Deliverable 4 - Exposition of the Methodology

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Ethical Considerations in Research

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that focuses on decision making about what is right and wrong. Doing research that is ethical means that it is based on integrity and respect for all life. An effective researcher will always anticipate ethical issues and address them.

In their book Research Design, John W. and J. David Creswell note that it is helpful to look at ethical issues as they relate to each of the stages of research. In this section, we will explore some of the issues that may arise before a research study is conducted; once a study begins; during data collection and analysis; and when the data is reported and shared.

Before beginning a research study, be sure to consult the professional code of conduct and research associated with the appropriate field. Professional associations often have codes of ethics or standards on their websites. Researchers at colleges and universities need to have research plans reviewed in an Institutional Review Board (IRB), which makes sure that the potential risks to participants have been assessed, that the needs of vulnerable populations have been considered, and that animal subjects are treated humanely.

There are also federal and state policies on research misconduct, conflicts of interest, and the protection of human and animal subjects. While these policies were written for researchers who are funded by public money, all researchers should keep these guidelines in mind. 

As you begin a research study and collect data, be sure participants have filled out informed consent forms that make clear the purpose of the study and details about their involvement in it. It is critical that participants are not deceived or kept in the dark.

As you analyze and report data, keep these things in mind:

• Do not hide, falsify, or invent data or findings. • Do not plagiarize. Give credit to others’ work. • Do not report only positive results. Report the full range of findings, including those that are the opposite of

what you were hoping to uncover. • Respect the privacy and anonymity of participants. For example, in survey research, names of individuals

should be disassociated from their responses. In qualitative research, aliases can be used for individuals and places to protect their identities.

At some point an ethical dilemma may arise that is not clearly covered by the guidelines or rules. When that happens, ask advice from a colleague, a compliance officer, or a superior at your company or institution. Do research, collect data, and then make a decision about what to do. Whatever you decide, remember that your decision should be based on integrity and respect for others.