E&S for Brilliant Answers
Jamming1990
esrt2010.pdf
Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g
Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
New York State Fossil
1 6
1 7
1 8
1 9
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
1 5
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 1 0
11 1 2
1 3
1 4
cm
2010 EDITION This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2009–2010 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.
The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
Eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis
Gradient = change in field value
distance
Density = mass
volume
Rate of change = change in value
time
Equations
RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE
DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE (years)
Carbon-14
Potassium-40
Uranium-238
Rubidium-87
C 14
K 40
U 238
Rb 87
N 14
Pb 206
Sr 87
5.7 × 103
1.3 × 109
4.5 × 109
4.9 × 1010
Ar40
Ca 40
Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data
Properties of Water
Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere
MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT (Joules/gram • °C)
Liquid water 4.18
Solid water (ice) 2.11
Water vapor 2.00
Dry air 1.01
Basalt 0.84
Granite 0.79
Iron 0.45
Copper 0.38
Lead 0.13
ELEMENT (symbol)
CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE Percent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume
Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0
Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88
Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48
Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49
Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18
Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11
Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33
Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42
Nitrogen (N) 78.0
Hydrogen (H) 66.0
Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0
Eurypterus remipes
2 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
G en
er al
iz ed
L an
ds ca
pe R
eg io
ns o
f N
ew Y
or k
St at
e
Ap pa
lac hi
an
Pl at
ea u
(U pl
an ds
)
In te
ri o
r L
o w
la n
d s
G re
n v il le
P ro
v in
c e
(H ig
h la
n d
s )
Ne w
En gl
an d
Pr ov
in ce
(H ig
hl an
ds )
A tl
an ti
c C
o as
ta lP
la in
A lle
g h e n y
P la
te a u
E ri e -O
n ta
ri o L
o w
la n d s
(P la
in s)
T u g H
ill P
la te
a u
A d
ir o
n d
a ck
M o
u n
ta in
s
L a ke
E ri
e
L a ke
O n ta
ri o
In te
ri o
r L
o w
la n
d s
S t.
La w
re nc
e Lo
w la
nd s
ChamplainLowlands H u d so
n H
ig h la
n d s
M a n h a tt a n P
ro n g
T h e C
a ts
ki lls
Tacon ic Mou
ntains
Huds on-Mohaw
kLo wlands
Ne wa
rk Lo
wla nd
s
M a jo
r g e o g ra
p h ic
p ro
vi n ce
b o u n d a ry
L a n d sc
a p e r
e g io
n b
o u n d a ry
S ta
te b
o u n d a ry
In te
rn a tio
n a l b
o u n d a ry
K e y
N S
W E
0 2 0
4 0
0 2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
K ilo
m e te
rs
M ile
s 1 0
3 0
5 0
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 3
G en
er al
iz ed
B ed
ro ck
G eo
lo gy
o f
N ew
Y or
k St
at e
m od
if ie
d fr
om G
EO LO
G IC
A L
SU RV
EY N
EW Y
O R
K S
TA TE
M U
SE U
M 19
89
NiagaraRiver
G E
O L
O G
IC P
E R
IO D
S A
N D
E R
A S
I N
N E
W Y
O R
K
C R
E TA
C E
O U
S a
nd P
LE IS
TO C
E N
E (E
po ch
) w ea
kl y
co ns
ol id
at ed
to u
nc on
so lid
at ed
g ra
ve ls
, s an
ds , a
nd c
la ys
LA TE
T R
IA S
S IC
a nd
E A
R LY
J U
R A
S S
IC c
on gl
om er
at es
, r ed
s an
ds to
ne s,
re d
sh al
es , b
as al
t, an
d di
ab as
e (P
al is
ad es
s ill
)
P E
N N
S Y
LV A
N IA
N a
nd M
IS S
IS S
IP P
IA N
c on
gl om
er at
es , s
an ds
to ne
s, a
nd s
ha le
s
D E
VO N
IA N
lim es
to ne
s, s
ha le
s, s
an ds
to ne
s, a
nd c
on gl
om er
at es
S IL
U R
IA N
S IL
U R
IA N
al so
c on
ta in
s sa
lt, g
yp su
m , a
nd h
em at
ite .
