Assignment

profileiMozzie
EECS4460.89.5.19.pptx
Home>English homework help>Assignment

Power System Management

EECS 4460/5460-901

Lecture #8

Power Generation Alternatives

1

Nuclear Power Generation

Origins: “Atoms for Peace” Program in the mid 1950’s

First plant, Shippingport Pa. 1957, 60Mwe PWR

Now 98 Power Reactors

Up to 1200MWe

Heavily Regulated

Safety Defense in Depth

Event History

Thermal Power Plant

Shippingport, Pa.

Nuclear Power Generation: Pressurized Water Reactor

Nuclear Power Generation: Pressurized Water Reactor

Safety Features:

Water Moderator

Reactor Vessel

Containment

Core Cooling

Backup Power

Shutdown Safety

Multiple Water Sources

Fuel Pool Cooling

Spent Fuel Management

Waste Management

Radiation Protection

Extensive Training

Emergency Planning

Emergency Drills

Site Security

Nuclear Power Generation: Boiling Water Reactor

Nuclear Power Generation - Fission

Water Moderator

BWR Flow Control

PWR “Poison” Control Rods

The Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Nuclear Power Today

Worldwide Events have Driven Safety Improvements

Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, Fukushima

Continued Debate over Spent Fuel

Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Economics challenged by Natural Gas

For areas where markets exist

Some state support as carbon-free source

U.S. Growth for large reactors has stalled

Two units under construction in Georgia

Potential for Small Modular Reactors

Growth is Now Global

Nuclear Power Generation

Largest Plant in the U.S.

Palo Verde, Arizona

45mi West of Phoenix

3 PWR’s

3875Mwe

30MMwhrs/year

Supplies AZ and CA

U.S. Nuclear Record Generation in 2018 ...despite plant closures

Nuclear Power Summary

Advantages:

Abundant fuel reserves

Low cost fuel

No carbon emissions

Highly reliable

Dispatchable

Safety Culture

Orderly decommissioning

Disadvantages:

Debate over high level waste

High capital & operating costs

Mixed public image

Environmental impact

on the land use: mining and plant

Cooling water impacts

International Fuel Supply

Natural Gas Generation

Based on the Brayton Cycle

P=Pressure V=Volume T=Temperature

S=Entropy Q=Heat (added or rejected)

Simple Cycle Gas Turbine

Very common application in power industry

Typically 100-300Mwe

35-40% thermal efficiency

Low capital cost, high fuel costs

Combined Cycle Gas Turbine

Most common current application in power industry

Uses gas turbine and steam turbine to increase output

HRSG – Heat Recovery Steam Generator Typically 100-300Mwe

60+% thermal efficiency; GE 826Mw unit now at 64%

Low capital cost, low fuel costs

“Combined Cycle”

“Topping Cycle”

Brayton Gas Turbine Cycle

Heat and work transfer

in high temperature region

“Bottoming Cycle”

Rankine Steam Turbine Cycle

Low temperature region

Transfer of heat energy from high temperature exhaust gas to water and steam takes

place in the HRSG

The Fundamentals for Natural Gas

Nominal Capacity (Mwe) Heat Rate (Btu/KWhr) Overnight Capital Cost ($/Kw)
Combustion Turbine 100 9840 $1072
Advanced Combustion Turbine 237 9,800 $658
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine 702 6,600 $999
Advanced Combined Cycle Gas Turbine 1100 6,300 $736

EIA Jan. 2019 data

16

Fossil “Tradeoffs” are Part of our History Annual Generation 1950-2012*

Less Coal

More Petroleum

Less Petroleum

More Coal

Less Petroleum

More Natural Gas

Less Coal

More Natural Gas

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Low oil prices during 1960s, combined with smog concerns, spur new additions to petroleum-fired capacity

Oil price shocks during 1970s lad to increased utilization of coal-fired capacity for baseload generation

Rapidly rising oil prices lead many generators to switch oil-fired peaking capacity to natural gas

Historically low natural gas prices lead to increased utilization of combined cycle plants at expense of coal units

*2012 reflects Jan to Apr data

Recent Record: Natural Gas Use in Power Generation

Natural Gas Drives the Long-Term Forecast

Gas Generation Summary

Advantages:

Adequate fuel reserves

Low capital and operating cost

Fuel efficiency

Reliable, responsive

Dispatchable

Dual fuel option

Disadvantages:

Carbon and other emissions

Potential fuel cost volatility

Fuel supply & pipeline capacity

Environmental impact

on the land use: mining, pipelines

and plant

Cooling water impacts

Wind Generation

Basic Idea: Convert the Kinetic Energy of the Wind into Electric Energy

Wind power depends on:

Amount of air (volume)

Speed of air (velocity)

Mass of air (density)

Kinetic Energy

KE =

Power is KE per unit time:

P

MASS FLUX

Fluid mechanics gives mass flow rate as (density x volume flux)

P

Thus, Power is a function of:

The cube of the velocity

Air density

Rotor swept area

Typical Wind Power Output Curve

Wind Turbine Blade Options

Power coefficient (fraction of power being extracted by the turbine)

tsr = Tip-Speed ratio (ratio of tip speed of blade to wind speed)

Darrieus Turbines

Wind Generation Variability

Wind Generation Potential – U.S.

U.S. Generation in 2018: 275MMwhr

81.3 MW installed in U.S; 7588Mwe added in 2018

Average size of new turbine: 2.4Mwe, 116m Rotor Diameter

Wind Turbines in the U.S.

Blade Heights Continue to Increase

Transporting 62m Wind Turbine Blade

Installing Turbine Bases

Blue Creek Wind Farm in Ohio

VanWert and Paulding Counties

On-Line in 2012, 304 Mwe; $600M cost

152 Gamesa G90 turbines; 2MWe each; 100m high

On 27,000 acres of privately-owned land

Owned by Iberdrola; Operated by Avangrid

Power purchased by OSU, FE, AMP-O

Has averaged 797 MWhr per year, 2011-2018 @ 29.9% capacity factor

The Early Years – Cleveland, Ohio

At the Home of Charles Brush

Developer of Arc Lighting

Built in 1888

Wind Turbine/DC Power

50 ft. rotor

144 wooden blades

12Kw dynamo

In his Basement

12 batteries; 34 cells each

Automatic Controls

Operated for 20 years

………“off the grid”

Wind Generation Summary

Advantages:

Renewable resource

No carbon emissions

Domestic fuel source

Low operating cost

Disadvantages:

Intermittent source

Environmental impact

on the land use: mining,

and plant

Noise and visual “pollution”

Bird and bat mortality

High capital cost

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1950195519601965197019751980198519901995200020052010

