respiratory system
Lola2230
Ehrlich_Ch07.pptxRespiratory System
Chapter 7
Related Combining Forms
| Structure | Related Combining Forms |
| Nose | nas/o |
| Sinuses | sinus/o |
| Pharynx | pharyng/o |
| Larynx | laryng/o |
| Epiglottis | epiglott/o |
| Trachea | trache/o |
| Bronchi | bronch/o, bronchi/o |
| Alveoli | alveol/o |
| Lungs | pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o |
Functions of Respiratory System
Delivers air to the lungs
Conveys oxygen from inhaled air to blood
Expels waste products through exhalation
Produces airflow through larynx making speech possible
Structures of Respiratory System
Structures of Respiratory System
Upper respiratory tract
Nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea
Lower respiratory tract
Bronchial tree and lungs
Located within and protected by thoracic cavity
Structures of Respiratory System
Nose
Air enters through nose, and passes through nasal cavity
Nostrils
External openings of nose
Nasal septum
Wall of cartilage dividing the nose into two equal sections
Nose
Cilia
Thin hair located inside nostrils
Filter incoming air to remove debris
Mucous membranes
Specialized tissues lining parts of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems
Nose
Mucus
Secretion produced by mucous membranes
Helps moisten, warm, and filter air entering the nose
Olfactory receptors
Nerve endings acting as receptors for sense of smell
Also important also for sense of taste
Tonsils
Help protect body from infection entering through nose or mouth
Palatine tonsils
Located at back of the mouth
Nasopharyngeal tonsils
Located behind the nose and roof of the mouth
Adenoids
Paranasal Sinuses
(para-: near; nas: nose; -al: pertaining to)
Air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane
Located in bones of the skull
Three functions
Make bones of skull lighter
Give resonance to the voice
Secrete mucus to lubricate nasal cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
Four pairs
Frontal sinuses
Located in frontal bone just above eyebrows
Infection causes pain in this area
Sphenoid sinuses
Located in sphenoid bone behind eye and under the pituitary gland
Near the optic nerves
Infection may damage vision
Paranasal Sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Located in maxillary bones under the eyes
Infection causes pain in posterior maxillary teeth
Ethmoid sinuses
Located in ethmoid bone between nose and eyes
Separated from orbital cavity by thin layer of bone
Pharynx
Commonly known as throat
Receives air and food
Three divisions
Nasopharynx
(nas/o: nose; -pharynx: throat)
Posterior to nasal cavity; continues downward toward the mouth
Transports air only
Opens into the oropharynx
Pharynx
Oropharynx
(or/o: mouth; -pharynx: throat)
Visible when looking into the mouth
Shared by respiratory and digestive systems
Transports air, food, and fluids to the laryngopharynx
Pharynx
Laryngopharynx
(laryng/o: larynx; -pharynx: throat)
Shared by respiratory and digestive systems
Air, food, and fluids continue to the opening of esophagus and trachea; air enters trachea; food and fluids enter esophagus
Larynx
Also known as voice box
Located between pharynx and trachea
Supported by nine cartilages; largest is thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
Contains vocal cords that
Separate to allow passage of air
Close to assist with sound production
Protective Swallowing Mechanisms
Two mechanisms prevent entrance of food or water into trachea
Soft palate moves up and backward to close off the nasopharynx
Prevents food from entering the nose
Epiglottis swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx
Prevents food from entering the trachea and lungs
Trachea
Commonly known as windpipe
Transports air to and from lungs
Located in front of the esophagus
Held open by flexible C-shaped cartilage rings
Allow food to pass down the esophagus
Trachea
Bronchi
Primary bronchi branch from trachea to convey air into the two lungs
Each bronchus divides and subdivides into increasingly smaller bronchioles
Alveoli
Also known as air sacs
Located at the end of each bronchiole
Site of gas exchange
Produce surfactant that reduces surface tension of the fluid in the lungs preventing collapse during exhalation
