Medical terminology
Lola2230
Ehrlich_Ch12.pptxSkin: Integumentary System
Chapter 12
Related Combining Forms
| Structure | Related Combining Forms |
| Skin | cutane/o, dermat/o, derm/o |
| Sebaceous glands | seb/o |
| Sweat glands | hidr/o |
| Hair | pil/i, pil/o |
| Nails | onych/o, ungu/o |
Integumentary System
Consists of skin and its related structures (sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair, and nails)
Average adult has two square yards of skin, making it the largest body organ
Functions of Skin
Keeps the body waterproof, hence preventing fluid loss
When intact, skin blocks the entrance of pathogens
Contains receptors for the sense of touch
Synthesizes vitamin D from the sun
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Functions of Related Structures
Sebaceous glands
Secrete sebum that lubricates skin and discourages growth of bacteria on skin
Sweat glands
Assist with body water content and temperature regulation
Excretion of small amounts of metabolic wastes
Functions of Related Structures
Hair
Helps control the loss of body heat
Nails
Protect dorsal surface of last bone of each toe and finger
Structures of Skin and Its Related Structures
Skin
Specialized tissues
Three layers
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
(cutane: skin; -ous: pertaining to)
Structures of Skin and Its Related Structures
Epidermis
(epi-: above or upon; derm: skin; -is: noun ending)
Outermost layer of skin
Made of specialized epithelial tissues
Contains no blood vessels or connective tissue
Depends on the lower layers for nourishment
Epidermis
Epithelial tissues
Form protective covering for internal and external surfaces of the body
Squamous epithelial tissue
Forms upper layer of epidermis
Flat, scaly cells continuously shed
Epidermis
Basal layer
Lowest layer of epidermis
Site of new cell production
When cells reach surface, they die and become filled with keratin
Keratin
Fibrous, water-repellent protein
Soft keratin: component of epidermis
Hard keratin: found in hair and nails
Epidermis
Melanocytes
Special cells in basal cell layer
Produce and contain dark brown to black pigment known as melanin
Melanin
Pigment that determines color of skin, produces freckles and age spots
Protects skin from some of the harmful UV rays
Dermis
Directly below epidermis
Contains connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
Sensory nerve endings
Sensory receptors for touch, temperature, pain, and pressure
Tissues Within Dermis
Collagen
Tough flexible fibrous protein found in skin, bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
Mast cells
Found in connective tissue of dermis
Respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (causes allergic response)
Subcutaneous Layer
Located below the layers of skin
Connects skin to the surface muscles
Made of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
Lipocytes manufacture and store large quantities of fat
(lip/o: fat; -cytes: cells)
Sebaceous Glands
Located in dermis
Closely associated with hair follicles
Sebum
Oily substance released through ducts opening into hair follicles
Lubricates skin
Acidic, thus discourages growth of bacteria on skin
Sebaceous Glands
Mammary glands
Produce milk
Also part of the reproductive system
Sweat Glands
Sudoriferous glands
Located on almost all body surfaces
Two types
Apocrine
Found at hair follicles
Eccrine
Open onto skin
Most numerous in palms, soles, and forehead
Sweat Glands
Pores
Opening on the surface of skin
Act as ducts of the sweat glands
Perspiration
Secreted by sweat glands
99% water plus salt and metabolic waste
Evaporation of sweat cools the body
Sweat Glands
Hidrosis
Production and excretion of perspiration
Hair
Composed of dead protein cells filled with hard keratin
Color of hair determined by melanin
Hair follicles
Sacs holding the root of hair fibers
Arrector pili
Muscle fibers attached to hair follicles that cause hair to stand erect, reducing heat loss
Nails
Unguis (fingernail or toenail)
Keratin plate protecting dorsal surface of the last bone of each finger and toe
Nail body
Translucent
Molded to surface of underlying tissues
Make of hard, keratinized plates of epidermal cells
Nails
Nails
Nail bed
Joins nail body to underlying connective tissue
Nourishes the nail
Blood vessels provide pink color
Free edge
Portion of nail not attached to the nail bed
Extends beyond tip of the finger or toe
Nails
Lunula
Half-moon-shaped region at nail root
Site of new keratin cell formation
(lun: moon; -ula: little)
Cuticle
Epidermis attached to the surface of nail
Nail root
Fastens nail to finger/toe
Medical Specialties Related to Integumentary System
Dermatologist
Specializes in diagnosing/treating disorders of the skin
(dermat: skin; -ologist: specialist)
