Organizations that intend to broaden their scope effectively across borders are facing many business management issues with respect to business culture, customs, and social situations. The key challenges are being able to come up with practices that balance global competitiveness, multicultural flexibility, and building a global learning capability. Achieving such a balance requires organizations to develop cultural sensitivity for the purposes of leveraging, managing, and learning new skills that are applicable to various countries (Lewkowicz, Wijnhoven, & Draghici, 2008). Cultural differences consistently affect and influence international business aspects. Understanding the effects of culture in the communication process in a team environment reduces misinterpretations and process ambiguity. Therefore, cultural differences must be considered when designing tools and techniques for cross-cultural communication in teams.

The research methodology study provides a plan for how information will be collected and analyzed with the aim of generating key findings of this study. The chapter is divided into sections. Section one discusses the study area and justification of the selection. The second section discusses the research design and strategy that will be used in the study. The third section discusses data collection methods, and the fourth section highlights the data analysis approaches to be used. Generally, the methodology will cover the following areas: research design; sampling strategy; data collection methods; data analysis and presentation models. This study adds to the available knowledge about leadership in multicultural teams, specifically the relationship between culture and team outcomes.

Research Methodology and Design

This qualitative study will use a descriptive correlational survey methodology. A descriptive study or survey is one that is used in describing the characteristics of an existing phenomenon in soliciting information on the impact of cultural awareness and diversity in global teams. Descriptive survey design is used since it provides an understanding of the research problem through a description of the variables of interest (Bernard, 2008). It is used for defining, estimating, predicting and examining associative relationships. The descriptive survey also helps in providing useful and accurate information to answer the questions based on who, what, when, and how. According to Howell (2004), correlation research is used to relate events that have occurred in the past to current events. It also enables the researcher to relate the research problem to the missing gaps of other research work which have been covered and also show what the other researchers overlooked possibly due to time differences or economic and social factors. The combination of descriptive correlational study will be important to show the value that the research will add to the subject of multicultural teams.

The basic idea behind the descriptive survey method is to measure variables by asking respondents questions and then examine the relationships among the variables. Although this method has its relative weaknesses concerning, inflexibility, validity and reliability threats, it will be selected for the effectiveness of standardized question use. The method make measurements more precise by enforcing uniformity and ensuring replication success (Marczyk, DeMatteo, & Festinger, 2005). Even further, this method can be used to understand and develop the research, by presenting questions in a manner that allows the respondents to express themselves as opposed to confining them to a predetermined thought process and approach to reasoning.

Population and Sample

The study assesses multicultural teams and global virtual team models in the US. Consequently, the accessible population for the study will include employees from North Central University. To match the criteria, the chosen population would be characterized by diversity in relation to race, nationality, and gender (Glasow, 2005). Further, a common characteristic should include working in an academic environment. The team projects should likewise comprise a wide range of activities mirroring those of global teams. Currently, the university currently comprises over 130 members of staff in various departments. With the aforementioned research problem and purpose, this population qualifies as the best population to study because the team is diverse and comprises the characteristics of a multicultural team. Due to various factors of globalization, the university has benefitted from a distinct pool of qualified employees who are culturally different.

The cluster sampling method will be used since the total area of interest is large. The sample will offer a smaller range of elements selected through a definite procedure from the North Central University. The group drawn from the accessible population are the basis for the study. Notably, the faculty diversity population statistics highlight that 87.8 % of the members are predominantly white. Black Americans constitute a majority of other races at 6.6%, while other unknown ethnicities complete the figure at 5.6%. This method reduces costs by concentrating surveys in selected clusters. Apart from being economical, it is also convenient (Kothari, 2005) as it reduces the activities that should be conducted to reach every individual respondent. Indeed, the cluster sampling approach will be used to access sample groups with the least cost possible.