O R
D O
V IC
IA N
lim es
to ne
s, s
ha le
s, s
an ds
to ne
s, a
nd d
ol os
to ne
s C
A M
B R
IA N
C A
M B
R IA
N a
nd E
A R
LY O
R D
O V
IC IA
N s
an ds
to ne
s an
d do
lo st
on es
m
od er
at el
y to
in te
ns el
y m
et am
or ph
os ed
e as
t o f t
he H
ud so
n R
iv er
C A
M B
R IA
N a
nd O
R D
O V
IC IA
N (u
nd iff
er en
tia te
d) q
ua rt
zi te
s, d
ol os
to ne
s, m
ar bl
es , a
nd s
ch is
ts in
te ns
el y
m et
am or
ph os
ed ; i
nc lu
de s
po rt
io ns
o f t
he T
ac on
ic S
eq ue
nc e
an d
C or
tla nd
t C om
pl ex
TA C
O N
IC S
E Q
U E
N C
E s
an ds
to ne
s, s
ha le
s, a
nd s
la te
s sl
ig ht
ly to
in te
ns el
y m
et am
or ph
os ed
ro ck
s of
C A
M B
R IA
N th
ro ug
h M
ID D
LE O
R D
O V
IC IA
N a
ge s
M ID
D LE
P R
O TE
R O
ZO IC
g ne
is se
s, q
ua rt
zi te
s, a
nd m
ar bl
es Li
ne s
ar e
ge ne
ra liz
ed s
tr uc
tu re
tr en
ds .
M ID
D LE
P R
O TE
R O
ZO IC
a no
rt ho
si tic
ro ck
s
} }
}} }Dominantly sedimentary origin Dominantly metamorpho se
d
ro ck
s
LO N
G IS
LA N
D S
O U
N D
In te
ns el
y m
et am
or ph
os ed
r oc
ks (r
eg io
na l m
et am
or ph
is m
a bo
ut 1
,0 00
m .y
.a .)
N S
W E
0 2 0
4 0
0 2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
K ilo
m e te
rs
M ile
s 1 0
3 0
5 0
0 °
4 0
° 8 0
° 1 2 0
° 1 6 0
° 1 8 0
° 1 6 0
° 1 2 0
° 8 0
° 4 0
° 8
0 °
4 0
°
4 0
°0°
8 0
°
2 0
°
6 0
°
6 0
°
2 0
°
A rc
tic C
ir cl
e (6
6 .5
° N
)
T ro
p ic
o f C
a n ce
r (2
3 .5
° N
)
T ro
p ic
o f C
a p ri co
rn (2
3 .5
° S
)
A n ta
rc tic
C ir cl
e (6
6 .5
° S
)
E q u a to
r
2 0
° 6 0
° 1 0 0
° 1 4 0
° 2 0
° 6 0
° 1 0 0
° 1 4 0
° 2 0
°
0 °
4 0
° 8 0
° 1 2 0
° 1 6 0
° 1 8 0
° 1 6 0
° 1 2 0
° 8 0
° 4 0
° 2 0
° 6 0
° 1 0 0
° 1 4 0
° 2 0
° 6 0
° 1 0 0
° 1 4 0
° 2 0
°
E q u a to
ri a lC
o u
n te
rc u rr
e n t
EastAustra lia
C .
A n
ta rc
tic C
ir cu
m p o la
r C
u rr
e n t
N o rt
h
A tla
n tic
C .
A n ta
rc tic
C ir cu
m p o la
r C
u rr
e n t
N O
T E
: N
o t a ll
su rf
a ce
o ce
a n c
u rr
e n ts
a re
s h o w
n .
