final exam.

First midterm (2016) mean = 58.5%

Assignment, Event 8:

Summarize our treatment of glucose metabolism, insulin, and health by writing a unique final exam essay question (and answer) that addresses this topic.

This should be a 15-point question in a 200-point closed-book exam.

It is appropriate to include definitions in your question. It should also involve application of knowledge you have gained.

The focus in your question should be on the main points of the lecture and not on details.

Answers should involve short paragraphs. Avoid use of the phrases, “list the” or “name the” in your question.

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Assignment, Event 8

Include understanding and use of the specialized terminology of the topic.

Involve more than simple memorization and be factually correct.

Require organization, analysis, justification, explanation, contrast, or application of knowledge/skills, ideally in novel circumstances not directly discussed in the course.

Use language unambiguously and perfect grammar.

Be substantial/complex enough so that it could represent 7.5% of the entire exam grade.

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Assignment, Event 8: Key words

blood glucose/sugar

carbohydrate metabolism

glucagon

glycogen

homeostasis

hormone

insulin

insulin sensitivity

insulin replacement therapy

pancreas

Type-1 diabetes

Type-2 diabetes

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On-line activities, Event 9

CHAPTER 5: Cell Division

Module 15: Mitosis*

Module 16: Reproduction and Meiosis*

Module 17: Chapter Summary*

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* Module with quiz.

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UNIT 3 The Cell

UNIT 4 Metabolism

UNIT 5 Cell Division

UNIT 6 Classical Genetics

UNIT 7 Evolution

UNIT 2 Introduction

to Chemistry

UNIT 8 Ecology

UNIT 1 Introduction

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American bison,

Bison bison

Growth, development, and sexual reproduction.

When some of you think reproduction, you think of animals and their babies. What other organisms reproduce?

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Barrel cactus,

Ferocactus wislizeni

1 m

5 mm

Plants. Plants reproduce and undergo reproduction from the time they are a seedling to the time they are full grown and begin to die. Obviously, plants reproduce different than animals.

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Chlamydomonas sp.

5 μm

Growth

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= Increase in cell size and number that takes place during the life of an organism.

Now we go into these two words: Growth and development. What is your definition of growth? Is it similar to this? The best way to remember growth is to just think of the word. The cell or organism is growing=getting bigger. Cells are increasing their size and the amount of cells increase as well. This takes place throughout the entire lifespan of the organism. Think about a baby versus a grandma. How much has she grown?

Development

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= The series of changes that organisms undergo in their passage from embryonic state to maturity.

Development is the organism developing and changing. Think of it this way. A baby starts out as a tiny embryo. How does this embryo change over time to turn into an adult?

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Arabidopsis thaliana

Life cycle of a growing plant

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Arabidopsis thaliana

Differentiation

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= The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell.

embryo

muscle

blood

intestine

neuron

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Talk about pros and cons of stem cell research, how it is a controversial topic and why, its legal past, etc.

In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts in early embryonic development, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues of fully developed mammals. In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues. In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm (see induced pluripotent stem cells)—but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.

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ESCs = embryonic

stem cells

Pluripotency

A morula (Latin, morus: mulberry) is an embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of cells (called blastomeres) in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida.[1]

Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo.[1] Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. Isolating the embryoblast or inner cell mass (ICM) results in destruction of the fertilized human embryo, which raises ethical issues. Those issues include whether or not a human life at the embryonic stage should be granted the moral status of a human being.[2] [3]

ES cells are pluripotent, that is, they are able to differentiate into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. These include each of the more than 220 cell types in the adult body. Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells found in adults; while embryonic stem cells can generate all cell types in the body, adult stem cells are multipotent and can produce only a limited number of cell types.

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Growth and development depend on cell division (mitosis)

Two diploid cells

Genetically equal to each other

Sexual reproduction

Novel individuals are produced combining characteristics of both “parents.”

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Sexual reproduction depends on cell division (meiosis)

Four haploid cells

May differ genetically from each other

Sexual reproduction (humans)

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Sperm nucleus

Egg nucleus

Haploid gametes, 23 chromosomes each

Fertilization

Zygote

Diploid zygote,

46 chromosomes

Sexual reproduction

Three basic methods

Gametic meiosis

Zygotic meiosis

Sporic meiosis

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Haploid

Diploid

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sperm

egg

ovaries/

testes

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−

Chlamydomonas

Haploid

Diploid

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Chlamydomonas

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Carnegiea gigantea

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Key terms, Event 9

development

differentiation

diploid

egg

gamete

gametic meiosis

gametophyte

growth

haploid

meiosis

mitosis

novelty

pluripotency

reproduction

sexual reproduction

sperm

sporic meiosis

sporophyte

stem cell

zygote

zygotic meiosis

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Assignment, Event 9:*

Your goal in this assignment is to summarize the key elements of this lecture in an essay of less than 250 words. Your audience will be someone who has previously taken this course. Your essay must contain each of the following words: development, differentiation, diploid, gamete, gametic, haploid, meiosis, mitosis, sporic, and zygote.

You may submit drafts of your essay for review and suggestions to their own D2L Preliminary Drafts Dropbox up to 5:00 PM today. Comments will be available in the Dropbox by 9:00 AM tomorrow.

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Assignment, Event 9:*

You may submit drafts of your essay for review and suggestions to their own D2L Preliminary Drafts Assignments folder no later than 48 hours before the final assignment is due.

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Assignment, Event 9:

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Grading

Organization

Completeness

Accuracy

English construction (30% of score)

Spelling

Grammar

Word choice

Sentence flow and transitions

Quiz

Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division that occur in many organisms.

Assuming these divisions start with a single diploid cell, how the products of these two division processes different?

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