Lungs
Right lung has three lobes
Upper (superior), middle, lower (inferior)
Left lung has two lobes
Upper (superior), lower (inferior)
Space is restricted due to location of the heart
Lungs
Mediastinum
Middle section of chest cavity
Located between the lungs
Contains connective tissue
Contains organs
Heart and its veins/arteries, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, lymph nodes
Pleura
Moist membrane covering outer surface of lungs and lining inner surface of thoracic cavity
Parietal pleura
Outer layer
Attached to chest wall
Lines thoracic cavity, covers diaphragm, and forms sac containing each lung
Pleura
Visceral pleura
Inner layer
Attached directly to each lung
Pleural cavity (space)
Fluid-filled space between parietal and visceral pleural membranes
Fluid acts as a lubricant
Diaphragm
Muscle separating thoracic cavity from the abdomen
Breathing occurs as diaphragm contracts and relaxes
Contraction stimulated by phrenic nerves
Diaphragm
Respiration
Exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide
1 inhalation + 1 exhalation = 1 respiration
Inhalation and Exhalation
Inhalation
Breathing in
Diaphragm contracts, and pulls downward; thoracic cavity expands causing vacuum drawing air into lungs
Exhalation
Breathing out
Diaphragm relaxes, and moves upward; thoracic cavity narrows forcing air out of lungs
Inhalation and Exhalation
External Respiration
With inhalation of air into alveoli, oxygen is passed into capillaries and carried by erythrocytes to body cells
Carbon dioxide, as a waste product, is passed into bloodstream and transported into air spaces for exhalation
Internal Respiration
Exchange of gases within cells of blood and tissues
Oxygen passes into cells; carbon dioxide passes into bloodstream where it is transported to the lungs, and expelled during exhalation
Medical Specialties Related to Respiratory System
Otolaryngologist
Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders of head and neck
(ot/o: ear; laryng/o: larynx; -ologist: specialist)
Pulmonologist
Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders of respiratory system
(pulmon: lung)
Medical Specialties Related to Respiratory System
Thoracic surgeon
Performs surgery on organs inside thorax, or chest including heart, lungs, and esophagus
Pathology of Respiratory System
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Group of lung diseases
Obstructed bronchial airflow causes difficult exhalation
Common cause: smoking
Chronic Bronchitis
(bronch: bronchus; -itis: inflammation)
Inflammation of airways due to recurrent exposure to inhaled irritant (such as cigarette smoke)
Mucus-producing cells increase in size and number resulting in excessive mucus production and thickening of walls of air passages
Emphysema
Progressive loss of lung function
Characterized by decrease in number of alveoli, enlargement of remaining alveoli, and destruction of their walls
Lungs overinflate, remain partially expanded resulting in a barrel chest appearance
Common cause: smoking
Asthma
Chronic inflammatory disease of bronchial tubes
May be triggered by allergic reaction
Partial obstruction of airway results in wheezing
May be induced by exercise
Upper Respiratory Diseases
Upper respiratory infection and acute nasopharyngitis
Describe the common cold
Usually due to human rhinovirus
Allergic rhinitis
Allergic reaction to airborne allergens resulting in increased mucus flow
(rhin: nose; -itis: inflammation)
Upper Respiratory Diseases
Croup
Acute respiratory infection in children and infants
Barking cough and stridor result from obstruction of larynx and swelling around vocal cords
Upper Respiratory Diseases
Diphtheria
Bacterial infection of throat and upper respiratory tract
Toxins may damage heart muscle and peripheral nerves
Immunization available
Upper Respiratory Diseases
Epistaxis
Nosebleed
May be caused by dry air, injury, medication, or hypertension
Influenza
Acute, highly contagious viral infection
Spread by respiratory droplets
Many strains; some may be prevented by annual immunization
Upper Respiratory Diseases
Pertussis
Whooping cough
Contagious bacterial infection
Paroxysmal cough followed by breathlessness and noisy inspiration
