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EssSoc5_CH06.pptxLecture Slides Essentials of Sociology Fifth Edition
Anthony Giddens
Mitchell Duneier
Richard P. Appelbaum
Deborah Carr
Essentials of Sociology Chapter 6 Conformity, Deviance, and Crime
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Deviance
Deviance Behavior that violates standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
We are all deviant from time to time as we violate common social norms in certain situations, but does that make us a ‘deviant’? Discuss.
Deviance generally elicits negative audience reactions
behavior
appearance
group membership
beliefs
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Deviance
What Behavior Is Deviant?
Depends on the context and situation
Individuals and groups with greatest status and power define what is deviant
Sometimes majority, sometimes not
Primary deviance (behavior)
Secondary deviance (label)
Differences between Crime and Deviance
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Deviance
Deviance and Social Stigma
Stigma Labeling individuals or members of a group as less than whole persons due to some attribute that marks them as different in the eyes of others
Stigmatization brands some people as “others” and justifies discrimination, thereby acting as a form of social control.
People may be stigmatized for past behaviors.
Person need not be guilty of a crime to be stigmatized.
Stigma by association
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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
Durkheim’s Functionalist Theory of Deviance
Nothing inherently deviant or criminal in any act: “In other words, we must not say that an action shocks the conscious collective because it is criminal, but rather that it is criminal because it shocks the conscious collective” (Durkheim 1893/1972:123-124)
Deviance is a universal in all societies.
Societies define crime and deviance based on their collective moral beliefs.
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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
Functions of Crime and Deviance:
Increases social solidarity
Clarifies moral boundaries, shared beliefs, and values of a society
Example: 9/11
Can lead to necessary social change: “Deviant acts might also force us to recognize the limits of our existing beliefs and practices, opening up new doors and leading to cultural innovation” (Witt)
Examples?
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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
Social Order, Deviance, and Crime
Merton’s Theory of Deviance
Strain (Anomie) Theory of Deviance Five basic forms of adaptation to cultural expectations
Conformist
Innovator
Ritualist
Retreatist
Rebel
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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
Interpersonal Interaction and Local Context
Cultural Transmission School of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions
Differential Association Theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts
Control Theory View of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms
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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
Interpersonal Interaction and Local Context
Social disorganization theory attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions, such as the family, school, church, and local government
Labeling theory attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not
Also called societal-reaction approach
Ex: Saints and Roughnecks (Chambliss 1973)
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Social Control
Social Control Techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society
Sanction Penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm
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Social Control
Informal and Formal Social Control
Informal Social Control Social control carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule
Formal Social Control Social control carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers
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Social Control
Conformity and Obedience
Conformity Act of going along with peers—individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior
Obedience Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
Milgram: “Behavior that is unthinkable in an individual . . . acting on his own may be executed without hesitation when carried out under orders”
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Social Control
Law and Society
Some norms (mores) are so important to a society that they are formalized into laws
Law Governmental social control
In diverse societies, establishment of laws inevitably generates conflicts over whose values should prevail
High-consensus norms generally agreed upon violations of acceptable behavior – usually are coded into crimes
Low-consensus norms are obvious where laws are contested or widely broken – crimes that many people disagree should be crimes
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Views of Legalizing Marijuana: 1969–2014
Source: Pew Research Center 2014d.
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Crime
Crime Violation of law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties
Index crimes Eight types of crime reported annually by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Reports
Murder
Forcible rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Burglary
Larceny-theft
Motor vehicle theft
Arson
What crimes are missing from this list?
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Crime
Limitations of Index Crimes
Include only those crimes reported to law enforcement agencies
Excludes many types of crime
Victimization Survey Questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime
Shows that many crimes are never reported to police
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Note: Percentages based on the National Crime Victimization Survey for 2013.
Source: Truman and Langton 2014: Table 6. Photo: © McGraw-Hill Companies.
Crimes Reported to Police
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Note: Insufficient data are available on arson to estimate accurate totals. Because of rounding, the offenses may not add to totals.
Source: U.S. Department of Justice 2014a: Tables 1, 1A. Photo: © D. Hurst/Alamy.
National Crime Rates and Percentage Change
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Crime
Trends in Crime
Significant decline in crime nationwide since 2004
Sociologists offer many possible explanations for this trend, including
Aging population
Economic changes
Enhanced community policing
Increased incarceration rates
Prison education programs
What’s missing?
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Source: International Centre for Prison Studies 2010.
