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Literature Evaluation Table

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Change Topic (2-3 sentences): The aim of the evaluation is to determine the best method for reducing Adverse Drug Events (ADEs) in the older patients. Strategies being compared are educational programs and electronic medication.

Criteria	Article 1	Article 2	Article 3	Article 4
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and Permalink or Working Link to Access Article	Wang, H., Meng, L., Song, J., Yang, J., Li, J., & Qiu, F. (2018). Electronic medication reconciliation in hospitals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 25(5), 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2017-001441	Kinlay, M., Ho, L. M., Zheng, W. Y., Burke, R., Juraskova, I., Moles, R., & Baysari, M. (2021). Electronic Medication Management Systems: Analysis of enhancements to reduce errors and improve workflow. Applied Clinical Informatics, 12(05), 1049–1060. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739196	Fuller, A. E. C., Guirguis, L. M., Sadowski, C. A., & Makowsky, M. J. (2018). Electronic Medication Administration records in long‐term Care Facilities: A scoping review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 66(7), 1428–1436. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15384	Bugnon, B., Geissbuhler, A., Bischoff, T., Bonnabry, P., & von Plessen, C. (2021). Improving primary care medication processes by using shared electronic medication plans in Switzerland: Lessons learned from a participatory action research study. JMIR Formative Research, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.2196/22319
Article Title and Year Published	Title- Electronic medication reconciliation in hospitals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Year: 2018	Title: Electronic Medication Management Systems: Analysis of enhancements to reduce errors and improve workflow Year: 2021	Title: Electronic Medication Administration records in long‐term Care Facilities: A scoping review Year: 2018	Title: Improving primary care medication processes by using shared electronic medication plans in Switzerland: Lessons learned from a participatory action research study Year: 2021
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative)	Hypothesis: Medication reconciliation is a multi-professional process for the prevention of medication discrepancies.	No research questions/hypothesis	Null	Null
Purposes/Aim of Study	To evaluate the available electronic medication reconciliation (eMedRec) tools and their effect on unintended discrepancies that occur in hospital institutions	1. Identify system-related medication errors or workflow blocks that were the target of eMM system updates 2. Describe and classify the system enhancements made to target these risks	To map the extent, range, and nature of research on the effectiveness, level of use, and perceptions about electronic medication administration records (eMARs) in long-term care facilities (LTCFs)	Summarize lessons learned from primary care professionals involved in a pioneering pilot project in Switzerland for the system wide implementation of shared electronic medication plans.
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)	Meta-analysis	Retrospective study	Scoping review of quantitative and qualitative literature.	Formative action research study.
Setting/Sample	Meta-analysis, 13 articles included	Systematic analysis	Literature review	Longitudinal study
Methods: Intervention/Instruments	Methodological quality was assessed using the nine standard criteria of Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care Review Group (EPOC)	147 individual changes, were made to the eMM system over the 4-year period	Systematically searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, ProQuest, and the Cochrane Library.	Group interviews
Analysis	Relative risk and significance difference	Descriptive analysis (use of percentages)	Level of significance analysis	Descriptive analysis
Key Findings	Electronic Medical Reconciliation reduces the incidence of medication with unintended discrepancies and improves medication safety.	Electronic Medication Management (eMM) reduces medication errors and optimize workflows	Evidence linking electronic Medication Administration Records (eMAR) in reducing errors is weak.	Participants considered medication plan management, digitalized or not, a core element of good clinical practice
Recommendations	Hospitals adopt electronic medication to reduce ADEs	Hospital organizations can adopt eMM to enhance patient safety and operational efficiency	More research need to be conducted to determine the effectiveness of electronic medication in reducing ADEs	Digitalization is a key element of transforming hospital records
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone Project	It identifies the best approach that can reduce ADES between educational programs and electronic medication.	Shows that electronic Medication Management is the best bet for reducing ADEs	The article informs the need for conducting more robust research on the efficacy of electronic medication in reducing ADEs.	More research should be done to assess the efficacy of electronic records.

Criteria	Article 5	Article 6	Article 7	Article 8
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and Permalink or Working Link to Access Article	Gregory, L. R., Lim, R., MacCullagh, L., Riley, T., Tuqiri, K., Heiler, J., & Peters, K. (2021). Intensive Care Nurses' experiences with the new electronic medication administration record. Nursing Open, 9(3), 1895–1901. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.939	Li, R., Zaidi, S. T., Chen, T., & Castelino, R. (2019). Effectiveness of interventions to improve adverse drug reaction reporting by healthcare professionals over the last decade: A systematic review. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 29(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4906	Lau, G., Ho, J., Lin, S., Yeoh, K., Wan, T., & Hodgkinson, M. (2018). Patient and clinician perspectives of an integrated electronic medication prescribing and dispensing system: A qualitative study at a multisite Australian Hospital Network. Health Information Management Journal, 48(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1833358317720601	Martin, P., Tamblyn, R., Benedetti, A., Ahmed, S., & Tannenbaum, C. (2018). Effect of a pharmacist-led educational intervention on inappropriate medication prescriptions in older adults. JAMA, 320(18), 1889. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.16131
Article Title and Year Published	Title: Intensive Care Nurses' experiences with the new electronic medication administration record Year: 2021	Title: Effectiveness of interventions to improve adverse drug reaction reporting by healthcare professionals over the last decade: A systematic review Year: 2019	Title: Patient and clinician perspectives of an integrated electronic medication prescribing and dispensing system: A qualitative study at a multisite Australian Hospital Network Year: 2018
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative)	What are intensive care nurses' experiences with the new electronic medication administration record?	No research question and hypothesis	Null	Can a consumer-targeted, pharmacist-led educational intervention reduce prescriptions for inappropriate medication among community-dwelling older adults?
Purposes/Aim of Study	To explore the experiences of Registered Nurses who administered medications to patients using the electronic medication administration record.	To assess the impact of various strategies to improve ADR reporting published in the last decade and compare this with the strategies identified in a previous systematic review	To explore and compare patient and clinician attitudes towards an integrated e-prescribing and dispensing system	o compare the effectiveness of a consumer-targeted, pharmacist-led educational intervention vs usual care on discontinuation of inappropriate medication among community-dwelling older adults.
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)	Qualitative descriptive exploratory approach	Systematic review	A cross-sectional survey	A cluster randomized clinical trial
Setting/Sample	Five participants	10,021 articles selected, 13 articles included	Australian metropolitan teaching hospital	Quebec, Canada
Methods: Intervention/Instruments	Focus group, observation	MEDLINE and EMBASE databases	Survey	andomization occurred at the pharmacy level, with 34 pharmacies randomized to the intervention group (248 patients) and 35 to the control group (241 patients)
Analysis	Thematic analysis	Descriptive analysis	Descriptive analysis- percentages	Descriptive and inferential statistics
Key Findings	eMAR reduced time nurse spent with patients	Electronic method was found to be a better approach when reporting adverse drug reactions compared to educational method	The majority of patients and clinicians reported a positive impact of e-prescribing on safety and efficiency	A pharmacist-led educational intervention compared with usual care resulted in greater discontinuation of prescriptions for inappropriate medication after 6 months
Recommendations	More research needed on the effects of using eMAR to patients and healthcare providers.	More research needed to find the robustness of each method	Hospitals should implement e-prescribing	More research needed to establish the effectiveness of educational programs in reducing ADEs
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone	Electronic medication has the potential to increase patient safety	The article directly compares the effectiveness of educational programs and electronic records which are included in the PICOT question.	The study adds to the evidence that electronic medication is the best approach to reduce ADEs	The study contributes to the topic because educational program for nurses was found to be effective in dealing with ADEs.