BIO EVENTS
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Event 11
Event 11
Review of previous activities.
Biology of human body weight assignment.
On-line activities this week.
Infectious diseases and public health: COVID-19 as an example.
Assignment, Event 11
Quiz
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Last Event
Biology of human body weight.
Twin data set. Relative contribution of genetic and environmental variation.
Hypothesis formulation and testing.
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See: Event 10 Analysis example.xlsx
“Mean difference in weight between twins (expressed as % of each twin's mean weight) will be greater in twins raised in different environments than in twins raised in the same environment.”
Last Event
Biology of human body weight.
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See: Event 10 Analysis example.xlsx
(76.7 + 79.3)/2 = 78.0
2.6/78.0 = 0.033 = 3.4%
On-line activities, Event 11
CHAPTER 6: Inheritance
Module 20: Human Inheritance*
Module 21: Chapter Summary*
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* Module with quiz.
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UNIT 3 The Cell
UNIT 4 Metabolism
UNIT 5 Cell Division
UNIT 6 Classical Genetics
UNIT 7 Evolution
UNIT 2 Introduction
to Chemistry
UNIT 8 Ecology
UNIT 1 Introduction
Infectious diseases and public health: COVID-19.
What are infectious diseases?
What is COVID-19 and how is it special?
How do vaccines work?
What is epidemiology and why does it matter?
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1. What are infectious diseases?
Caused by pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses are infectious agents).
Can be spread from one organism to another, i.e., are contagious.
Contrast with non-infectious diseases, e.g., cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease.
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1. What is public health
“The science and art of preventing and treating disease, prolonging life, and improving quality of life through organized efforts and informed choices of society, communities, and individuals.”
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1. Describing disease occurrences
Epidemic = a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.
Pandemic = an epidemic occurring worldwide or over a very wide area crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people.
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1. Well-known infectious diseases (I)
smallpox – virus (eradicated 1980)
tuberculosis – bacterium
plague – bacterium carried by fleas
influenza – virus
malaria – parasite carried by mosquitos
HIV/AIDS – virus
cholera – bacterium in food/water
pneumonia – bacterium/virus/fungi
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The other infectious disease eradicated is rinderpest (2011)
bubonic plague (bubonic = swollen lymph nodes in armpit or groin)
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1. Well-known infectious diseases (I)
smallpox – virus (eradicated 1980)
tuberculosis – bacterium
plague – bacterium carried by fleas
influenza – virus
malaria – parasite carried by mosquitos
HIV/AIDS – virus
cholera – bacterium in food/water
pneumonia – bacterium/virus/fungi
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The other infectious disease eradicated is rinderpest (2011)
bubonic plague (bubonic = swollen lymph nodes in armpit or groin)
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1. Well-known infectious diseases (II)
Ebola – virus carried by bats
MERS – virus carried by bats
dengue – virus carried by mosquitos
yellow fever – virus carried by mosquitos
hantaviruses – viruses carried by rodents
anthrax – bacterium carried by mammals
SARS – virus carried by bats
measles – virus
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1. Less well-known infectious diseases
zika, syphilis, common cold, viral hepatitis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, HPV, genital/oral herpes, chickenpox, diphtheria, giardiasis, Lyme disease, mumps, rubella, polio, infectious mononucleosis, meningitis, shingles, tetanus, toxic shock syndrome, West Nile virus, staph, E. coli, norovirus, salmonellosis, cholera, legionellosis, leprosy, typhoid fever, valley fever, Nipah virus infection
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1. Less well-known infectious diseases
zika, syphilis, common cold, viral hepatitis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, HPV, genital/oral herpes, chickenpox, diphtheria, giardiasis, Lyme disease, mumps, rubella, polio, infectious mononucleosis, meningitis, shingles, tetanus, toxic shock syndrome, West Nile virus, staph, E. coli, norovirus, salmonellosis, cholera, legionellosis, leprosy, typhoid fever, valley fever, Nipah virus infection
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1. Mortality from infectious diseases
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| Disease | Millions of deaths |
| Smallpox (12K years) | 300-500 |
| Tuberculosis | 1.5 (2018) |
| The Black Death (1346-1353) | 75-200 |
| Flu pandemic (1918) | 20-50 |
| HIV/AIDS (2005-2012) | 36 |
| Plague of Justinian (541-542) | 25 |
| Antonine plague (165 CE) | 5 |
| Asian flu (1956-1958) | 2 |
| COVID-19 | ca. 1 |
Over 1 million deaths/year now due to TB – kills more people per day than any other infectious disease.
Black death = bubonic plague
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Why bats and viruses?
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Why bats and viruses?
Very social animals, must have very effective immune systems.
Flight uses lots of energy.
Metabolism produces compounds that break DNA.
Bats have evolved efficient DNA repair.
Body temperature gets to 40 C during flight, which fights infection.
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Bats roost in large colonies; extraordinarily social. Very resilient (strong immune systems) and flight uses lots of energy. Metabolism produces lots of free radicals that are harmful to DNA. May make it harder for viruses to hijack bat’s genetic machinery. Bats have evolved efficient DNA repair as a result. Body temperature gets close to 40 C in flight, which fights off infection and may explain why viruses there are able to survive fever temperatures.
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The immune system
Functions to prevent or limit infection.
Innate and adaptive components.
Distinguishes between healthy and unhealthy cells and infectious agents.
Many cell types that may circulate throughout organism or reside in a particular tissue.
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The human immune system operates with two distinct arms: i) the innate (or non-specific) or the first line of defense; and ii) the adaptive (or specific) immune-type, which acts as a second line of defense to provide protection against re-exposure to the same pathogen.
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The immune system (adaptive)
All immune cells come from precursors in bone marrow and differentiate into mature cells.
white blood cells
T cells
B cells
macrophages
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2. What is COVID-19 and why is it special?
Caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) first observed in December 2019.
CO = corona, VI = virus, D = disease.
Originated in bats.
Causes a range of respiratory symptoms but may affect many organ systems.
Transmitted via respiratory droplets and by smaller airborne particles.
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2. What is COVID-19 and why is it special?
Rapidly spread worldwide.
Transmission can occur without symptoms.
Only a fraction of infections are diagnosed and reported (∼10%).
It’s novel and so there’s no background resistance.
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Not cells.
Don’t grow; parasitize everything.
Can’t do anything until entering a cell.
At the border between chemistry and life…lead a kind of borrowed life depending on cells for replication
No biochemical autonomy; can’t make ATP
Parasites of living metabolic systems
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April 2020
Spacebar to start/stop video in PowerPoint.
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4. How do vaccines work?
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April 2020
4. How do vaccines work?
Spacebar to start/stop video in PowerPoint.
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5. What is epidemiology and why does it matter?
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“Study and analysis of the distribution, patterns, and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.”
Shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors and targets for prevention.
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“epi curves”
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“Herd immunity”
Assignment, Event 11:*
Summarize our treatment of infectious diseases and public health by writing a final exam essay question (and answer) that addresses one element this topic in detail.
This should be a 15-point question in a 200-point closed-book exam.
It is appropriate to include definitions in your question, it should also involve application of knowledge you have gained.
The focus in your question should be on the main points of the lecture and not on details.
Answers should involve short paragraphs. Avoid use of the phrases, “list the” or “name the” in your question.
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From: Suggestions on writing final exam questions:
Quiz
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Viral particles are not considered cells. Explain why this is the case.
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