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Morris 1

Stephanie Morris

Professor Smith

ENC 1101

3 June 2026

Disparities in Healthcare

Even though technology and scope of practices have advanced during this time, multiple factors including but not limited to race can contribute to the type of care being provided and offered which has a negative impact on the healthcare system practices and models.

Annotated Bibliography

“Health Care Disparities."  Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, 2022.  Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/ZJTWXV815454948/OVIC?u=lincclin_ircc&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=f264cde6.

Upon reading this article we dive into the topic of “Healthcare Disparities. Health care disparities have been going on for some time now, documented as early as the 1920’s. Unfortunately, this is a common cause for healthcare system models mortality and morbidity rates in the United States. Researchers have found that healthcare mortality and healthcare outcomes differ based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender and immigration status are just some of the few things mentioned. In this study they found that race has played a huge role in healthcare disparities.  Reports found that, in a Tuskegee Syphilis study between 1932-1972, the government used a group of poor African American sharecroppers as test subjects for studying the natural progression of untreated syphilis without their knowledge or consent.  The agency conducting the study lied to participants and did not give them any treatment, purposefully providing placebos even after penicillin became an available treatment. To track the progression of the disease, researchers provided no effective care, allowing hundreds of participants to develop syphilis related complications, including blindness and insanity, and die. This abuse is attributed to the distrust and fear of healthcare workers and institutions for minorities. there are also differences in health and health care based on Gender, income level, race, ethnicity, and disability. Racial health care disparities also happen in maternal and infant mortality rates. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there were 40.8 pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births among Black women between 2007 and 2016. During this same period, there were 12.7 pregnancy related deaths per 100,000 live births among white women. The CDC further reported that Black infants died at more than twice the rate of white infants in 2018. I will you this in my research paper to show the emphasis on treatment to African Americans and how they were exposed to a disease unknowing and treated unfairly for the advantage of someone else.

Guo, Jingchuan, et al. "Income disparities in driving distance to health care infrastructure in the United States: a geographic information systems analysis."  BMC Research Notes, vol. 15, no. 1, 27 June 2022.  Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-022-06117-w. 

Healthcare Disparities are not just affected by race; it is also affected by socioeconomic status. In this article, research was conducted to analyze how many healthcare facilities were structured in proximity of lower income neighborhoods. It also compared the distance of healthcare facilities to higher income neighborhoods. This study showed that in 954 counties (207 metropolitan counties and 747 nonmetropolitan counties) representing over 14% of the US population, low-income residents have poorer access to health care facilities.  This study showed that having a lower income does affect the healthcare that someone receives. Without having access to transportation, this can make it harder for one to access healthcare facilities. I will also use this article and structure in my paper to how different aspects of Healthcare disparities affect monitories and low-income families.

Gee, Gilbert C., and Devon C. Payne-Sturges. "Environmental health disparities: a framework integrating psychosocial and environmental concepts."  Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 112, no. 17, Dec. 2004, pp. 1645+.  Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A137545458/OVIC?u=lincclin_ircc&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=4b25e494.

There has also been research conducted on environmental effects of health. This has contributed to multiple factors. Studies have shown where the actual breakdown may stem from. In this article, the author spoke about the environmental disadvantages that lower income residences were more prone to toxic living environments. They found that disadvantaged neighborhoods are also exposed to greater health hazards, including tobacco and alcohol advertisements, toxic waste incinerators, and air pollution (Morello-Frosch et al. 2002). We hear on numerous occasions of the type of things that happen when care is being provided to different socioeconomic statuses and race. I will use to article to support the aspects of environmental disparities in healthcare and how it is manipulated to be done. I will also include other related articles which will also support this finding. This will support my research that race does play a crucial role in the healthcare model system. It is one of the biggest disparities affecting the outcomes of healthcare.