One of the appropriate sample size selections uses the common formula:

Where n is sample size, N is the population and e ± 0.05 is the level of precision. In using this very widely used method, the sample size would be narrowed down to Northcentral University. However, an alternative method for an appropriate sample size as determined by Collins and Hussey (2009) will be used. They came up with a size determination table which takes into consideration, regression analysis and aims at improvement of common existing methods, by factoring in, disregard for non-response rate, which is a flaw in most surveys. The study argues that using an adequate sample will result in more reliable, valid and generalizable results. According to their determination table, the appropriate sample size for a population of 130 for a margin of error at ± 0.05 is 86, which in this case is an average of 21 per every cluster. Consequently to ensure an equally representative measure of the variables in the study, the stratified random sampling technique was applied. The stratification was based on the racial percentages of employees in the campus and the gender of the randomly selected individuals. The process was achieved by recording the names of the employees in a lottery form box, where random people were selected until the desired number was obtained. The method of selection involved sampling through replacement. Conclusively, the equal stratified random sampling technique was utilized to pick 21 individuals from the group of diverse individuals in North Central University. The balanced stratification was reliant on the fact that white faculty members were the dominant race in the university in comparison to others.

The sampling procedure is relatable to the use of questionnaires and interviews as it will allow the researcher to collect information from each section of the diverse team on an equitable basis. Since each member meets the criteria, they consists of an equal opportunity to become a responder. According to Tipton, (2013), the method will eliminate specific forms of bias linked to faulty sampling of the university staff. In addition, the selected sample reveals similar proportions to the accessible population, which offers the researcher better analysis of the subgroups. Specifically, they ensure their representation in the sampling.

Material/Instrumentations

The study will use questionnaires, which include both open and closed ended questions, as well as interview questions to collect data. This selection was informed by the nature of data to be collected and the objective of the study the factors of multicultural nature that have different influences on global teams in the world. Questionnaires best collect such information as they can guide the respondent towards the information being selected as well as, as argued by Saunders et al. (2009), provide an avenue where the respondent can provide all with the information that he or she feels is relevant to the questions being asked. The questionnaire will contain about 20 structured questions to facilitate comparison and the application of statistical analytical methods. The questionnaire will find out the background information about the responded in the first 5 questions, and then delve into attributes that the respondent feels are central to the understanding of multicultural teams. Further, the questions were divided into various sections including personal data of the interviewees, the composition of global teams, the stipulated tasks per team, the diversity level in the team, and the role of information systems in changing the scope of global teams in relation to cultural awareness.

To assess the responses of each respondent, the sampling instrument comprised a four-point scale including the solutions ‘strongly approve’, ‘approve’, ‘disapprove’, in addition to ‘strongly disapprove’. The respondents would then react to their selected point of agreement with the statements included in the questionnaire.

Other materials that can be employed in the research will be recording devices that can be used to collect audio data. The researcher in some cases and during the interview process can be guided to collect audio data and interviews. The collection of audio data and interviews is crucial because it can allow the data collection process to move faster and the researcher to finish with the field work faster (Kumar, 2019). However, the presence of any audio data collected will lead to the need for transcription services and devices that will be used to transfer the audio data and audio interviews to text for data analysis and reference purposes. In other instances, the presence of the audio data will allow the research to capture the underlying menacing that ideas that are not included in the text approach such as filing questionnaires. Notably, the interviews were aimed at collecting the highly personal information including their views on the diversity in the campus and the impact of racial affiliation on the working of the teams. Other questions relating to the implementation of diversity in technology, the observed issues in the global team models, and the strategies to improving IT and diversity in the US and in the university were part of the interview.

Questionnaire and Survey Questions

Reliability of an instrument is the degree of consistency with which it measures a variable (Mugenda & Mugenda, 1999). The questionnaires will be translated where need be and undergo a pilot test on an area outside the target population to enable the researcher to determine the effectiveness of the questionnaire. The findings of the pre-test exercise will be used to modify and improve the questionnaire hence enhancing the reliability and validity of this data collection instrument.

