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European Americans

The Americanization Experiences of White Americans

Why European American, Not White?

Reference the article Constructing Whiteness, Creating White Privilege; the categorization of all European ethnic groups into “White Americans” strips away euro-ethnicity and affords “othering” of all other ethnic groups.

White as a social construct that allows position of power and dominance in a predominantly white society.

Similar to other ethnic groups, to understand the Americanization access for all ethnic Europeans, it is essential to remove the White construct to unveil mainstream social mobility differences.

Population Statistics

Census Data Report, 2010

The total US population was reported at 308.7 million

223.6 million, or 72.4% identified as white.

The white population is increasing at a slower rate than the total population

Between 2000-2001 the total population grew by 9.7% from -white alone population grew by only 6%.

European Americans Ancestries

The largest ancestries of American whites are:

German American (16.5%) Irish Americans (11.9%)

English Americans (9.2%) Italian Americans (5.5%)

French Americans (4%) Polish Americans (3%)

Scottish Americans (1.9%) Dutch Americans (1.6%)

Norwegian Americans (1.5%) Swedish Americans (1.4%)

Mexican Americans (5.4%)

Ancestry Admixture

DNA analysis on White Americans by geneticist Mark D. Shiver showed an average of 0.7% Sub-Saharan African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture

White Americans (European Americans) on average are 98.6 percent European, 0.19 percent African and 0.18 percent Native American.

Part White Multiracial Population (2000 Census Report)

White/Native American and Alaskan Native (7,015,017)

White/Black (737,492)

White/Asian (727,197)

White/Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (125,628)

Allen and Turner (Cal State University, Northridge)

Losing Majority Status

Whites are on track to lose their majority status by about 2040.

Some identified causes for status shift include,

Immigration & Intermarriage

Hispanic population is said to grow by 102%

The number of people identifying as 2 or more races will see a nearly 200% increase.

Historical Population Statistics

There were 3 large waves of immigration from European countries to America

16th-18th century

From British Isles

1840's-1850's

From Germany, Ireland, and Scandanavia

1880-1914

From southern and eastern Europe

Most recent: small group

More from Eastern Europe after the fall of the Iron Curtain.

Decline in European Born Immigrants

Over the years there has been a steady decline in the number of European born immigrants.

1960 – 75% of immigrants were European born

2007 – only 13.1% of immigrants were European born

Age and Gender

European-American population

Median age 34 in 2010

Median age 42 in 2015

European immigrant population, 2014

53 yr. median age was significantly older than the overall foreign-born (44 yrs.) and native-born (36 yrs.)

European immigrants more than 2x as likely to be seniors (ages 65+) as foreign/U.S.-born populations.

Age Range	Male	Female
Total	1,573,046	1,501,649
Under 18 years	28 %	28%
18 to 24	10 %	9 %
25 to 34	14 %	14 %
35 to 44	14 %	15 %
45 to 54	16 %	16 %
55 to 64	11 %	11%
65 to 74	5 %	5 %
75 to 84	2 %	2 %
85 years & above	.5 %	1 %

2010 Census

European American: Sex By Age

AGE

Life Expectancy

Native/Immigrant by Ethnicity by Gender

Income	Females	Males
< $15,000	16 %	4.7 %
$15,000 - $20,999	36.6 %	24.2 %
$21,000 - $26,999	32.4 %	38.9 %
$27,000 - $32,999	11.5 %	19.3 %
$33,000 - $38,999	2.4 %	7.3 %
> $38,999	1.1 %	5.6 %

Many female positions are supervisory roles in nonprofessional departments.

Still more likely to hold high ranking positions compared to other minority groups such as African Americans.

GENDER

Employment/Unemployment Data

Percentage of the White Alone Population in Poverty for the United States: 2007–2011

Economic Outlook

Household and Personal Income Earnings

White Americans have the second highest median household income and personal income

In 2005, White households had a median household income of $48,977, which is 10.3% above the national median of $44,389

Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income, and educational attainment among White Americans.