Chart1

1950 1950 1950
1951 1951 1951
1952 1952 1952
1953 1953 1953
1954 1954 1954
1955 1955 1955
1956 1956 1956
1957 1957 1957
1958 1958 1958
1959 1959 1959
1960 1960 1960
1961 1961 1961
1962 1962 1962
1963 1963 1963
1964 1964 1964
1965 1965 1965
1966 1966 1966
1967 1967 1967
1968 1968 1968
1969 1969 1969
1970 1970 1970
1971 1971 1971
1972 1972 1972
1973 1973 1973
1974 1974 1974
1975 1975 1975
1976 1976 1976
1977 1977 1977
1978 1978 1978
1979 1979 1979
1980 1980 1980
1981 1981 1981
1982 1982 1982
1983 1983 1983
1984 1984 1984
1985 1985 1985
1986 1986 1986
1987 1987 1987
1988 1988 1988
1989 1989 1989
1990 1990 1990
1991 1991 1991
1992 1992 1992
1993 1993 1993
1994 1994 1994
1995 1995 1995
1996 1996 1996
1997 1997 1997
1998 1998 1998
1999 1999 1999
2000 2000 2000
2001 2001 2001
2002 2002 2002
2003 2003 2003
2004 2004 2004
2005 2005 2005
2006 2006 2006
2007 2007 2007
2008 2008 2008
2009 2009 2009
2010 2010 2010
COAL
NATURAL GAS
PETROLEUM
0.6637073587
0.1913942718
0.1448983695
0.6845919627
0.209275771
0.1061322663
0.6655666421
0.2331194696
0.1013138882
0.6493151832
0.2367391436
0.1139456732
0.6563553456
0.257134998
0.0865096564
0.694725942
0.2196597926
0.0856142654
0.7074448329
0.2174293285
0.0751258386
0.6912542965
0.2279244873
0.0808212162
0.6825928367
0.2373837535
0.0800234098
0.6617157675
0.2563799046
0.081904328
0.6618250389
0.2593818592
0.0787931019
0.6595067513
0.2646433298
0.0758499189
0.6588080621
0.2696710342
0.0715209037
0.6607446569
0.2696908012
0.0695645419
0.6551487402
0.2739447145
0.0709065453
0.6659685862
0.2584426628
0.075588751
0.650175563
0.266176554
0.083647883
0.6403707697
0.2689585393
0.0906706911
0.6262768409
0.2783733232
0.0953498358
0.5997662426
0.2831290503
0.1171047071
0.5583926903
0.29560011
0.1460071997
0.545452809
0.2860965358
0.1684506552
0.5426011948
0.2643923445
0.1930064607
0.564028353
0.2268074692
0.2091641779
0.5715583032
0.2208215704
0.2076201263
0.5915309435
0.2079398095
0.200529247
0.6057659723
0.1889822555
0.2052517722
0.597499688
0.1852777228
0.2172225892
0.5927262901
0.1855133446
0.2217603654
0.6293953473
0.1929016172
0.1777030355
0.6623130999
0.197423081
0.1402638191
0.6854292031
0.1969790023
0.1175917946
0.7250362869
0.1856741731
0.08928954
0.7505412813
0.1633462299
0.0861124888
0.7628030493
0.1690810139
0.0681159368
0.7814449067
0.1627095864
0.0558455069
0.7825467742
0.1403269296
0.0771262962
0.7891452373
0.1469737384
0.0638810243
0.7931888504
0.1301517793
0.0766593704
0.753905358
0.1678572377
0.0782374043
0.7615055556
0.1780807349
0.0604137095
0.7603623315
0.1823930545
0.057244614
0.7627644995
0.1901137664
0.0471217342
0.762053162
0.1870906146
0.0508562234
0.7491508901
0.2039241063
0.0469250036
0.7497357981
0.2175656024
0.0326985995
0.7699208932
0.1951635782
0.0349155286
0.7633592003
0.1983470267
0.038293773
0.7394757184
0.2096869168
0.0508373647
0.7360808833
0.217721192
0.0461979247
0.7340851908
0.224391576
0.0415232332
0.7136359509
0.2395567602
0.0468072889
0.7110486149
0.2541673808
0.0347840043
0.7195409488
0.2369288046
0.0435302466
0.7041354066
0.2527455011
0.0431190923
0.6950388513
0.2627572275
0.0422039212
0.6932877418
0.2843633311
0.0223489271
0.6769390952
0.3009918427
0.0220690622
0.6812297034
0.3029067549
0.0158635417
0.6465467554
0.339116314
0.0143369306
0.643196054
0.3438999115
0.0129040345