N o rt
h A
m er
ic a
S o u
th A
m er
ic a
A n
ta rc
ti ca
A u
st ra
li a
N o rt
h P
a ci
fi c
O ce
a n
A n
ta rc
ti ca
A fr
ic a
A si
a E
u ro
p e
Su rf
ac e
O ce
an C
ur re
nt s
A fr
ic a
Peru C.
N o rt
h E
q u a
to ri a lC
.
S o u th
E q u a to
ri a lC
.
S o u
th er
n O
ce a n
A rc
ti c
O ce
a n
In d
ia n
O ce
a n
S o u th
E q u a to
ri a l C
.
W e st
A us
tra liaC
.
In d
ia
G re
en la
n d
N o rt
h A
tl a n
ti c
O ce
a n
E q u a to
ri a l
C o u n te
rc u rr
e n t
F lo
ri d a C
.
Kuroshio C.
Oyas hio
C .
Kam ch
at ka
C .
N o rt
h P
a ci
fic C
.
Al as
ka C
. C
al ifo
rnia C.
Braz ilC
.
Be ngu
elaC.
S o u th
E q
u a to
ri a l C
.
Falkla nd
C.
G u in
e a
C .
N o rt
h E
q u
a to
ria lC
.
G ul
fS tre
am C
. Canary C.
La br
ad or
C.
W est
Gre enl
and C.
Ea st
G re
en la
nd C.
N or
we gia
nC .
N o rt
h E
q u a to
ri a lC
. E
q u
a to
ri a
lC o
u n te
rc u rr
e n t
Ag ulh
as C.
S o u
th P
a ci
fi c
O ce
a n
S o u
th A
tl a n
ti c
O ce
a n
W a
rm c
u rr
e n
ts
C o
o l c
u rr
e n
ts
K e y
4 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 5
P er
u-C hile Trench
H a w
a ii
H o t
S p o t
S a n A
n d re
a s
F a u lt
Ju an
d e
F u
ca P
la te
P h
il ip
p in
e P
la te
A le
u tia
n T
re nc
h Y
e llo
w st
o n
e H
o t
S p
o t
N o rt
h A
m er
ic an
P la
te
A fr
ic an
P la
te C
o co
s P
la te
C ar
ib b
ea n
P la
te
Mid -A
tla nti
cR idg
e C a
n a
ry Is
la n
d s
H o
t S
p o
t
S o u
th A
m er
ic an
P la
te
G a
la p
a g
o s
H o
t S
p o
t
N az
ca P
la te
A n
ta rc
ti c
P la
te
In d
ia n
-A u
st ra
li an
P la
te
P ac
if ic
P la
te F
ij i
P la
te
E as
tP aci
ficR idge
A n
ta rc
ti c
P la
te
Ar ab
ian
Pla te
E u
ra si
an P
la te
E u
ra si
an P
la te
Ic e
la n
d H
o t S
p o
t
EastAfricanR ift
M id
-In dian Ridge
So ut
he as
t In
di a n
R id
g e
So ut
hw es
t I nd
ia n
R id
ge S co
ti a
P la
te
S an
d w
ic h
P la
te
Mid-AtlanticRidge
E a st
e r
Is la
n d
H o t
S p o t
S t. H
e le
n a
H o
t S
p o
t
B o
u ve
t H
o t S
p o
t
K e y
N O
T E
: N
o t a ll
m a
n tle
h o t sp
o ts
, p la
te s,
a n d
b o u n d a ri e
s a re
s h o w
n .