Plastic surgeon
Specializes in surgical restoration or reconstruction of body structures
(-plasty: surgical repair)
Medical Specialties Related to Integumentary System
Cosmetic surgeon
Plastic surgeon who performs operations for aesthetic rather than medical reasons
Pathology of Integumentary System
Sebaceous Glands
Acne vulgaris
Chronic inflammatory disease caused by the overproduction of sebum around the hair shaft
Comedo
Noninfected lesion composed of sebum and keratin in hair follicle
Closed comedo: whitehead
Open comedo: blackhead
Sebaceous Glands
Epidermoid cyst
Closed sac just under the skin
Contains fatty material
Seborrhea
Overproduction of sebum
(seb/o: sebum; -rrhea: flow or discharge)
Sebaceous Glands
Seborrheic dermatitis
Inflammation causing scaling/itching of upper layers of skin/scalp
Seborrheic keratosis
Benign skin growth having a waxy appearance
Varied colors
Common in elderly
Sweat Glands
Anhidrosis
Condition of lacking sweat in response to heat
(an-: without; hidr: sweat; -osis: abnormal condition)
Diaphoresis
Profuse sweating
(dia-: through or complete; phor: movement; -esis: abnormal condition)
Heat rash
Itchy rash related to the blockage of sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells
Sweat Glands
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating in one area or over the whole body
(hyper-: excessive; hidr: sweat; -osis: abnormal condition)
Sleep hyperhidrosis
Hyperhidrosis during sleep
Hair
Folliculitis
Inflammation of hair follicles
(follicul: hair follicle; -itis: inflammation)
Trichomycosis axillaris
Superficial bacterial infection of hair shafts in areas with extensive sweat glands, such as armpits
(trich/o: hair; myc: fungus; -osis: abnormal condition; axill: armpit; -ary: pertaining to)
Excessive Hairiness
Hirsutism
Excessive body and facial hair in women, usually occurring in a male pattern
(hirsut: hairy; -ism: condition)
Abnormal Hair Loss
Alopecia
Partial or complete loss of hair
(alopec: baldness; -ia: condition)
Alopecia areata
Autoimmune disorder attacking hair follicles
Occurs in patches on scalp or elsewhere on body
Abnormal Hair Loss
Alopecia totalis
Loss of all hair on the scalp
Alopecia universalis
Total loss of hair on all parts of the body
Androgenic alopecia
Hair loss due to hormonal changes
Occurs in males and females
Nails
Clubbing
Abnormal curving of nails
Often accompanied by enlargement of fingertips
May be hereditary
May be due to changes associated with oxygen deficiencies related to coronary or pulmonary disease
Nails
Koilonychia
Outer surface of nail is concave
Often indicates iron-deficiency anemia
(koil: hollow or concave; onych: fingernail or toenail; -ia: condition)
Onychia
Inflammation of matrix of nail
May result in the loss of nail
Nails
Onychocryptosis
Edges of toenail curve inward and cut into the skin
(onych/o: fingernail or toenail; crypt: hidden; -osis: abnormal condition)
Onychomycosis
Fungal infection of nail
(myc: fungus)
Paronychia
Infection of skin fold around a nail
(par-: near)
Skin Pigmentation
Acanthosis nigricans
Development of dark wart-like patches on one or more areas of skin
Age spots
Discoloration caused by sun exposure
Albinism
Genetic condition characterized by lack of pigment in skin, hair, and irises of eyes
(albin: white)
Skin Pigmentation
Chloasma
Brownish spots on face
May occur during pregnancy, and disappear after delivery of infant
Vitiligo
Irregular patches of white skin related to destruction of melanocytes
Bleeding into Skin
Contusion
Injury to underlying tissues without breaking the skin
Discoloration caused by accumulation of blood within the skin
(contus: bruise; -ion: condition)
Bleeding into Skin
Ecchymosis
Large, irregular purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin
(ecchym: pouring out of juice; -osis: abnormal condition)
Purpura
Multiple purple discoloration on skin due to bleeding underneath the skin
(purpur: purple; -a: noun ending)
Bleeding into Skin
Bleeding into Skin
Petechiae
Small, pinpoint hemorrhages less than 2 mm in diameter
Hematoma
Usually due to injury
Swelling of clotted blood trapped in tissues
Blood is reabsorbed
(hemat: blood; -oma: tumor)
Surface Lesions
Crust
Collection of dried serum and cellular debris
Erosion
Wearing away of a surface
Macule
Flat, discolored spot less than 1 cm in diameter
Surface Lesions
Surface Lesions
Nodule
Solid, raised skin lesion larger than 0.5 cm in diameter
Papule
Raised, red lesion less than 0.5 cm in diameter
Does not contain pus
Surface Lesions
Plaque
Scaly, solid raised area of closely spaced papules
Scales
Flakes or dry patches of excess dead epidermal cells
Some shedding is normal
Excessive shedding associated with the skin disorders
Surface Lesions
Verrucae
