essay
H ALKUBRA
Europe_After_the_French_Revolution1.pptxEurope after the French Revolution
1
The Death of an Emperor
Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815
The Concert of Europe is created through
The settling of boundaries of European states
The determining of rulers of each nation
The creation of a new framework for international relations
Five major powers: Austria, Russia, Prussia, Britain, and France
2
Conservatism and Religion
Edmund Burke leads the Conservatives (Tories)
What do Conservatives call for?
Return to Europe’s religious roots
Catholicism
Evangelicalism
Great Awakening
New Ideologies
Nationalism
Each people had its own genius and its own cultural unity
Turn cultural unity into political reality
Liberalism
Liberty and equality
Bentham and utilitarianism
The Romantic Movement
Individualistic
the full development of one’s unique potential the supreme goal of life
Reject materialism
Seek spirituality through art
See history as the art of change over time
Nature is awesome and inspirational: “Nature is Spirit Visible”—John Constable
Human beings should accept the natural laws in place
Flee from industry’s attack on nature
Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer Looking over a Sea of Fog (1815)
John Constable, Salisbury Cathedral from Bishop’s Grounds (1823)
William Wordsworth, “Daffodils”
The waves beside them danced, but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:- A poet could not but be gay In such a jocund company: I gazed-and gazed-but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude, And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the Daffodils.
-1815
I wandered lonely as a Cloud That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
What is nationalism?
Nationalism can mean many things:
Patriotism
Jingoism
National over international concerns
Desire for national independence (Kosovo)
Emotional attachment to a territory
Being Part of a Nation
Similarities
Race
Religion
Language
Common experience
A feeling of economic or political community
Separation from a group that is “different” than yours
Nationalism in 19th Century Europe
Nationalists wanted to turn cultural “unity” into political reality
Closely connected to ideas of liberalism and democracy in early half of century
Belief that like people, nations had a right to develop their own national character and strengths
Ideas of ethnic superiority are closely connected to nationalist arguments
Roots of Nationalism
2 Theories
organic, slow development of “national” identity through a common language, history and culture.
Sudden development in the 19th Century because of the idea of the “nation-state”
“A nation-state is a sovereign POLITICAL entity… based on representing a unified people”
Other Roots of Nationalism
The French Revolution and Napoleonic Civil Codes
provided the ideologies and bureaucracies to form a modern nation-state.
Industrialization and liberal politics
Economic and Political Unity: German Zollverein
Invention by elites
How do you create consensus when trying to form a nation state?
Liberalism
Rooted in the Enlightenment
in favor of legal equality before the law
religious toleration
freedom of the press
small government: limit the power of government against the persons and property of individual citizens
governments get powers from the consent of the governed
Those who govern must represent the interests of the governed
Liberalism
Liberals do not believe in universal democracy
system of privilege based on wealth and property
Laissez-Faire Economics:
remove internal barriers to trade and to international commerce.
Corn Laws
opposed minimum wages and pro-labor legislation
Economic liberty provides basis for material progress.
Liberal Reform: The English Bill, 1832
Borough Reform
Redistribution of parliamentary seats: who gets what?
Franchise Reform
Urban, male, £10 freeholders
Key missing reform?
16
Reigns 1830-1848
Accepted symbols of a republic
Constitutional Charter of 1814
Red, white, and blue flag of the Revolution
“king of the French people”
Reality
Increased franchise from 100,000 to 170,000 citizens
Wealthy elite tighten control
Louis Philippe’s “Bourgeois Monarchy”
Revolutions of 1848: A Summary
In 1848, demonstrations and uprisings toppled governments
Liberal, socialist, and nationalist ideals put into practice.
France
Austria
Prussia
Popular sentiment became important
growing nationalist ideas call for united Germany and Italy
Great Britain and Russia remained untouched
Why?
All the revolutions failed due to ideological confrontations
Divided revolutionaries fall prey to strong conservative alliances