The first batch of questionnaires will also be pretested and ambiguities clarified before their disbursement into the research field. With the help of a research assistant, the researcher will go through training in enumeration before and after pre-testing. This training will also be conducted on all research assistants in the research process. Moreover, the process of pilot testing will enhance the reliability of the instruments. The reliability will be achieved with the researcher and their assistant participating as parts of the respondents and anticipating the challenges and ambiguities of the research instrument. The reliability of the instrument will also be enhanced through the research and interview technique adopted by the researcher. It is important for reliability to be secured to ensure that the data collected is reliable and can be used for the study as well as for future analysis. An alpha score of 0.72 should be obtained, and it is within the required range. Alpha coefficient varying from 0 to 1 in value will used to describe the reliability of factors extracted from the study and the higher the score, the more reliable the alpha score for acceptability of reliability coefficient.

Likewise, the instrument will undergo two test procedures to highlight the face and content validity. The face validity reveals the superficial details of the questionnaire and the efficacy to test the hypothesis. Conversely, the content validity reveals the instruments ability to sample the expected behavior of the hypothesis. The two aspects will be measured through a critical pilot test. The validation process will involve use of a separate educational institution with similar characteristics as North Central University. In the procedure, an equal number of respondents will receive the questionnaire, with the aim of testing their reaction to the instrument, the clarity of the items, and the comprehensibility. In addition, the researcher will learn whether they require additional items in varying areas including cultural or technical aspects. Further, the validation will reveal if the respondents fail to answer specific questions and define the workability of the specified mode of data analysis.

Operational Definitions of Variables

The variables in the research include multicultural global teams, the level of cultural awareness and the success of these global teams. The global teams in the research refer to the group of more than four people that carry out an activity that might have global repercussions (Meyer, 2012). As a dependent variable y, the global nature of the team is reliant on the level of diversity among the members. In addition, they are affected by their success, in regards to the relationship between the members despite their diversity. Consequently denoting them as the predictor variable. The level of cultural awareness acts as the independent variable x, as it impacts both the multicultural global teams and their success. The variable, will be determined by the understating that team members have on the other person’s culture, within the limits of the objectives of the team. Specifically, the team members will be deemed to have high cultural awareness if they show a high affinity for knowledge of the other team members’ cultures.

The degree of awareness is linked to an ordinal variable, as the study will reveal various categories that include subgroups. In this case, the variables comprise of people’s ranks in regards to their awareness, which is innumerable (Taherdoost, 2016). Further, being multicultural global teams, these teams should have people of diverse cultures. The diversity highlights their role as nominal variables due to the varying categories, which include White, Black American, and Other. Half of whom should be from more than three different cultures. Finally, the success or failure of the multicultural teams is the final dependent variable. The adjustable aspect of the study will be decided upon by the achievement of the team objectives, or at least, achievement of major milestones of the team.

Pilot Testing

Pilot testing is necessary and fundamental in every research approach. The idea behind pilot testing is to attempt to find out whether the materials and instruments being employed in the research are accurate and can provide the most appropriate data. Indeed, pilot testing is used to validate and check the reliability of the research instruments (Van Teijlingen & Hundley, 2001). The pilot study needs to be undertaken prior to real research. The pilot study will be carried out about two weeks before the actual research.

Validity and Reliability

To ensure validity and reliability of the measuring instrument, careful wording, format and content will be used. As an added reliability measure, the Cronbach's alpha method will be used to measure internal consistency. To be able to determine the relationship of each variable and for all the variables in entirety, factor loadings will be used, and averages of the same used to determine a (Alpha). It will be calculated by getting the intercorrelation between all the variables of the study.

For the credibility of research (Patton 2002) states that validity and reliability are two factors that a researcher must consider while designing a study, analyzing results and judging the quality of the study. This is to see the research instrument tools applicability. The main aim of the pilot test, in this case, will be to test the questionnaires and check whether they would be acceptable to the respondents. A small sample of 1 global team will be selected and the research instruments employed in the research with the same research questions. The Cronbach’s Alpha Test will then be conducted on all measures for the independent and dependent variables with a threshold of 0.7. If all the variables give a Cronbach’s alpha of more than 0.7, the instruments and research approach will be retained for further study.

