Discussion Board - Cold War

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Eisenhower

Iran 1953

In 1953 the CIA overthrew the iranian government and placed in the Shah of Iran in charge, before this iran was a democracy that was becoming communist. The goal was to overcome the communist leaning government. The shah was a military leader and he was murdering people and again we are ok with this because he is stopping the spread of communism and plus he is giving us oil. The iranian people hate him and in 1979 there will be an iranian revolution the shah is overthrown and comes to america and the aytollah khomania comes into power. The iranian people want him back because they say he is a war criminal and we will not give him back, this will lead to the iranian hostage crisis. The iranian will take 54 american hostage and hold them for 444. none of them were killed. 6 people escaped and we have to try to get them out – this incident is the basis for the movie Argo

National Defense Education Agency

We create the NDEA to combat the missile gap. So will send college students to study science, match engineering and foreign language with the hope they will enter weapons research. Why do we want them to study foreign language – spies. Eventually they will enter weapons research industry

Explorer 1. in 1958 we will launch explorer 1 into space. But the soviets are already a year ahead of us and they are already sending animals into space to see the reaction the body has to being in space. So understand that we are playing catch up.

National Aeronautic Space Agency (1958)

Also a year after sputnik we create nasa. The whole idea for us is if we can launch something into space we can launch something at russia

Ultimatum on Berlin (1958)

Khrushev will place and ultimatium on Berlin. He is in a position of power and he will order all western powers out of Berlin or else he will kill them. America says no were not leaving because we do not want this country to fall to communism. This is putting us on a path to war because nobody wants to back down.

Kitchen Debates

The only thing that saves the world from another war is the kitchen debates. This was between Khrushev and VP Richard Nixon and they took place in Moscow. These were informal debates with the two debating their economies and at the end of it they understood each a little better and this prevented another war

U2 Spy Plane Incident

Then there is the u2 spy plane incident. The us is secretly spying on russia, which is something they can not do. Then the plane is shot down over russia and the US says well that’s not our plane – we lost a plane but it’s not that one. We lost our plane over Hungary, and russia says oh ok – you want to stick with the story because we have the plane and we have the pilot capt francis gary powers and we have the photos.

This will increase tensions between the russians and the americans. We do not like this because the soviets did not have this technology and now they do and they can now figure out the technology and us it on us. This is not good for us

Suez Crisis (1956)

Then there is the Suez Crisis. Theu suez canal was in egypt and in 1956 egypt elects gamal abdul nasser and he nationalized the Suez canal. What does that mean he seizes it

He nationalizes the suez canal was owned by the british and french. The british and french are angry in October of 1956 isreal, britain, and france invade egypt and america orders them to leave because the americans did not want another war and eisenhower did not give them permission to invade. What does this say about america during this time. We are the super power – I mean think about it if we can order three countries to to invading because they did not have our permission we are the shot caller and they must understand if they want to be under the protection of our nuclear umbrella they better act like it and ask if they can invade next time

Eisenhower Doctrine

America becomes known for the Eisenhower Doctrine which says that america will prevent the spread of communism in the middle east

Cuba (1959) – Fidel Castro

In 1959 fidel castro successfully takes over cuba, he is comunist. This occurs after a 7 year civil war and nationalizes 90 % of cuban mines and 40% of cuban sugar all of which was owned by america. America is made because they lost their money and they are communist and america begins to plot against cuba, and the soviet union welcomes cuba in theor nuclear umbrealla. And they say if america invades cuba we will shower them with missiles. So will we invade cuba. Heck no. this shows the oas is a failure.

Eisenhower’s Domestic Policy

Lets talk about Eisenhower’s domestic policy

Essay Question

Was this a time of “happy days” or “anxiety, alienation , and social unrest?”

“Dynamic Conservatism”

Social Security

Minimum Wage

“Should any political party attempt to abolish social security, unemployment insurance, and eliminate labor laws and farm programs, you would not hear of that party again in our political history. There is a tiny splinter group, of course, that believes you can do these things…Their number is negligible and they are stupid.”

-President Eisenhower, 1954

Eisenhower does not have much in the way of domestic policy but he does have what is called dynamic conservatism. This meant he would continue new deal programs and this was dynamic because new deal is very liberal but he keeps it and gives strength to social security and minimum wage. So he is very jeffersonian in his thinking because this is what jefferson does his a jeffersonian republican but he keeps many federalist policies in place.

From what he says eisenhower is talking about a small political party that wants to cut good programs – we have a party like that today – the tea party

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

He created the dept. of health education and welfare – this was to oversee new deal programs. Today they are split into three departments

Interstate Highway System (1954)

Eisenhower creates the Interstate highway system – something that we use everyday – the purpose was to modernize transportation. It cost 27Billions and we built 42K miles of highway. This creates lots of jobs and increased suburbanization. Freeways make it easier to get into the city. It hurt the railroad industry. It also used for civil defense/ military mobilization. If we ever come under attack we can mobilize our troops faster.

Purpose of the Interstate System

Safety

Congestion

Courts

Economy

Defense

Safety - an annual toll of nearly 40,000 killed and 1.3 million injured.

Congestion - wastes billions of hours in detours and jams amounting to billions of dollars in productive time.

Courts - civil suits related to traffic clog up our courts.

Economy - bad roads nullify the efficiency in the production of goods by inefficiency in their transport.

