World Religions paper Due 6/11
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Esposito-WorldReligionsToday6e-Chapter4PowerPoint.pptx1
Lecture Outline Chapter 4
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Premodern Christianity
New Testament
Canonized 367 CE
Four different stories of Jesus
Jesus’s message of compassion and forgiveness
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Crucifixion of Jesus
Only Romans had the power
Life of Jesus gives hope to others to overcome suffering and death
Apocalypse: The book of Revelation
Jesus will return as Messiah to judge the heaven and the earth and bring about a new creation
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Emergence of Christianity
Began as Jewish sectarian movement
Nazarene movement became gentile Christianity
Paul—first great missionary of Christianity
Christian myth of supersession born
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Council of Nicaea in 325
The Word through which all things created same as God
Council of Chalcedon in 451
“Two natures in one person”—Jesus is without sin and fully human, yet God is wholly present in Jesus without confusion or mixture (i.e., Jesus is not half god/half man)
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Church and state
Constantinianism 313
Christianity becomes official religion of the Roman Empire
Only Judaism permitted, with severe restrictions
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Bishop of Rome grows in power and authority
Becomes pope over all other bishops
Augustine of Hippo
Develops idea of separation between church and state
Introduces idea that Christianity is meant to transform every society into a “Christian” society
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Middle Ages
Monasticism first serious reform movement in church
Provided model for future reform movements to call church back to its spiritual mission
Benedictine monks taught “to work is to pray”
Developed technology
Cluniac monasteries provided model for having central organization
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Crusades
Christian Europe seeks to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslims
Crusading armies marched through Europe; they unleashed devastating violence on the Jewish communities they encountered along the way, fed by ancient Christian stereotypes of Jews as a “rejected people,” killing an estimated 10,000 Jews in what is now Germany during the first expedition
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Modernity
Incorporation in cities
Mark beginning of secularization of social institutions
Universities emerge and declare independence from monasteries and cathedral schools
Split between faith and reason (science)
Thomas Aquinas—complementary
Nominalists—opposed
Printing press
Literacy becomes popular
Rapid and wide dissemination of new ideas
Leads to diversity in interpretation of Bible
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Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther initiates, inspired by Paul’s words: “The just shall live by faith”
Ninety-five Theses against the Sale of Indulgences
Raises faith and scripture to higher level of authority than church tradition
Calvin and the Protestant Ethic
Work ethic drawn from monastic tradition, demands one work hard and live simply
Great influence on future of democracy, Western capitalism, and colonialism
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Other reform movements
Anabaptist wing opposes both church and state authority
English Reformation
Henry VIII nationalizes church, becomes head of Church of England
Puritans think Church of England doctrine not “pure” enough
Become object of persecution
Flee to North America
Sectarian diversity
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Pietism and rationalism
Both contribute to development of Western notions of universal human rights
Methodism plays leading role in abolition of slavery in England and introducing women into ministry
Holocaust
Hitler appeals to long-standing prejudice against Jews
Only 20 percent of Protestant churches resist Hitler
Is God dead?
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Postmodern trends
Colonial expansion accompanied by worldwide missionary activity
Changes residence of majority of Christians from Europe to Latin America, Africa, Asia
Political backlash gives rise to liberation theology, especially Latin America
Africa and Asia—emergence of diaspora model of Christianity
North American liberation theology shaped by civil rights movement and the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.
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