Data Collection and Analysis

Cross-sectional data will be collected. A survey using a structured interview schedule will be administered on the selected samples. The target is to get responses that are based on closed-ended questionnaires. The quantitative method will be considered to be more suitable for this kind of research design and sample. Those targeted to be interviewed team members and participants in different industries or academic departments such as the accounting and auditing departments, as well as members of the management board, lCT teams and a few academicians. Further, the team members should be in multicultural teams, with the exception of the team that will be used as a control sample. The results ratings will be on a 5- point Likert scale ranging from (1) strongly agree, (2) agree, (3) neutral, (4) disagree to (5) strongly disagree.

There will be an analysis of the data collected using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Different elements of multicultural teams that the cultural perspectives need for dynamic leadership, management approaches, and team developments and so on will be identified by explaining the relationships and inherent features (Shapiro, Von Glinow, & Cheng, 2005). The factors that will be used in the regression analysis, using the MS Excel software, are those whose factor loadings will be greater than 0.5. This is so because it has generally been argued that high factor loadings suggest that the variables are best choice representatives of the corresponding factor.

After the data is collected, questionnaires will be checked and coded using SPSS software. Percentages and frequencies will be used in the interpretation of data. Correlation will be used to portray the relationship between forensic accounting, and fraud mitigation and performance. The outcome for descriptive analysis will be presented using summary tables, charts and graphs. This is consistent with Robson (2002) who argues that there is an influential modern approach to quantitative analysis, which takes an informal pictorial approach to data and is used by researchers to make inferences regarding relationships between variables. The data collected will first be analyzed using factor analysis. This method aimed at looking for and identifying the major factors contributing to the success of global teams. Once the factors are identified, their effect level will be determined by running a multiple regression analysis, which sought to test whether there are significant differences between variables (Sapsford & Jupp, 1996).

A second approach to data collection will be in the use of secondary data sources. To conduct wholesome research, it will be best if the researcher provides not only primary data but also provides supportive and opposing ideas derived from the views and perspectives of other researchers and scholars. The idea that the presence of secondary research and data provided can also be employed to guide the researcher to verify research conclusions and data from the primary research (Heaton, 2008). Finally, the presence of both secondary and primary research data will be instrumental in defining and determining the approach that will be employed in the verification of data collected from the research process.

The secondary data to be used in the research will be obtained from various sources. These sources include peer-reviewed journals and articles, books, journals and newspapers of repute and so on. The key to the selection of the secondary source to employ is that the source and its author have to be reputable in the matters around the development of teams and the management of multicultural teams (Heaton, 2008). The presence of peer-reviewed material will be sure to generate ideas and those that are verified and verifiable as opposed to an article that is not peer-reviewed. Secondary resources will also be used to develop an understanding of the main topic in fact- seeking mission, complete with the appropriate background and contextualizing the entire discussion and underlying arguments. The formulating of an argument will also be developed with help from the secondary resource as the gaps these resources leave will be instrumental in the development of a new argument.

Data Presentation

Data presentation is the presentation of findings in a manner that is both captivating, explanatory and descriptive of the research content. The data presentation approach will provide an analysis and ease of understanding it. In the project, the researcher will use different approaches to present that data and the analysis made. Some of the most prominent approaches to be used to present data will be through the use of tables. Tabled data is usually the easiest and best to read and analyze. In tables, data is summered into sections making it easy to understand the relationships and see, at a glance, all the data that is associated with a specific theme and section (Anderson, Link, Johnson, & Burnham, 2001). The data that is presented in a few tables, comprising about a page, can be derived from several pages of text, making it more presentable and reachable in table form.

