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Ethogram_ZeinabHazime.docx

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Running head: ETHOGRAM 1

Hypothesis:

Wild Chimpanzees exhibit different behaviors as dictated by a range of factors that include biology, ecology and social transmission.

While some of the behaviors exhibited by wild chimpanzees are transferred from their mothers through biology, others become integrated in the culture of a group and define the way of doing things. On the other hand, the environment/ecology dictates they type of behaviors that chimpanzees exhibit. For example, Nishida, Mitani and Watts (2004) investigated social scratching behaviors in two different game reserves (Muhale and Ngongo) he found that while chimpanzees in Ngongo used fingers to poke their counterparts, those in Muhale used Flexed fingers to stroke others.

Operational Definitions:

Sampling method: focal sampling

Data collection method: 2.5 minute intervals; 1-0 time sampling

behaviors	Abbreviations	Definitions
1. Social scratching	SC [1 or 2]	One chimpanzee scratching the body of another. 1= use of fingers to poke the back of another chimpanzee 2= use of flexed fingers to stroke the bodies of other chimpanzees (Nishida, Mitani, & Watts, 2004)
2. Sounds Uttered during grooming	GC [ LS or Tc)	Sound associated with the inspection of the skin of another chimpanzee. LS= Lip smacking sounds TC= Teeth clacking sounds
3. Nut cracking behaviors	NC (1 or 2)	Calls made when cracking nuts that are mostly influenced by the vocal culture 1= short, high pitched pants (Vaidyanathan, 2011) 2= long hoots
4. Termite fishing behaviors	TF (1 or2)	Invasion of a termite mould with a tool made from vegetation for the purpose of extracting termites 1= repeated brush straightening to prepare the end for insertion 2= no repeated brush straightening (Sanz & Morgan, 2011)
5. Mating behavior	MB (`1 0r 2)	The use of gestures to initiate mating 1= use of auditory gestures 2= use of tactile gestures (Roberts & Roberts, 2015)
6. Feeding behavior	FB [1 or 2]	The manner in which chimpanzees prioritize feeding habitats 1= prioritize mating instead of feedinf 2= occupy high quality feeding habitats
7. Social play	SP [1 or 2]	The use of playful gestures 1= individual chimpanzee participate in playful activities such as swinging in trees 2= two or more chimpanzee engage in playful activities such as chasing one another
8. Male conflict behavior	MC [1 or 2]	During the mating activity, males are either aggressive or submissive depending on their dominance. 1; moderate aggression that includes physical contact, attacks and chasing another chimpanzee 2= no aggression where the chimpanzee is submissive (Surbeck et. Al, 2017).
9. Communication behaviors	CB [1 or 2]	Refers to the socialization behaviors 1 barking and screaming 2= pants and hoots
10. Parental care	PC [1 or 2]	Refers to the chimpanzee caring behaviors for adolescents and infants 1=Male exhibit more caring behavior 2=Females exhibit more responsible and caring behaviors

Ethogram:

START TIME: 2:00 P.M.

Time	Behavior SC [1 or 2]	Behavior [LS or Tc]	Behavior [NC 1 or 2]	Behavior [TF 1 or 2]	Behavior [MB 1 or 2]	Behavior FB [1 or 2]	Behavior [SP 1, or 2 ]	Behavior [MC 1 or 2]	Behavior [CB 1 or 2]	Behavior [PC 1 or 2]
2.5 min
5 min
7.5min
10min
12.5 min
15 min
17.5 min
20 min
22.5min
25 min
27.5 min
30 min
32.5 min
35min
37.5 min
40 min
42.5 min
45min
47.5 min
50 min
52.5 min
55 min
57.5 min
60 min
62.5min
65 min
67.5 min
70 min
72.5 min
75 min
77.5 min
80 min
82.5 min
85min
87.5 min
90 min
92.5 min
95min
97.5min
100 min
102.5 min
105 min
107.5 min
110 min
112.5 min
115min
117.5 min
120 min
122.5min
125 min
127.5 min
130 min
132.5 min
135 min
137.5 min
140 min
142.5 min
145min
147.5 min
150 min

References

Nishida, T., Mitani, J. C., & Watts, D. (2004). Variable Grooming Behaviours in Wild Chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica, 75(1), 31-36. doi:10.1159/000073429

Roberts, A. I., & Roberts, S. G. (2015). Gestural Communication and Mating Tactics in Wild Chimpanzees. Plos One, 10(11). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139683

Sanz, C. M., & Morgan, D. B. (2011). Elemental variation in the termite fishing of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Biology Letters, 7(4), 634-637. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0088

Surbeck, M., Boesch, C., Girard-Buttoz, C., Crockford, C., Hohmann, G., & Wittig, R. M. (2017). Comparison of male conflict behavior in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus), with specific regard to coalition and post-conflict behavior. American Journal of Primatology, 79(6). doi:10.1002/ajp.22641

Vaidyanathan, G. (2011). Apes in Africa: The cultured chimpanzees. Nature, 476(7360), 266-269. doi:10.1038/476266a