stb0802a

Table 8.2a  Electricity Net Generation:  Total (All Sectors), 1949-2010
                        (Sum of Tables 8.2b and 8.2d; Thousand Kilowatthours)
Year Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Other 10 Total
Hydro-
Nuclear electric
Coal 1 Petroleum 2 Total Electric Pumped Conventional Biomass Wind Total
Natural Other Power Storage 5 Hydroelectric Geo- Solar/
Gas 3 Gases 4 Power 6 Wood 7 Waste 8 thermal PV 9
1949 135,451,320 28,547,232 36,966,709 NA 200,965,261 0 [6] 94,772,992 386,036 NA NA NA NA 95,159,028 NA 296,124,289
1950 154,519,994 33,734,288 44,559,159 NA 232,813,441 0 [6] 100,884,575 389,585 NA NA NA NA 101,274,160 NA 334,087,601
1951 185,203,657 28,712,116 56,615,678 NA 270,531,451 0 [6] 104,376,120 390,784 NA NA NA NA 104,766,904 NA 375,298,355
1952 195,436,666 29,749,761 68,453,088 NA 293,639,515 0 [6] 109,708,251 481,647 NA NA NA NA 110,189,898 NA 403,829,413
1953 218,846,325 38,404,449 79,790,975 NA 337,041,749 0 [6] 109,617,396 389,418 NA NA NA NA 110,006,814 NA 447,048,563
1954 239,145,966 31,520,175 93,688,271 NA 364,354,412 0 [6] 111,639,772 263,434 NA NA NA NA 111,903,206 NA 476,257,618
1955 301,362,698 37,138,308 95,285,441 NA 433,786,447 0 [6] 116,235,946 276,469 NA NA NA NA 116,512,415 NA 550,298,862
1956 338,503,484 35,946,772 104,037,208 NA 478,487,464 0 [6] 125,236,621 151,678 NA NA NA NA 125,388,299 NA 603,875,763
1957 346,386,207 40,499,357 114,212,525 NA 501,098,089 9,670 [6] 133,357,930 176,678 NA NA NA NA 133,534,608 NA 634,642,367
1958 344,365,781 40,371,540 119,759,302 NA 504,496,623 164,691 [6] 143,614,545 175,003 NA NA NA NA 143,789,548 NA 648,450,862
1959 378,424,210 46,839,719 146,619,391 NA 571,883,320 188,101 [6] 141,154,533 152,877 NA NA NA NA 141,307,410 NA 713,378,831
1960 403,067,357 47,986,893 157,969,787 NA 609,024,037 518,182 [6] 149,440,035 140,166 NA 33,368 NA NA 149,613,569 NA 759,155,788
1961 421,870,669 48,519,376 169,285,998 NA 639,676,043 1,692,149 [6] 155,536,444 125,734 NA 94,021 NA NA 155,756,199 NA 797,124,391
1962 450,249,238 48,879,536 184,301,293 NA 683,430,067 2,269,685 [6] 172,015,646 127,796 NA 100,462 NA NA 172,243,904 NA 857,943,656
1963 493,926,719 52,001,610 201,602,073 NA 747,530,402 3,211,836 [6] 168,990,140 127,940 NA 167,953 NA NA 169,286,033 NA 920,028,271
1964 526,230,019 56,953,712 220,038,479 NA 803,222,210 3,342,743 [6] 180,301,506 148,076 NA 203,791 NA NA 180,653,373 NA 987,218,326
1965 570,925,951 64,801,224 221,559,434 NA 857,286,609 3,656,699 [6] 196,984,345 268,804 NA 189,214 NA NA 197,442,363 NA 1058385671
1966 613,474,800 78,926,172 251,151,562 NA 943,552,534 5,519,909 [6] 197,937,538 333,926 NA 187,988 NA NA 198,459,452 NA 1147531895
1967 630,483,363 89,270,724 264,805,785 NA 984,559,872 7,655,214 [6] 224,948,605 315,688 NA 316,309 NA NA 225,580,602 NA 1217795688
1968 684,904,580 104,275,833 304,432,723 NA 1093613136 12,528,419 [6] 225,873,158 375,062 NA 435,826 NA NA 226,684,046 NA 1332825601
1969 706,001,240 137,847,152 333,278,945 NA 1177127337 13,927,839 [6] 253,468,237 319,933 NA 614,710 NA NA 254,402,880 NA 1445458056
1970 704,394,479 184,183,402 372,890,063 NA 1261467944 21,804,448 [6] 250,957,442 136,000 220,450 525,183 NA NA 251,839,075 NA 1535111467
1971 713,102,454 220,225,423 374,030,784 NA 1307358661 38,104,545 [6] 269,531,459 111,330 199,869 547,752 NA NA 270,390,410 NA 1615853616
1972 771,131,265 274,295,961 375,747,796 NA 1421175022 54,091,135 [6] 275,928,828 130,859 199,774 1,452,795 NA NA 277,712,256 NA 1752978413
1973 847,651,470 314,342,926 340,858,192 NA 1502852588 83,479,463 [6] 275,430,574 130,403 197,890 1,965,713 NA NA 277,724,580 NA 1864056631
1974 828,432,921 300,930,538 320,065,088 NA 1449428547 113,975,740 [6] 304,211,805 68,523 182,154 2,452,636 NA NA 306,915,118 NA 1870319405
1975 852,786,222 289,094,900 299,778,408 NA 1441659530 172,505,075 [6] 303,152,673 17,551 173,568 3,246,172 NA NA 306,589,964 NA 1920754569