Another approach that the researcher will employ in the presentation of data is through the use of graphs and charts. Like tables, graphs and chart make the research data easy to understand even with minimal understanding of numbers and their meanings. In the use of graphs and charts, the data that is presented in the form of text, tables and the summaries of the commensurate data collected is presented in a manner that is easy to internalize and understanding without much thought or analysis. The use of charts and graphs will be important to show data research at a glance, in a similar way to the tables, only without the use of numbers and the need to understand them. Graphs and charts inspire an understanding of the research content visually.

Assumptions

The researcher makes a few assumptions in the development and understating of the research and the research questions. The first of these assumptions is that the research respondents and participants in different levels understand what a multicultural team is and that they can identify themselves as being part of a multicultural team. Indeed, the term “multicultural team” might sound as if it is a straightforward description of a team. However, it is more complicated as there are parameters needed to identify a team as a multicultural team. For instance, there is no indication of whether a multicultural team should be made up a certain number of different cultures for it to be considered multicultural. Indeed, the researcher has not defined that the multicultural team should be made up of different cultured individuals constituting half less (or more) of the entire team.

Secondly, the study will assume that cultural awareness affects the operations of global teams in an organization. The employees in the university are presumed to understand the variations between themselves and other individuals in relation to their racial and cultural background. In regard to the study, it is critical that people analyze their role in the team based on their values and beliefs. Consequently, the acknowledgement will allow the analysis of their role and position in the team. If an individual is from the majority culture, they may experience a better disposition in the team. Contrarily, people from minority cultures may have a higher awareness of the team, leading to complicated relationships within the team. As a result, the study will reveal that differences in culture influence the overall operations of global teams.

A third assumption that has been made in this research also involves relativity. Different people, especially with regards to different cultures, view different aspects differently. This view would include issues such as success and failure. In the presence of multicultural teams, it is essential to understand that a specific approach to the understanding of cultures is developed to ensure that the pool of respondents will respond to the same issue. Further, there is a need to ensure that every individual on the team, regardless of their beliefs and cultures, responds to the dimensions and identifiers as presented by the research and researcher in the same way to ensure reliability of results collected.

Limitations

The research faces a few limitations that, while not being able to hinder the research process, might act as drawbacks in the course of research and during analysis of data (Marilyn & Goes 2013). The first limitation that the research faces is the lack of reliable data on how various cultures interact. In addition, a lack of available data on the ways these cultures might affect the operations and activities of the team and team members. The absence of comparison data will reduce the scope of the assessment, the process of sampling, and the creation of substantial relationships between the variables. Due to the aspect of globalization, the absence of such data creates the opportunity for such studies to illuminate the interaction of multicultural global teams. Likewise, new methods of research are required to assess cultural variations, awareness, and success of teams.

As an independent study, excessive reliance on self-acquired data creates a challenge in relation to verification. A majority of the information collected arises from interviews and questionnaires, which involve information from individual sources. The challenge to the study is the possibility of falsified information in the questionnaire, which may lead to wrong deductions. Varying sources of bias include selective memory, where responses may omit critical information about an individual’s culture and role in a global team. In addition, the responders may provide information linked to external sources as a cultural aspect. Consequently, the data will create a negative implication for the study, particularly, if a majority of the respondents provide unverifiable information. Further, the significance of the results may be overstated or diminished in significance, in comparison with the associated events.

Delimitations

In light of the limitations above, the researcher will develop delimitations that will bring a sense of uniformity in the research. Delimitations are boundaries and limits that are placed by the researcher to ensure that the respondents do not have completely free thinking over the research topic (Marilyn & Goes 2013). However, these delimitations can limit the free thinking to a certain acceptable level, and thus, allow the respondent to exercise their freedoms to a limited extent. In this research, there are a few delimitations that have been developed and presented by the researcher, including the fact that the definition of a multicultural team will be developed. As previously identified, the research faces the limitation that a multicultural team is not readily identifiable, as the definition of a multicultural team is vague. Indeed, a team of ten people with two cultures evenly distributed can be assumed and treated the same as a team of ten with every individual being from a different culture. However, in the research, these two teams have different levels of multiculturalism. As such, the researcher will introduce the delimitation that a multicultural team is any team that has more than three different cultural affiliations represented in its ranks, and also one that has more than half of its members being from different cultures.