C o
m p
le x
o r
u n
ce rt
a in
p la
te b
o u
n d
a ry
R e la
tiv e m
o tio
n a
t p la
te b
o u n d a ry
M a
n tle
h o
t sp
o t
D iv
e rg
e n t
p la
te b
o u n d a ry
(u su
a lly
b ro
ke n b
y tr
a n sf
o rm
fa u lts
a lo
n g m
id -o
ce a n r
id g e s)
C o n ve
rg e n t
p la
te b
o u
n d
a ry
(s u b d u ct
io n z
o n
e )
su b d u ct
in g
p la
te
o ve
rr id
in g
p la
te
T ra
n sf
o rm
p la
te b
o u n d a ry
(t ra
n sf
o rm
f a u lt)
T ec
to ni
c Pl
at es
T a sm
a n
H o t
S p o t
M
ar iana T
rench
Tonga Trench
6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
E ro
s ion
W e
a th
e ri
n g
& E
ro si
o n
(U p
lif t)
M e
ta m
o rp
h ism
Melting So
lid ific
at io
nM eltin
gWea the
ring & E
ros ion
(Uplift)
Metam orphism
Weathering & Erosion
(Up lift)
Hea t and/or
Pressure
H e
a t
a n
d /o
r P
re ssu
re
M e
ltin g
Ce me
nta tion
and Burial
Co m
pa cti
on and
/or Deposition
IGNEOUS ROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHIC ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
P A
R T
IC L
E D
IA M
E T
E R
( cm
)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1 0
0 0
5 0
0
5 0
1 0
0
1 05
10 .5
0 .1
0 .0
5
0 .0
1
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene (green)
Amphibole (black)
Biotite (black)
Potassium feldspar
(pink to white)
(r e
la tiv
e b
y vo
lu m
e )
M IN
E R
A L
C O
M P
O S
IT IO
N
Quartz (clear to white)
C H
A R
A C
T E
R IS
T IC
S
MAFIC (rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC (rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTAL SIZE
TEXTURE
Pumice
IN T
R U
S IV
E (P
lu to
n ic
) E
X T
R U
S IV
E (V
o lc
a n
ic )
E N
V IR
O N
M E
N T
O F
F O
R M
A T
IO N
Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray)
Olivine (green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IG N
E O
U S
R O
C K
S
n o
n -
cr ys
ta lli
n e
Glassy Basaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
le ss
t h
a n
1 m
m Fine BasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1 m
m to
1 0
m m
CoarsePeri- dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
1 0
m m
o r
la rg
e r
Very coarse
Scoria Vesicular (gas
pockets)
D u
n it
e
Non- vesicular
Non- vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicular andesite
Diabase
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 7
INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Rounded fragments
Angular fragments Mostly quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals; may contain fragments of other rocks and minerals
Pebbles, cobbles, and/or boulders embedded in sand, silt, and/or clay
Clastic (fragmental)
Very fine grain
Compact; may split easily
Conglomerate
Breccia
CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Crystalline
Halite
Gypsum
Dolomite
Calcite
Carbon
Crystals from chemical precipitates and evaporites
Rock salt
Rock gypsum
Dolostone
Limestone
Bituminous coal
. . . . . . . . .
Sand (0.006 to 0.2 cm)
Silt (0.0004 to 0.006 cm)
Clay (less than 0.0004 cm)
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Fine to coarse
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Fine to
coarse crystals
Microscopic to very coarse
Precipitates of biologic origin or cemented shell fragments
Compacted plant remains
. . . . . . . . .