Small, hard skin lesions caused by human papillomavirus
Also known as warts
Wheal
Small, itchy bump
May be due to an allergic reaction
Fluid-Filled Lesions
Abscess
Closed pocket containing pus
Due to bacterial infection
Purulent
Producing or containing pus
Exudate
Fluid leaking out of an infected wound
Fluid-Filled Lesions
Cyst
Abnormal sac containing fluid, or semisolid material
Pustule
Small, circumscribed lesion containing pus
Contained within a limited area
Fluid-Filled Lesions
Fluid-Filled Lesions
Vesicle
Blister, less than 0.5 cm in diameter
Contains watery fluid
Bulla
Large blister more than 0.5 cm in diameter
Lesions Through Skin
Abrasion
Superficial layers are scraped away
Fissure
Crack-like break in the skin
Laceration
Torn or jagged wound
Lesions Through Skin
Lesions Through Skin
Pressure sore
Open ulcerated wound caused by the prolonged pressure on an area of the skin
Needlestick injury
Accidental puncture wound caused by hypodermic needle
Ulcer
Open lesion resulting in tissue loss around the edges
Birthmarks
Pigmented birthmarks
Also known as moles or café-au-lait spots
Vascular birthmarks
Caused by blood vessels close to the skin's surface
Birthmarks
Capillary hemangioma
Soft, raised, pink or red vascular birthmark
Benign tissue mass
(hem: blood; angi: blood or lymph vessels; -oma: tumor)
Port-wine stain
Flat vascular birthmark made up of dilated blood capillaries
Creates reddish-purple discoloration
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin
Contact dermatitis
Localized allergic response
(dermat: skin; -itis: inflammation)
Eczema
Recurring dermatitis characterized by redness, itching, and dryness
Dermatitis
Exfoliative dermatitis
Widespread scaling of the skin
Pruritus
Itching associated with the most forms of dermatitis
(prurit: itching)
Erythema
Redness of skin due to capillary dilation
(erythem: flushed; -a: noun ending)
Erythema infectiosum
Mildly contagious viral infection common in children
Also known as fifth disease
Erythema
Erythema multiforme
Generalized allergic reaction to illness, infection, or medication
Erythema pernio
Purple-red inflammation occurring when small blood vessels below the skin are damaged
Erythema
Erythroderma
Abnormal redness of entire skin surface
(erythr/o: red; -derma: skin)
Exanthem
Widespread rash
Hand, foot, and mouth disease
Mild viral infection common in children under 5 years of age
Sores in mouth/throat; rash on hands/feet
General Skin Conditions
Dermatosis
Denotes skin lesion or eruption of any type not associated with inflammation
Ichthyosis
Hereditary disorders characterized by dry, thickened, scaly skin
(ichthy: dry or scaly; -osis: abnormal condition)
General Skin Conditions
Lipedema
Characterized by accumulation of fat and fluid in tissues under the skin of hips and legs
(lip: fat; -edema: swelling)
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Autoimmune disorder characterized by red, scaly rash on face/upper trunk
Psoriasis
Occurrence of red papules with silvery scales
General Skin Conditions
Roseacea
Tiny red pimples and broken blood vessels
Commonly seen in adults 30–60 years of age
Rhinophyma
Hyperplasia of tissues of nose
Usually seen in older men
(rhin/o: nose; -phyma: growth)
General Skin Conditions
Scleroderma
Autoimmune disorder in which connective tissues become thickened and hardened
(scler/o: hard; -derma: skin)
Urticaria
Itchy wheals due to allergic reaction
(urtic: rash; -aria: connected with)
General Skin Conditions
Xeroderma
Excessively dry skin
(xer/o: dry; -derma: skin)
Bacterial Skin Infections
Carbuncle
Cluster of furuncles
Cellulitis
Acute bacterial infection within connective tissues
Characterized by malaise, swelling, warmth, and red streaks
Bacterial Skin Infections
Furuncles
Large, tender, swollen areas caused by staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands
Gangrene
Death of tissue, followed by bacterial invasion, which may also enter bloodstream
Commonly due to the loss of circulation to the affected tissues
Bacterial Skin Infections
Impetigo
Highly contagious bacterial skin infection
Common in children
Necrotizing fasciitis
Caused by Group A strep that enters the body through a skin wound
Bacterial Skin Infections
Pyoderma
Acute, pus-forming bacterial skin infection
(py/o: pus; -derma: skin)
Fungal Skin Infections
Mycosis
Abnormal condition caused by fungus
(myc: fungus; -osis: abnormal condition)
Tinea
Fungal infection on skin, hair, or nails
Known as ringworm
Parasitic Skin Infestations
Pediculosis
Infestation with lice
(pedicul: lice; -osis: abnormal condition)
Scabies
Skin infection caused by itch mites
Skin Growths
Callus
Thickening of the part of the skin caused by repeated rubbing
Cicatrix
Normal scar
Granulation tissue
Forms during healing of a wound