Defense - "the appalling inadequacies to meet the demands of catastrophe or defense, should an atomic war come."

Car Culture Emerges

Highways create a car culture – we will see the increase in drive in theaters

Guarded against “Creeping Socialism”

Eisenhower guarded against socialism creeping in by cutting government spening and government regulation of the economy – so the government will be less involved in the economy

Alaska (1958)

Alaska and hawaii become state in 1958 and 1959 respectively

Hawaii (1959)

American Society of the 1950s

Let’s look at american society in the 1950s

Computers

We see the introduction of computers slowly we see the emergence of personal computers and they were very expensive

Changing Identity of Women

The Feminine Mystique

Betty Friedan

Women change their identity. Women do not like the cult of domesticity. Betty frieden inspires this in her book the feminine mystique – her premise is that domestic life is boring and women should go out and join the workforce. Women are more than cooking and cleaning

Sexiness – Marilyn Monroe

Sexual allure is on the rise and we see women like marilyn monroe who are saying women can be openly sexy. This changes the social landscape for women

Consumer Culture

We have another consumer culture emerges mcdonald opens up in 1948

Credit cards also emerge in the 1920s people bought on credit there was no card. Now there is a credit card

Consumerism and Credit

People spend a lot more now like tupperware and televisions

1955 we get disneyland and there were three lands: tomorrow land, frontier land, and adventure land 9million people come the first year most them from out of state via highways

Television

By 1960s 90% of families have homes as well as televisions and fewer people are going to the theather

I Love Lucy “The Time has Come”

We get new shows like the honeymooners, the ed sullivan show and I love lucy. There are not a lot of channels so ev

Teen Culture of the 1950s

Obey Authority

Control your emotions

Don’t make waves

Fir in with the group

Don’t even think about SEX!

Music and Teen Culture

Jailhouse Rock

Parents do not like elvis he is provocative he was dancing all over the place and driving the girls crazy and the guys want to be like him. Elvis is inspired by african amerucan music

Buddy Holly

That’ll Be The Day

Another rock and roll star who questioned the rules of society

Chuck Berry

Johnny B Good

Critics of the 1950s -Beatniks

The teen and the critics of the 1950s become known as the beatniks. Beatniks did not want to be square they wanted to be cool. They are all non- conformists

James Dean, Rebel without a Cause

Movies promote this beatnik culture. Teens were frustrated and they rebeled

Rebel Without A Cause video

Civil Rights during the 1950s

All this is happening in one segment of the population but African American are still having problems

Continuing Problems in the South

Jim Crow Laws

Lynching

Jim crow is still a problem slaves were freed in 1865 but african americans still have problems we will start to address these issues, however

Eisenhower did not intend to be a Civil Rights president

His biggest failure is doing nothing on regard to Civil Rights

Eidenhower will not help african americans during his term and this will be his biggest failure.Eisenhower will be forced to act on a particular issue but civil rights was not his cause he believes this should be up to the states/ At least truman tried to do things he passed the civil rights commission and he desegregated the military and the federal government. So this is not such a good time for African americans

Earl Warren 14th Supreme Court Chief Justice

1953-1969

Appointed by Eisenhower

Considered conservative

Actually very progressive

Eisenhower does appoint Earl Warren to the supreme. Wisenhower thought warren was conservative but warren is progressive. He will do a great deal for african americans

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS (1954)

First important case this will overturn plessy v. ferguson

Linda Brown

Thurgood

Linda brown wants to go to a good school which was white and she was denied and her parents sued and thurgood marshall was her attorney and their case was based on the premise that segration was unequal. The case makes it all the way to the supreme court and earl warren said you are right segrgation was unequal

Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

“We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.

The cased overturned plessy v. ferguson which said separate but equal this new case says that sepearate but equal was inherently unequal and it ruled that segrgation in public schools was unconstitutional. So it required that all public school be integrated. This is a major win for african americans and eisenhower is fuming and so are whites

Resistance 1956-1959

Whites say theu refuse to attend integrated schools in the and we see Massive resistance. We also see the rise of the KKK again

Eventaully the federal government will force them to end massive resistance because they are breaking the law. Eisenhower will do nothing about the problem. So it will be up to the supreme court

Little Rock, Arkansas

In little rock arkansas, gov. orval faubus refused to integrate schools and he used the national guard to prevent nine black students from entering central high school in little rock, this is extreme and it is a violation of federal law. So he is breaking federal law. Understand that eisenhower is not for civil rights but he can not let him break the laww

Little Rock Nine

People were not happy with the integration. Eisenhower has to send in the army

Little Rock Nine

Eisenhower sent in 10K troops to escort the little rock nine. He does this not because he support integration he does this because he has to uphold the law. These troops follow these kids everywhere because whites wanted to kill these kids. The whites said bring one of them out and let us lynch them and that will make everybody happy. So the troops bring the nine out and hustle them in to police cars and say drive do not stop.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Civil Rights Commission

Injunctions to protect voting rights

In 1957 the civil rights act is signed to created civil rights violation were people were being denied jobs or entry into school because they were black. Also injunctions were implemented to protect voting rights so this make voter suppression illegal

Rosa Parks

Then there was rosa park. Rosa gets on a local bus and she sit is the black section

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Boycott last for 400 days until supreme court riles that bus segregation is illegal

Montgomery bus boycott video

The Long Walk Home

Martin Luther King SCLC