Bioclastic
Crystalline or bioclastic
F O
L IA
T E
D
Fine
Fine to
medium
Medium to
coarse
Regional
Low-grade metamorphism of shale
Platy mica crystals visible from metamorphism of clay or feldspars
High-grade metamorphism; mineral types segregated into bands
Slate
Schist
Gneiss
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME
TYPE OF METAMORPHISM
(Heat and pressure increases)
M IN
E R
A L
A L IG
N M
E N
T B
A N
D -
IN G
MAP SYMBOL
Foliation surfaces shiny from microscopic mica crystals
Phyllite
G A
R N
E T
P Y
R O
X E
N E
F E
L D
S P
A R
A M
P H
IB O
L E
M IC
A Q
U A
R T
Z
Hornfels
N O
N F
O L IA
T E
D
Metamorphism of quartz sandstone
Metamorphism of limestone or dolostone
Pebbles may be distorted or stretched
Metaconglomerate
Quartzite
Marble
Coarse
Fine to
coarse
Quartz
Calcite and/or dolomite
Various minerals
Contact (heat)
Various rocks changed by heat from nearby magma/lava
Various mineralsFine
Anthracite coalRegional Metamorphism of bituminous coalCarbonFine
Regional
or
contact
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification
8 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
PLEISTOCENE PLIOCENE
MIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
PALEOCENE
LATE
EARLY
LATE MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE EARLY LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
EARLY LATE
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
Elliptocephala Cryptolithus
Phacops Hexameroceras Manticoceras Eucalyptocrinus
Ctenocrinus Tetragraptus
Dicellograptus Eurypterus Stylonurus
B LA EC D G HF I J NK M
CentrocerasValcouroceras Coelophysis
(Index fossils not drawn to scale)
EraEon
P H
A N
E R
O -
Z O
IC P
R E
C A
M B
R I
A N
A R
C H
E A
N P
R O
T E
R O
Z O
I C
L A T E
L A T E
M I D D L E
M I D D L E
E A R L Y
E A R L Y
0
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
4600
Million years ago
CENOZOIC
MESOZOIC
PALEOZOIC
QUATERNARY
NEOGENE
PALEOGENE
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
C A
R B
O N
IF -
E R
O U
S
DEVONIAN
Period Epoch Life on Earth
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
580
488
444
416
318
299
200
146
1300
Million years ago
NY Rock Record
PENNSYLVANIAN
HOLOCENE
65.5
251
1.8 5.3
0.01 0
23.0 33.9
MISSISSIPPIAN
Humans, mastodonts, mammoths
55.8
Large carnivorous mammals Abundant grazing mammals Earliest grasses
Many modern groups of mammals Mass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and many land plants
Earliest flowering plants Diverse bony fishes
Earliest birds
Earliest mammals
Mass extinction of many land and marine organisms (including trilobites)
Mammal-like reptiles
Abundant reptiles
Extensive coal-forming forests
Abundant amphibians Large and numerous scale trees and seed ferns (vascular plants); earliest reptiles
359 Earliest amphibians and plant seeds Extinction of many marine organisms
Earth’s first forests Earliest ammonoids and sharks Abundant fish
Earliest insects Earliest land plants and animals
Abundant eurypterids
Invertebrates dominant Earth’s first coral reefs
Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms) Earliest fishes
Earliest trilobites 542
Abundant stromatolites
Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied marine organisms)
Extinction of many primitive marine organisms
First sexually reproducing organisms
Oldest known rocks
Estimated time of origin of Earth and solar system
Sediment
Bedrock
Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids
Earliest dinosaurs
Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts
Evidence of biological carbon
Earliest stromatolites Oldest microfossils
Oceanic oxygen produced by cyanobacteria combines with iron, forming iron oxide layers on ocean floor
Oceanic oxygen begins to enter the atmosphere
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 9
Grenville orogeny: metamorphism of bedrock now exposed in the Adirondacks and Hudson Highlands
Advance and retreat of last continental ice
Sands and clays underlying Long Island and Staten Island deposited on margin of Atlantic Ocean
Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins
Intrusion of Palisades sill
Initial opening of Atlantic Ocean North America and Africa separate
Pangaea begins to break up
Catskill delta forms Erosion of Acadian Mountains
Acadian orogeny caused by collision of North America and Avalon and closing of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean
Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins
Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston delta forms
Taconian orogeny caused by closing of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and volcanic island arc
Widespread deposition over most of New York along edge of Iapetus Ocean
Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean
Erosion of Grenville Mountains
OF NEW YORK STATE
Mastodont Beluga Whale
Cooksonia Bothriolepis
Maclurites Eospirifer MucrospiriferAneurophyton
CondorNaples Tree Cystiphyllum Lichenaria Pleurodictyum
PO RQ S T U V W X Y Z
Platyceras
Time Distribution of Fossils (including important fossils of New York) Important Geologic
Events in New York Inferred Positions of Earth’s Landmasses
ESC/BW/TN (2009)
B R
A C
H IO
P O
D S
G A
S T
R O
P O
D SC O
R A
L S
C R
IN O
ID S
A M
M O
N O
ID S
V A
S C
U L
A R
P L
A N
T S
T R
IL O
B IT
E S
N A
U T
IL O
ID S
The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time of existence of a specific index fossil (e.g. Fossil lived at the end of the Early Cambrian).