Among Cuban Americans, Cuban Americans, with 86% classifying as White, those persons born in the US have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other Whites.

Education

Percentage of the Population 25 Years and Older With a Bachelor's Degree or Higher by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1988 to 2015

Percentage of Population 25 Years and Older With a Bachelor's Degree or Higher by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Nativity (2015)

Percent never married

Interracial Marriage

Most common interracial marriage is between black and white spouses.

Divorce Rates

Historical Representativeness of Europeans in American Society

Early Exploration: 1400’s & 1500’s

1492: Christopher Columbus’s discovery of the New World

1497: Italian explorer John Cabot is hired by English king to navigate the Western hemisphere; explores North America’s eastern coastline

1513: Ponce de Leon of Spain navigates the Floridian coast and claims Spanish ownership

1532: 3 Spanish men & one African slave  first to enter the American West

1539: Hernando de Soto further routed the interior of North America for Spanish possession

1540-41: Tiguex War in New Mexico is the first war between Europeans and Native American inhabitants

1585-90: Englishmen made attempts to colonize Roanoke Island, but within a few years, the colonists vanished without a trace

The Founding Settlements: 1600’s

1607: First English colony established in Jamestown

1618-19: an epidemic of smallpox brought to America by Europeans demolished the Indian population by 90%

1619: arrival of first African indentured slaves in America brought by the Dutch

1620: a Puritan expedition reached the East Coast and settled at Plymouth Rock

1636: Rhode Island and its capital were founded as the first democratic colony by Roger Williams

1654: 23 Jewish settlers established a colony in New Amsterdam

1682: France claimed ownership over Mississippi River Valley with the help of navigator Sir Robert de La Salle

Discovery & Development: 1700’s

1704: Queen Anne’s War: French & Indian allies invaded Deerfield, MA and captured and killed more than 150 colonists; war ends in 1731 with the French ceding Nova Scotia to the British

1752: Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity and invented the lightning rod

1763: French & Indian War; ends with France relinquishes Canadian land to England’s possession

1769: Spanish missionaries venture to California to install a total of 21 missions throughout the region

Discovery & Development: 1800’s

1803: Louisiana Purchase; Thomas Jefferson acquires the territory from Napoleon Bonaparte’s domain

1804: Lewis & Clark map the Northwest U.S. from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean

War of 1812: American and British governments battle until reaching a truce

1815: Boston- first performance by the oldest continuing performing arts organization

1824: Bureau of Indian Affairs installed to regulate trade between ethnic groups

1829: founding of the Smithsonian Institute by British scientist James Smithson

1846: Mexican War; U.S. sought to seize disputed Western land that had been claimed by Mexican settlers

1848: end of Mexican War; the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo granted U.S. control over TX, NM, & CA

1849: Gold Rush inspired 80,000 prospectors to venture westward and search for their share of gold

A Closer Look: Irish Americans

1790: White populations comprised of ~10% Irish immigrants

Lower class Catholics housed in dispersed, impoverished urban communities out of the need to live close to work

Irish Catholics faced prejudice & the threat of religious persecution, while Irish Protestants were not targeting because of their typically higher socioeconomic class

Many Irish women immigrated to the States to become financially independent and contribute economically to society

Substantial influence on American politics

Provided major social programs and assistance to those in need through implementing social services, school sponsorship programs, & job opportunities

A Closer Look: Italian Americans

U.S. migration began during the turn of the 20th century

Began as a largely poor, illiterate group of farmhands who did not speak English

This group’s mainstream orientation has been so extensive that their ethnic individuality is in jeopardy of being overshadowed

Prejudice & Discrimination: stemmed from their Catholic background, their low social class, & their lack of efforts at cultural pluralism in America

This group was unfairly blamed for public health issues, city slums, violent criminal activity, & class conflict

Low socioeconomic position of most Italians during WWII resulted from a combination of the group’s cultural background, minimal work experience, discrimination, and their short-lived timespans spent in America

Few Italian women found employment or worked outside their home

The English Contribution

Because the English settlers assumed dominance over the native cultural groups of the New World, their colonial establishments of the 17th century gave them an identity set apart from the rest