Immunization available
Upper Respiratory Diseases
Rhinorrhea
Watery flow of mucus from nose
(rhin/o: nose; -rrhea: abnormal discharge)
Sinusitis
Inflammation of sinuses
(sinus: sinus; -itis: inflammation)
Pharynx and Larynx
Pharyngitis (pharyng: pharynx)
Sore throat
Inflammation of pharynx
Laryngospasm
(laryng/o: larynx; -spasm: a sudden involuntary contraction)
Sudden spasmotic closure of larynx
Voice Disorders
Aphonia
Loss of ability of larynx to produce normal speech sounds
(a-: without; phon: sound or voice: -ia: abnormal condition)
Dysphonia
Difficulty in speaking
(dys-: bad)
Voice Disorders
Laryngitis
Inflammation of larynx
Often results in loss of voice
(laryng: larynx; -itis: inflammation)
Trachea and Bronchi
Tracheorrhagia
(trache/o: trachea; -rrhagia: bleeding)
Bleeding from mucous membranes of trachea
Bronchiectasis
(bronch/i: bronchus; -ectasis: stretching or enlargement)
Permanent dilation of bronchi due to chronic infection/inflammation
Trachea and Bronchi
Bronchorrhea
(bronch/o: bronchus; -rrhea: abnormal flow)
Excessive discharge of mucus from bronchi
Pleural Cavity
Pleurisy
(pleur: pleura; -isy: a noun ending)
Inflammation of pleura
Pleurodynia
(pleur/o: pleura; -dynia: pain)
Sharp pain occurring when inflamed membranes rub together during inhalation
Pleural Cavity
Pleural effusion
Excess accumulation of fluid in pleural space
Pyothorax
Presence of pus in pleural cavity between layers of pleural membrane
(py/o: pus; -thorax: chest)
Empyema
Collection of pus in a body cavity
Pleural Cavity
Hemothorax
Collection of blood in pleural cavity
(hem/o: blood)
Pneumothorax
(pneum/o: lung or air)
Accumulation of air in pleural cavity
Causes pressure imbalance preventing full expansion or partial collapse of lung
Lungs
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Decreased oxygen levels in blood because of life-threatening inflammation in lungs and fluid in alveoli
Atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of a part or all of a lung
Due to obstruction or pneumothorax
(atel: incomplete; -ectasis: stretching or enlargement)
Lungs
Pulmonary edema
Accumulation of fluid in lung tissues
Pulmonary embolism
Blockage of pulmonary artery by foreign matter or an embolus
Pneumorrhagia
Bleeding from the lungs
(pneum/o: lungs; -rrhagia: bleeding)
Tuberculosis
Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Usually attacks lungs, but may affect other body organs
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis may occur if prescribed regimen of medications is not strictly followed
Pneumonia Named for the Affected Lung Tissue
Two types of bacterial pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
(bronch/o: bronchial tubes; pneumon: lung; -ia: abnormal condition)
Affects bronchioles
Lobar pneumonia
Affects one or more lobes of a lung
Double pneumonia involves both lungs
Pneumonia Named for the Causative Agent
Aspiration pneumonia
Due to inhaling foreign substance into lungs
Bacterial pneumonia
Commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Community-acquired pneumonia
Results from contagious infection outside hospital/clinic
Pneumonia Named for the Causative Agent
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Acquired during a stay in hospital
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Milder, longer lasting form caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Also known as walking pneumonia since the patient is often not bedridden
Pneumonia Named for the Causative Agent
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Opportunistic infection caused by Pneumocystis carinii
Viral pneumonia
Caused by viruses
Interstitial Lung Disease
Group of disorders causing inflammation and scarring of alveoli and their supporting structures
Pulmonary fibrosis
Progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung causing decreased lung capacity and difficulty in breathing
(fibros: fibrous connective tissue; -is: noun ending)
Environmental/Occupational Interstitial Lung Diseases
Pneumoconiosis
Fibrosis of lung tissue due to dust inhalation
(pneum/o: lung; coni: dust; -osis: abnormal condition or disease)
Asbestosis
Result of inhalation of asbestos particles