B IR
D S
B
M
A
E
C
D
G
H
F
I
J
L
K
N
P
Q
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
P L
A C
O D
E R
M F
IS H
R
A
Alleghenian orogeny caused by collision of North America and Africa along transform margin, forming Pangaea
119 million years ago
D IN
O S
A U
R S
M A
M M
A L
S
G R
A P
T O
L IT
E S E
U R
Y P
T E
R ID
S
359 million years ago
458 million years ago
232 million years ago
59 million years ago
O S
10 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
12.8–13.1
9.9–12.2
3.4–5.6
3.0 basaltic oceanic crust 2.7 granitic continental crust
DENSITY (g/cm3)
0 2000 4000 6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
DEPTH (km)
T E
M P
E R
A T
U R
E (°
C )
1000 3000 5000
6000
ATL AN
TIC OCE
AN
N O
R TH
A M
E R
IC A
MOHO
IN N
E R
CO RE
(I R
O N
&
NI CK
EL)
A S
T H
E N
O S P H
ER
E (P
LA ST
IC MA
NT LE)
EARTH’S CENTER
S T
IF F E
R
MA NT
LE
M EL
TI NG
P O
IN T
M E
LT IN
G P
O IN
T
O C
E A
N P
A C
IF IC
LI TH
OS PH
ER E
} R
IG ID
M A
N TL
E
C R
U S
T
7000
MID-A TLANT
IC
RIDGE
O U
TE R
CO RE
(I R
O N
&
NI CK
EL )
4
3
2
1
0
P R
E S
S U
R E
(m ill
io n a
tm o sp
h e re
s)
PARTIAL MELTING
IN TE
RI OR
TE MP
ER AT
UR E
CASCADES
TRENCH
Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
EPICENTER DISTANCE (× 103 km)
P
9 10
S
T R
A V
E L
T IM
E (
m in
)
0 0
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 11
Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time
1 – 33 – 28 – 24 – 21 –18 –14 –12 –10 – 7 – 5 – 3 –1 1 4 6 8
10 12 14 16 19 21 23 25 27 29
2
– 36 – 28 – 22 –18 –14 –12 – 8 – 6 – 3 –1 1 3 6 8
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
0 – 20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 – 8 – 6 – 4 – 2
0 2 4 6 8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
– 20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 – 8 – 6 – 4 – 2
0 2 4 6 8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
3
– 29 – 22 –17 –13 – 9 – 6 – 4 –1 1 4 6 9
11 13 15 17 20 22 24 26
4
– 29 – 20 –15 –11 – 7 – 4 – 2
1 4 6 9
11 14 16 18 20 22 24
5
– 24 –17 –11 – 7 – 5 – 2
1 4 7 9
12 14 16 18 21 23
6
–19 –13 – 9 – 5 – 2
1 4 7
10 12 14 17 19 21
7
– 21 –14 – 9 – 5 – 2
1 4 7
10 12 15 17 19
8
–14 – 9 – 5 –1 2 4 8
10 13 16 18
9
– 28 –16 –10 – 6 – 2
2 5 8
11 14 16
10
–17 –10 – 5 –2 3 6 9
11 14
11
–17 –10 – 5 –1 2 6 9
12
12
–19 –10 – 5 –1 3 7
10
13
–19 –10 – 5
0 4 8
14
–19 –10 – 4
1 5
15
–18 – 9 – 3
1
1 28 40 48 55 61 66 71 73 77 79 81 83 85 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93
2
11 23 33 41 48 54 58 63 67 70 72 74 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 86
0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
– 20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 – 8 – 6 – 4 – 2
0 2 4 6 8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