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Incarceration Rates around the World
© 2014 W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
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U.S. Crime Statistics
In 2010 (most recent census): prison population just under 1.6 million persons
Minorities are dramatically overrepresented among the incarcerated
Blacks: 37.8 percent of prison population, 13.1 percent of U.S. population
Latinos: 22.8 percent of prison population, 16.7 percent of U.S. population
© 2014 W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
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U.S. Incarceration
© 2014 W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
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Conflict Theory
Conflict theorists want to know why people commit crimes.
Crime is seen as political action intended to challenge the power structure.
New Criminology
Laws are tools of the powerful that reproduce inequality.
Individuals respond to inequities built into capitalism (similar to strain theory).
© 2014 W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
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The U.S. Prison System
Crime and punishment remain top priorities for Americans.
Currently:
Imprisonment costs almost $29,000 per year per inmate.
More than 25 percent of African American men are under the authority of the penal system.
Imprisonment is not a powerful deterrent.
© 2014 W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
Conflict, Power, and Criminality
Quinney: Criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful; protects their own interests and defines deviance to suit their own needs
Race and Class
Suspects treated differently based on race, ethnicity, and social class
Differential Justice Differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups
The New Jim Crow https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nv2lZh6NqCY
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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
Conflict, Power, and Criminality
Gender
Chesney-Lind and Balfour: The existing approaches to deviance were developed with only men in mind.
Cultural views and attitudes toward women influence how they are perceived and labeled.
As women take on more active and powerful roles, the gender differences in deviance and crime have narrowed.
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Gender and Crime
Men are more likely to be both perpetrators and victims of crime and to be incarcerated.
The “gender contract” may lead to differential treatment with authorities.
Ties to children and others may prevent women from engaging in deviant acts.
© 2014 W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
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For many people, our image of crime is a male perpetrator and female victim. As it turns out, however, this is only half right. Man are far more likely to commit crimes—especially violent ones. But men are also much more likely to be the victims of crime and are much more likely to be incarcerated.
This flies in the face of media representations of crime which, as the beginning of your chapter suggests, often focus on sensational crimes carried out by or against “innocent” white women like Casey Anthony or Amanda Knox’s roommate Meredith Kercher. By emphasizing these less likely events, our perspectives of what crime actually looks like are often skewed by what we see and hear in public discourse. The Amanda Knox and Casey Anthony cases are so interesting precisely because the accused perpetrators don’t fit the bill and we don’t understand violence among women.
There is some research that suggests that our society’s gender contract, which sees women as helpless and nurturing and men as aggressive and dominant, plays a role in the differentials in deviant behavior. Other research suggests that it may be that women’s deeper connectedness to others—especially their children—keeps them from taking part in actions that might send them to prison. This would be an illustration of the key theme of control theory, whereby social bonds help people stay within social norms.
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Murder Victims by Race and Sex
© 2014 W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
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Here we can see very clearly the differences in the likelihood of being a victim, with black women being least likely and black men being most likely. The vast majority of perpetrators of violent crime are also men. This translates into a prison population where nearly 88 percent of those incarcerated are, in fact, men.
Source: FBI 2012b
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The Death Penalty
The United States has continued high levels of support for the death penalty: 63 percent in 2012.
There have been problems in recent years with uneven access to DNA testing.
Two-thirds of executions since 1977 have taken place in five states: Texas, Virginia, Oklahoma, Florida, and Missouri.
© 2014 W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
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Note: The death penalty was reinstated by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1976. Data current as of February 2015. New Mexico abolished the death penalty in 2009.
Source: Death Penalty Information Center 2015.
Executions by State Since 1976
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Youth and Crime
Long-standing concerns about the equation of youth and criminality
Of people arrested in 2011, 30 percent were aged 21 and under
Control theory: relative lack of social ties and attachments that characterize adulthood
Fear of recent mass killings
© 2014 W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
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Crime
White-Collar Crime Illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent, “respectable” people
Victims are corporations, government, consumers, or public
Examples?
Corporate Crime: A specific type of white-collar crime committed in the course of “regular” practices by corporations and businesses
Victims are consumers, public
Examples?
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Crime
Victimless Crimes Willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services
Supporters of decriminalization are troubled by attempts to legislate a moral code for adults.
Critics object to the notion that these crimes are “victimless” and argue that society must not give tacit approval to harmful behavior.
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Crime
International Crime
Transnational Crime Crime that occurs across multiple national borders
Organized criminal networks are increasingly global
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Crime
Organized Crime Work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the illegal smuggling and sale of drugs, people, animals, or other contraband
Transnational organized crime takes advantage of advances in electronic communications
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Crime
Human Trafficking:
“The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.” (source: United Nations)
Typically either sex work, or labor, or war
Video:
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This concludes the Lecture Slides for Essentials of Sociology, Fifth Edition Chapter 6
Anthony Giddens
Mitchell Duneier
Richard P. Appelbaum
Deborah Carr
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