Skin Growths
Granuloma
Small swelling of granulation tissue
May result from inflammation, injury, infection
(granul: granular; -oma: tumor)
Keloid
Thickened scar expanding beyond the boundaries of original incision
(kel: growth or tumor; -oid: resembling)
Skin Growths
Keratosis
Overgrowth and thickening of the skin
(kerat: hard or horny)
Lipoma
Benign fatty tumor located between the skin and muscle layer
Nevus
Small, dark skin growth developing from melanocytes
Skin Growths
Dysplastic nevi
Atypical moles
May develop into skin cancer
Papilloma
Benign wart-like growth on epithelial tissue or elsewhere in the body
(papill: resembling a nipple; -oma: tumor)
Skin Growths
Polyp
Mushroom-like growth from the surface of mucous membrane
Skin tags
Flesh-colored polyps hanging from the body by fine stalks
Benign
Tend to enlarge with age
Skin Cancers
Malignant growth on skin
Three types
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Skin Cancers
Actinic keratosis
Precancerous skin growth occurring on sun-damaged skin
Lack of treatment may lead to cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant tumor of basal cell layer of epidermis
Rarely spreads
Skin Cancers
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant tumor of squamous cells of epithelium
Can spread quickly to other body systems
Malignant melanoma
Occurs in melanocytes
Initial symptoms are change in the size, shape, or color of a mole
(melan: black; -oma: tumor)
Burns
Injury caused by heat, flame, electricity, sun, chemicals, or radiation
Severity described according to the percentage of the total body skin surface affected or by depth or layer of skin involved
Diagnostic Procedures of Integumentary System
Biopsy
Removal of small piece of living tissue for confirmation of diagnosis
(bi: pertaining to life; -opsy: view of)
Exfoliative cytology
Cells are scraped from tissue for microscopic examination
Treatment Procedures of Integumentary System
Preventive measures
Sunscreen
Blocks harmful ultraviolet B (UVB) rays or ultraviolet A (UVA) rays
Measured in terms of strength of sun protection factor (SPF)
Burn Treatment
Depends on degree of burn, and percentage of the body surface involved
Burn centers provide pain relief, debridement, dermoplasty, IV fluids and nutritional supplements, antibiotics, cosmetic reconstruction, and rehabilitation
Tissue Removal
Cauterization
Destruction of tissue by burning
Chemabrasion
Use of chemicals to remove outer layers of skin
Cryosurgery
Destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells
(cry/o: cold; -surgery: operative procedure)
Tissue Removal
Curettage
Removal of surface material by scraping
Debridement
Removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound
Prevention of infection and promotion of healing
Irrigation and debridement
Pressurized fluid to clean wound debris
Tissue Removal
Dermabrasion
Involves use of revolving wire brush or sandpaper
Electrodesiccation
Destruction of tissue by the use of electric spark
Incision
Use of surgical instrument to cut open a lesion
Tissue Removal
Mohs' surgery
Layers of cancerous tissue are removed and examined under the microscope
Procedure is repeated until margin that is clear of all cancerous tissue is achieved
Laser and Light Source Treatments of Skin Conditions
Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
Laser tube filled with solid, liquid, or gas substance is stimulated to emit light at a specific wavelength
Photosensitizing drug
Administered topically or by injection
After activation, drugs produce a form of oxygen that kills nearby cells
Medications for Treatment of Skin
Retinoids
Derived from vitamin A and are used because of their effect on epithelial cell growth
Topical steroids
Derivatives of natural corticosteroid hormones
Treatment of various skin disorders
Cosmetic Procedures
Blepharoplasty
Surgical reduction of upper and lower eyelids by removing sagging skin
(blephar/o: eyelid; -plasty: surgical repair)
Botox
Used to reduce moderate-to-severe frown lines, to treat migraines and muscle spasms
Collagen replacement therapy
Used for soft-tissue augmentation
Cosmetic Procedures
Dermatoplasty
Replacement of damaged skin of a patient with the healthy tissue taken from a donor site
Electrolysis
Use of electric current to destroy hair follicles
Lipectomy
Surgical removal of fat from beneath the skin to improve physical appearance
Cosmetic Procedures
Liposuction
Surgical removal of fat beneath the skin with the aid of suction
Rhytidectomy
Surgical removal of excess skin and fat from the face
(rhytid: wrinkle; -ectomy: surgical removal)
Cosmetic Procedures
Sclerotherapy
Injection of a saline sclerosing solution for treatment of spider veins (nonessential veins seen through the skin)