3
13 20 32 37 45 51 56 59 62 65 67 69 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 79
4
11 20 28 36 42 46 51 54 57 60 62 64 66 68 69 70 71 72
5
1 11 20 27 35 39 43 48 50 54 56 58 60 62 64 65 66
6
6 14 22 28 33 38 41 45 48 51 53 55 57 59 61
7
10 17 24 28 33 37 40 44 46 49 51 53 55
8
6 13 19 25 29 33 36 40 42 45 47 49
9
4 10 16 21 26 30 33 36 39 42 44
10
2 8
14 19 23 27 30 34 36 39
11
1 7
12 17 21 25 28 31 34
12
1 6
11 15 20 23 26 29
13
5 10 14 18 21 25
14
4 9
13 17 20
15
4 9
12 16
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)Dry-Bulb Tempera - ture (°C)
Dry-Bulb Tempera - ture (°C)
Dewpoint (°C)
Relative Humidity (%)
12 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 13
Key to Weather Map Symbols
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
–20
–40
–60
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
Fahrenheit (°F)
Water boils
Room temperature
Water freezes
Temperature
Freezing rain
Haze
Rain
FogSnow
Hail Rain showers
Thunder- storms
Drizzle
Sleet
Smog
Snow showers
Air Masses
cA
cP
cT
mT
mP
continental arctic
continental polar
continental tropical
maritime tropical
maritime polar
Cold
Warm
Stationary
Occluded
Present Weather Fronts Hurricane
Tornado
30.70
30.60
30.50
30.40
30.30
30.20
30.10
30.00
29.90
29.80
29.70
29.60
29.50
29.40
29.30
29.20
29.10
29.00
28.90
28.80
28.70
28.60
28.50
1040.0
1036.0
1032.0
1028.0
1024.0
1020.0
1016.0
1012.0
1008.0
1004.0
1000.0
996.0
992.0
988.0
984.0
980.0
976.0
972.0
968.0
One atmosphere
Pressure inches
(in of Hg*) Kelvin
(K) Celsius
(°C) millibars
(mb)
196
+19/
.25
28
27
1 2
Station Model Station Model Explanation
*Hg = mercury
Gamma rays
X rays
Ultraviolet Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
Visible light
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength
(Not drawn to scale)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
DRY
60° SWET
DRY
S.E.
N.W. Winds
30° S
0°
60° N
30° N
WET
DRY
S.E. Winds
N.E. Winds
N.E.
S.W. Winds
DRY
Tropopause
Polar front
Polar front jet stream
Subtropical jet streams
Polar front jet stream
WET
Sea Level
A lt
it u
d e
Temperature Zones
Mesopause
Mesosphere
Stratopause
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Temperature (°C)
–100° 0° 100° –90° –55° 15°
Pressure (atm)
Atmospheric Pressure
0 20 40
Concentration (g/m3)
Water Vapor
km mi
Thermosphere (extends to 600 km)
0 1.0
40 25
80 50
120 75
160 100
0 0
Tropopause
14 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Planetary Wind and Moisture Belts in the Troposphere
The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of an equinox. The locations shift somewhat with the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere, the belts shift northward in the summer and southward in the winter.