(asbest: asbestos)
Environmental/Occupational Interstitial Lung Diseases
Silicosis
Result of inhalation of silica dust
(silic: glass; - osis: abnormal condition or disease)
Cystic Fibrosis
Life-threatening genetic disorder
Large quantities of abnormally thick mucus collect in lungs and pancreas
Results in damage to lungs, poor growth, and nutritional deficiencies
Lung Cancer
Leading cause of cancer death in the United States
Cancer cells form in lung tissues
Common causes are smoking and inhaling secondhand smoke
Lung Cancer
Breathing Disorders
Eupnea
Easy or normal breathing
(eu-: good; -pnea: breathing)
Apnea
Temporary absence of spontaneous respiration
(a-: without; -pnea: breathing)
Breathing Disorders
Bradypnea
Less than 10 breaths/minute
(brady-: slow; -pnea: breathing)
Breathing Disorders
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Irregular pattern of alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea
Tachypnea (tachy-: rapid)
More than 20 breaths/minute
Dyspnea (dys-: painful)
Difficult or labored breathing
Breathing Disorders
Hyperpnea (hyper-: excessive)
Deeper and more rapid than normal breathing, commonly associated with exertion
Hypopnea (hypo-: decreased)
Shallow or slow respiration
Hyperventilation
Rapid rate of deep respiration, commonly associated with anxiety
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Sleep apnea
Potentially serious
Breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep
May cause decrease in blood oxygen levels
Snoring
Noisy breathing caused by vibration of soft palate
Coughing
Expectoration
Act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid
(expector: cough up; -ation: state or action)
Hemoptysis
Expectoration of blood/blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes
(-ptysis: spitting)
Lack of Oxygen
Airway obstruction
Food or foreign object partially or completely blocks airway preventing air from entering or leaving the lungs
Anoxia
Absence of oxygen from body tissues/organs even though the flow of blood is adequate
Lack of Oxygen
Hypoxia
Deficient oxygen levels in body tissues/organs
Less severe than anoxia
(hyp-: deficient; ox: oxygen: -ia: abnormal condition)
Altitude hypoxia
Due to decreased oxygen in the air at higher altitudes, especially above 8,000 feet
Lack of Oxygen
Asphyxia
Lack of oxygen leading to loss of consciousness
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of skin/mucous membranes due to inadequate oxygen supply
(cyan: blue; -osis: abnormal condition or disease)
Lack of Oxygen
Hypercapnia
Buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
(capn: carbon dioxide)
Hypoxemia
Decreased oxygen levels in the blood
Respiratory failure
Medical emergency consisting of either hypoxemia or hypercapnia
Lack of Oxygen
Smoke inhalation
Particles from fire coat alveoli, preventing normal exchange of gases
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Sudden, unexplainable death of apparently healthy sleeping infant
May occur between 2 and 6 months of age
Also known as crib death
Diagnostic Procedures of Respiratory System
Respiratory rate
Counting of number of breaths/minute
Respiratory sounds
Evaluation of sounds heard upon auscultation of lungs
Diagnostic Procedures of Respiratory System
Bronchoscopy
Visual examination of bronchi using bronchoscope
(bronch/o: bronchus; -scopy: direct visual examination)
Diagnostic Procedures of Respiratory System
Chest X-ray
Assists with diagnosing lung disorders
Laryngoscopy
Visual examination of larynx and vocal cords
(laryng/o: larynx; -scopy: a direct visual examination)
Diagnostic Procedures of Respiratory System
Peak flow meter
Measures air flow out of the lungs
Polysomnography
Measures physiological activity during sleep
(poly-: many; somn/o: sleep; -graphy: the process of recording)
Diagnostic Procedures of Respiratory System
Pulmonary function tests
Group of tests measuring volume/flow of air into and out of the lungs
Spirometer
Measures volume of air inhaled/exhaled and length of time required for each breath
(spir/o: to breathe; -meter: to measure)
Diagnostic Procedures of Respiratory System
Pulse oximeter