Secondly, the researcher will also introduce the delimitation of the definition of the success or failure of the team. The idea in this delimitation is to develop a similarity in the definition of what success and failure mean to the different team members and as such, develop an understanding that has been harmonized.

To ensure specificity in the results, the study will delimit the application of interview questions in the analysis. Despite the utilization of interviews in the data collection, the main source of responses will include the questionnaires which include specific, closed-ended responses. The answers from the instruments provide a definitive insight into an individual’s cultural disposition in the global team. Likewise, the questionnaire offers a detailed range in regards to culture, awareness, and impact. Responses to the three variables may differ in the interview thus creating a negative correlation in how they interact in a team.

Ethical Assurances

Ethics is a major part of any process in the current world. In research and business endeavors, for instance, ethics is quickly being expanded and developed to cover almost all the activities of the researcher and practicing business person as well. In this regard, it is fundamental to ensure that the research approach being developed qualifies and satisfies the necessary research endeavors and requirements. Indeed, the research should not harm or exert undue pressures on the respondents both during the research and result presentation states (Goodyear, Crego, & Johnston, 1992). The first aspect of ethical considerations that should be considered is the confidentiality aspect. Respondents and other participants should be able to rely on the details and personal aspects that are hidden from the public. Confidentiality of the respondents and their identity should be ensured. As such, in areas where the researcher will require details such as phone numbers, addresses, and so on, they should be used strictly for verification of the research process. The researcher should ensure that these details are not disclosed to the public and that they do not reach any unauthorized individuals from misuse and abuse of any kind. As such, the research should stress to their respondents that the research and the data collected will be used purely for academic purpose. All the data collected as well as the research manuscript will be well stored as described by the IRB requirements and guidelines to ensure security of data.

Secondly, the research might include details that might indicate that a participant in a multicultural team is not satisfied with the management or leadership of the team. In this regard, the researcher should be aware that their role as a researcher is to collect data and ensure that it is accurate for interpretation (Goodyear et al., 1992). Indeed, it should be unethical for the researcher to report the opinions and perspectives of the individual respondents the team management and leadership in a manner that will jeopardize the respondent’s positions and relationship in the team after the research. In other instances, the researcher might encounter respondents who would want to remain anonymous. These requests will be respected with a note to this effect being submitted. Finally, to ensure that the respondent understands and can report any ethical misconduct by the researcher, a formal letter for authorization to carry out the research will be requested from the University. Indeed, all necessary measures will be taken to observe utmost confidentiality and to interpret results accurately and responsibly without manipulation.

Summary

The methodology section covers the most impactful aspect that guides the researcher and the research activity on how the research will be carried out. The research will involve the utilization of questionnaires and interviews to gather data on cultural awareness and interaction in global teams. This section generally discussed the intrinsic aspects of the study area, and justification of the selection of Northcentral University, the research design and strategy, data collection methods and data analysis approaches to be used. The use of Northcentral University as an appropriate research sample for the populations and the approaches is critical as it includes a diverse workplace. The section then discussed the material and instruments that are used and employed in the research with the accompanying measures to ensure their reliability and validity. The application of these instruments to collect the research data is then analyzed with descriptions of how the data collection activity will be undertaken. This is followed by the description of various data presentation approaches that can be employed. This methodology section also looks at issues of ethics and how the researcher will achieve an ethical research process and result.

The major purpose of the study includes the analysis of whether an individual’s cultural awareness impacts their role in a global team, and the eventual effect on the success of the team. Cultural awareness plays a critical role in the communication and interaction. The assumptions and findings are stated in the subsequent chapters.

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