The English held significant influence on the core culture of America and what it’s become today

* English language, work ethic, religious principles, & capitalistic economic structure linked to British traditions

Americanization is defined by and through the English value systems

White Ethnic

“Othering” Whiteness

White Ethnic

White ethnic is a term used to reference Whites who are not Northern European or White Anglo-Saxon Protestant background

Approximately 9.4% of the US population and refers commonly to Northeasterners and Midwesterners

White ethnic groups include Italians, Irish, Russian, Poles, Greeks, Hungarian, Slavic, French-Canadians, Croats, Portuguese

Incarceration and Imprisonment Trends

Bureau of Justice Statistics Report (2103)

At yearend 2013, 35 states and the Federal Bureau of Prisons held 2,979 inmates under sentence of death

56% were white

42% were black.

14% were Hispanic inmates

Ninety-eight percent of inmates under sentence of death were male, and 2% were female

Measuring criminal history patterns reveal,

More black inmates had a prior felony conviction (73%), compared to Hispanic (65%) or white (64%) inmates.

Similar percentages of white (9%), black (10%), and Hispanic (7%) inmates had a prior homicide conviction

Bureau of Justice Statistics Report (2103)

Imprisoned State and Federal Male Prisoners, 2015

Age Group	Total	All Male	White	Black	Hispanic	Other
18 – 19	169	317	102	1,072	349	542
20 – 24	746	1,366	584	3,808	1,521	1,755
25 – 29	1,055	1,912	958	5,434	2,245	2,022
30 – 34	1,161	2,129	1,111	6,412	2,457	2,193
35 – 39	1,067	1,982	1,029	6,122	2,272	1,878
40 – 44	904	1,689	942	5,105	1,933	1,619
45 – 49	758	1,417	815	4,352	1,602	1,444
50 – 54	567	1,081	633	3,331	1,320	1,112
55 – 59	358	698	400	2,178	978	832
60 – 64	212	422	252	1,265	680	483
65 or older	72	158	109	418	299	208
# Sentenced Prisoners	1,508,636	1,402,404	453,500	516,900	308,700	123,300

Age Group	Total	All Female	White	Black	Hispanic	Other
18 – 19	169	14	8	32	17	12
20 – 24	746	96	72	152	94	109
25 – 29	1,055	170	150	244	165	208
30 – 34	1,161	185	163	264	174	225
35 – 39	1,067	155	138	229	137	189
40 – 44	904	132	119	213	107	174
45 – 49	758	111	90	203	94	161
50 – 54	567	72	57	128	67	124
55 – 59	358	37	27	72	42	63
60 – 64	212	20	15	37	25	37
65 or older	72	5	4	8	7	12
# Sentenced Prisoners	1,508,636	1,402,404	453,500	516,900	308,700	123,300

Imprisoned State and Federal Female Prisoners, 2015

Est. Percent State Offenders by offense, sex, race (2013)

Most Serious Offense	All Inmates	Males	Females	White	Black	Hispanic
Violent	53.2%	54.4%	37.1%	47.8%	56.8%	59.2%
Murder	12.5	12.6	11.2	9.6	13.7	14.2
Manslaughter	1.4	1.3	2.5	1.5	0.8	1.1
Rape/Sexual Assault	12.5	13.1	2.4	16.7	8.0	13.6
Robbery	13.7	14.0	8.8	8.0	19.9	13.5
Aggravated/simple assault	10.0	10.1	8.5	8.8	10.9	13.0
Other	3.1	3.1	3.7	3.2	3.5	3.7
Drugs	15.7%	15.1%	24.0%	14.5%	16.1%	14.5%
Possession	3.6	3.4	6.2	3.8	3.8	4.2
Other	12.1	11.7	17.8	10.7	12.3	10.4
Driving Under Influence	1.9	1.9	2.4	2.9	0.7	2.4
Weapons	3.8	4.0	1.7	2.4	4.9	5.1

End of Presentation