External monitor placed on fingertip or ear lobe to measure oxygen saturation level in the blood
(ox/i: oxygen: -meter: to measure)
Sputum
Phlegm ejected through mouth
Sputum cytology examines the phlegm to detect cancer cells
Diagnostic Procedures of Respiratory System
Phlegm
Thick mucus
Secreted by tissues lining respiratory passages
Tuberculosis Testing
Mantoux PPD skin test
Injection of small amount of PPD tuberculin under the top layer of skin on forearm
Site is checked for reaction after 48-72 hours
Positive result from skin or blood test indicates possibility of exposure to TB
Chest X-ray and sputum cytology for confirmation
Treatment Procedures of Respiratory System
Antitussive
Prevents or relieves coughing
(anti-: against; tuss: cough; -ive: performs)
Bronchodilator
Inhaled medication that relaxes/expands bronchial passages
Treatment Procedures of Respiratory System
Metered-dose inhaler
Administers medication in aerosol form
Nebulizer
Allows for inhalation of a medicated mist via face mask or mouthpiece
Asthma Treatment
Controller medicines
Daily inhalation of corticosteroids
Quick-relief (rescue medicines)
Taken at first sign of an attack
Dilate airways
Avoid substances that trigger symptoms
Nose, Throat, and Larynx
Endotracheal intubation
Establishing open airway by passage of tube through mouth into the trachea
(endo-: within; trache: trachea; -al: pertaining to)
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Treating chronic sinusitis by enlarging opening between nose and sinus
Nose, Throat, and Larynx
Laryngectomy
Surgical removal of the larynx
(laryng: larynx; -ectomy: surgical removal)
Laryngotomy
Surgical incision into larynx to relieve upper airway obstruction
(laryng: larynx; -otomy: surgical incision)
Nose, Throat, and Larynx
Septoplasty
Surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum
(sept/o: septum; -plasty: surgical repair)
Trachea
Tracheostomy
Surgical creation of stoma into trachea for insertion of temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing
(trache: trachea; -ostomy: surgically creating an opening)
Trachea
Tracheotomy
Incision into trachea to gain access to the airway below the blockage
(trache: trachea; -otomy: surgical incision)
Lungs, Pleura, and Thorax
Pneumonectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of a lung
(pneumon: lung; -ectomy: surgical removal)
Lobectomy
Surgical removal of a lobe of an organ
(lob: lobe)
Lungs, Pleura, and Thorax
Wedge resection
Surgical removal of wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung and margin of healthy tissue around the cancer
Lungs, Pleura, and Thorax
Thoracentesis
Surgical puncture of chest wall for removal of fluid from pleural cavity
(thor/a: thorax or chest; -centesis: surgical puncture to remove fluid)
Thoracotomy
Surgical incision into chest walls for biopsy or for treatment
(thorac: chest; -otomy: surgical incision)
Lungs, Pleura, and Thorax
Video-assisted thoracic surgery
Uses thoracoscope to view inside the pleural cavity
Cystic Fibrosis
Pancreatic enzymes
Aid digestive system
Chest percussion
Removal of excess mucus from the lungs
Allows gravity to assist drainage of secretions
Respiratory Therapy
Diaphragmatic breathing
Relaxation technique for relief of anxiety
CPAP machine
Noninvasive ventilation device
Used in treatment of sleep apnea
Reduces snoring and prevents dangerous apnea disturbances
Respiratory Therapy
BiPAP machine
Similar to CPAP, but can be set at higher pressures for inhaling and lower pressures for exhaling
Ambu bag
Emergency resuscitator to assist ventilation
Respiratory Therapy
Ventilator
Mechanical device for artificial respiration
Supplements natural breathing function
Forces air into the lungs
Exhalation is passive as lungs contract
Supplemental Oxygen Therapy
Nasal cannula
Small tube divided into two nasal prongs
Rebreather mask
Exhaled breath is partially reused, delivering up to 60% oxygen
Nonrebreather mask
Higher levels of oxygen added to the air taken in by the patient
Supplemental Oxygen Therapy
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Special chamber for delivering pure oxygen
Lungs and bloodstream absorb more oxygen resulting in promotion of healing and assistance with fighting infection