1976 944,390,993 319,988,137 294,623,911 NA 1559003041 191,103,531 [6] 286,924,238 84,386 182,078 3,616,407 NA NA 290,807,109 NA 2040913681
1977 985,218,596 358,178,822 305,504,859 NA 1648902277 250,883,283 [6] 223,598,687 307,634 173,271 3,582,335 NA NA 227,661,927 NA 2127447487
1978 975,742,083 365,060,441 305,390,836 NA 1646193360 276,403,070 [6] 283,465,224 197,193 140,434 2,977,630 NA NA 286,780,481 NA 2209376911
1979 1075037091 303,525,209 329,485,107 NA 1708047407 255,154,623 [6] 283,075,976 299,859 198,192 3,888,968 NA NA 287,462,995 NA 2250665025
1980 1161562368 245,994,189 346,239,900 NA 1753796457 251,115,575 [6] 279,182,090 275,366 157,797 5,073,079 NA NA 284,688,332 NA 2289600364
1981 1203203232 206,420,775 345,777,173 NA 1755401180 272,673,503 [6] 263,844,664 245,201 122,628 5,686,163 NA NA 269,898,656 NA 2297973339
1982 1192004204 146,797,490 305,259,749 NA 1644061443 282,773,248 [6] 312,374,013 195,940 124,979 4,842,865 NA NA 317,537,797 NA 2244372488
1983 1259424279 144,498,593 274,098,458 NA 1678021330 293,677,119 [6] 335,290,855 215,867 162,745 6,075,101 NA 2,668 341,747,236 NA 2313445685
1984 1341680752 119,807,913 297,393,596 NA 1758882261 327,633,549 [6] 324,311,365 461,411 424,540 7,740,504 5,248 6,490 332,949,558 NA 2419465368
1985 1402128125 100,202,273 291,945,965 NA 1794276363 383,690,727 [6] 284,310,538 743,294 639,578 9,325,230 10,630 5,762 295,035,032 NA 2473002122
1986 1385831452 136,584,867 248,508,433 NA 1770924752 414,038,063 [6] 294,005,219 491,509 685,234 10,307,954 14,032 4,189 305,508,137 NA 2490470952
1987 1463781289 118,492,571 272,620,803 NA 1854894663 455,270,382 [6] 252,856,093 783,088 693,941 10,775,461 10,497 3,541 265,122,621 NA 2575287666
1988 1540652774 148,899,561 252,800,704 NA 1942353039 526,973,047 [6] 226,100,803 935,986 738,258 10,300,079 9,094 871 238,085,091 NA 2707411177
198911 1583779139 164,358,520 352,628,866 7,862,418 2108628943 529,354,717 [6] 271,976,936 27,236,668 9,162,887 14,593,443 250,601 2,112,043 325,332,578 3,829,849 2967146087
1990 1594011479 126,460,202 372,765,154 10,382,830 2103619665 576,861,678 -3,507,741 292,865,846 32,521,889 13,260,379 15,434,271 367,087 2,788,600 357,238,072 3,615,663 3037827337
1991 1590622748 119,751,573 381,553,017 11,335,593 2103262931 612,565,087 -4,541,435 288,994,189 33,725,358 15,664,746 15,966,444 471,765 2,950,951 357,773,453 4,738,849 3073798885
1992 1621206039 100,154,163 404,074,372 13,270,237 2138704811 618,776,263 -4,176,582 253,088,003 36,528,662 17,816,035 16,137,962 399,640 2,887,523 326,857,825 3,719,887 3083882204
1993 1690070232 112,788,180 414,926,798 12,955,798 2230741008 610,291,214 -4,035,572 280,494,008 37,623,407 18,333,031 16,788,565 462,452 3,005,827 356,707,290 3,487,156 3197191096
1994 1690693864 105,900,983 460,218,682 13,319,051 2270132580 640,439,832 -3,377,825 260,125,733 37,937,364 19,128,595 15,535,453 486,622 3,447,109 336,660,876 3,666,925 3247522388
1995 1709426468 74,554,065 496,057,945 13,869,951 2293908429 673,402,123 -2,725,131 310,832,748 36,521,082 20,404,971 13,378,258 496,821 3,164,253 384,798,133 4,103,808 3353487362
1996 1795195593 81,411,225 455,055,576 14,355,813 2346018207 674,728,546 -3,088,078 347,162,063 36,800,310 20,911,336 14,328,684 521,205 3,234,069 422,957,667 3,571,279 3444187621
1997 1845015736 92,554,873 479,398,670 13,350,634 2430319913 628,644,171 -4,039,905 356,453,295 36,948,441 21,709,073 14,726,102 511,168 3,288,035 433,636,114 3,611,990 3492172283
1998 1873515690 128,800,173 531,257,104 13,492,230 2547065197 673,702,104 -4,467,280 323,335,661 36,338,384 22,447,935 14,773,918 502,473 3,025,696 400,424,067 3,571,410 3620295498
1999 1881087224 118,060,838 556,396,127 14,125,592 2569669781 728,254,124 -6,096,899 319,536,029 37,040,734 22,572,175 14,827,013 495,082 4,487,998 398,959,031 4,023,773 3694809810