(Not drawn to scale)
Selected Properties of
Earth’s Atmosphere
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 15
Solar System Data Celestial Object
Mean Distance from Sun
(million km)
Period of Revolution
(d=days) (y=years)
Period of Rotation at Equator
Eccentricity of Orbit
Equatorial Diameter
(km)
Mass (Earth = 1)
Density (g/cm3)
SUN — — 27 d — 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4
MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4
VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2
EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5
MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9
JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3
SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7
URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3
NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8
EARTH’S MOON
149.6 (0.386 from Earth)
27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3
Characteristics of Stars (Name in italics refers to star represented by a .)
(Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.)
Color
Surface Temperature (K)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
L u
m in
o s
it y
(R a te
a t w
h ic
h a
s ta
r e m
its e
n e rg
y re
la tiv
e t
o t
h e S
u n )
20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000
Blue Blue White White Yellow
2,000
RedOrange
Sirius
Spica
Polaris
Rigel
Deneb Betelgeuse
SUPERGIANTS (Intermediate stage)
(Intermediate stage) GIANTS
Barnard’s Star
Proxima Centauri
Pollux
Alpha Centauri
Aldebaran
Sun
Procyon B Small Stars
Massive Stars
WHITE DWARFS (Late stage)
MAIN SEQUENCE
(Early stage)
40 Eridani B
30,000
1 – 2 �
silver to gray
black streak, greasy feel
pencil lead, lubricants
C Graphite
2.5 � metallic silver
gray-black streak, cubic cleavage, density = 7.6 g/cm3
ore of lead, batteries
PbS Galena
5.5 – 6.5 � black to
silver black streak,
magnetic ore of iron,
steel Fe3O4 Magnetite
6.5 � brassy yellow
green-black streak, (fool’s gold)
ore of sulfur
FeS2 Pyrite
5.5 – 6.5 or 1 �
metallic silver or earthy red
red-brown streak ore of iron,
jewelry Fe2O3 Hematite
1 � white to green
greasy feel ceramics,
paper Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Talc
2 � yellow to amber
white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur
2 � white to
pink or gray easily scratched
by fingernail plaster of paris,
drywall CaSO4• 2H2O Selenite gypsum
2 – 2.5 � colorless to
yellow flexible in
thin sheets paint, roofing KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Muscovite mica
2.5 � colorless to
white cubic cleavage,
salty taste food additive,
melts ice NaCl Halite
2.5 – 3 � black to
dark brown flexible in
thin sheets construction
materials K(Mg,Fe)3
AlSi3O10(OH)2 Biotite mica
3 � colorless
or variable bubbles with acid,
rhombohedral cleavage cement,
lime CaCO3 Calcite
3.5 � colorless
or variable bubbles with acid when powdered
building stones
CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite
4 � colorless or
variable cleaves in
4 directions hydrofluoric
acid CaF2 Fluorite
5 – 6 � black to
dark green cleaves in
2 directions at 90° mineral collections,
jewelry (Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al)
(Si,Al)2O6 Pyroxene
(commonly augite)
5.5 � black to
dark green cleaves at
56° and 124° mineral collections,
jewelry CaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3
Si6O22(O,OH)2
Amphibole (commonly hornblende)
6 � white to
pink cleaves in
2 directions at 90° ceramics,
glass KAlSi3O8
Potassium feldspar (commonly orthoclase)
6 � white to
gray cleaves in 2 directions,
striations visible ceramics,
glass (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 Plagioclase feldspar
6.5 � green to
gray or brown commonly light green
and granular furnace bricks,
jewelry (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 Olivine
7 � colorless or
variable glassy luster, may form
hexagonal crystals glass, jewelry,
electronics SiO2 Quartz
6.5 – 7.5 � dark red to green
often seen as red glassy grains in NYS metamorphic rocks
jewelry (NYS gem), abrasives
Fe3Al2Si3O12 Garnet
16 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHING LUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME
N on
m et
al lic
lu st
er
*Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = silicon Ca = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium
� = dominant form of breakage
M et
al lic
lu st
er Ei
th er
FR A
C TU
R E
C LE
AV A
G E
Properties of Common Minerals