2000 1966264596 111,220,965 601,038,159 13,954,758 2692478478 753,892,940 -5,538,860 275,572,597 37,594,866 23,131,314 14,093,158 493,375 5,593,261 356,478,571 4,793,914 3802105043
2001 1903955943 124,880,222 639,129,120 9,039,473 2677004758 768,826,308 -8,823,445 216,961,044 35,199,905 14,548,153 13,740,501 542,755 6,737,332 287,729,690 11,906,342 3736643653
2002 1933130353 94,567,394 691,005,746 11,462,685 2730166178 780,064,087 -8,742,928 264,328,832 38,665,040 15,043,712 14,491,310 554,831 10,354,279 343,438,004 13,526,911 3858452252
2003 1973736750 119,405,640 649,907,541 15,600,020 2758649951 763,732,695 -8,535,065 275,806,328 37,529,098 15,811,992 14,424,231 534,001 11,187,467 355,293,117 14,044,507 3883185205
2004 1978300549 121,145,057 [R] 710,100,016 [R] 15,252,431 2824798052 788,528,387 -8,488,210 268,417,308 38,116,883 15,420,570 14,810,975 575,155 14,143,741 351,484,631 14232401 [R] 3970555262
2005 2012873046 122,225,017 760,960,254 [R] 13,464,144 [R] 2909522460 [R] 781,986,365 -6,557,788 270,321,255 38,856,417 15,420,393 14,691,745 550,294 17,810,549 357,650,653 12,821,059 4055422750
2006 1990511135 [R] 64,166,414 816,440,769 [R] 14,176,807 [R] 2885295126 787,218,636 -6,557,842 289,246,416 38,762,096 16,098,525 14,568,029 507,706 26,589,137 385,771,909 12,974,399 4064702227 [R]
2007 2016455584 65,738,977 [R] 896,589,791 13,453,354 2992237706 [R] 806,424,753 -6,896,352 247,509,974 39,014,024 [R] 16,524,554 14,637,213 611,793 34,449,927 352,747,486 12231130 [R] 4156744723 [R]
2008 1985801247 46,242,612 882,980,599 11,706,876 2926731334 [R] 806,208,435 -6,288,062 254,831,385 37,299,853 17733759 [R] 14839977 [R] 864,315 55,363,100 380,932,388 [R] 11803665 [R] 4119387760 [R]
2009 1755904253 [R] 38,936,515 [R] 920,978,681 [R] 10,632,107 [R] 2726451555 [R] 798,854,585 [R] -4,627,345 [R] 273,445,095 [R] 36,050,138 [R] 18442596 [R] 15008658 [R] 891,180 [R] 73886132 [R] 417,723,798 [R] 11928335 [R] 3950330928 [R]
2010P 1850749906 36,924,908 981,814,685 11,193,073 2880682573 806,968,301 -4,090,989 257,051,672 37,974,929 18,556,549 15,666,388 1,299,193 94,646,779 425,195,509 11,272,585 4120027978 1847290278.507 37061013.2580001 987697233.675999
1Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel. 9Solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) energy.
2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil. 10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and, beginning
in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).
3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels. 11Through 1988, all data except hydroelectric are for electric utilities only; hydroelectric data through 1988
include industrial plants as well as electric utilities.  Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities, independent
power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants.
4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels. R=Revised.  P=Preliminary.  NA=Not available.  (s)=Less than 0.05 billion killowatthours.  
5Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping. Notes:  ·  See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section.  ·  Totals may not equal sum of
components due to independent rounding.
6Through 1989, hydroelectric pumped storage is included in "Conventional Hydroelectric Power." Web Page:  For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/electricity/.
7Wood and wood-derived fuels. Sources:  ·  1949-1988�Table 8.2b for electric power sector, and Table 8.1 for industrial sector.  ·  1989
forward�Tables 8.2b and 8.2d.
8Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other
biomass.  Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources,
and tire-derived fuels).

Sheet1

COAL PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS
1949 67% 14% 18%
1950 66% 14% 19%
1951 68% 11% 21%
1952 67% 10% 23%
1953 65% 11% 24%
1954 66% 9% 26%
1955 69% 9% 22%
1956 71% 8% 22%
1957 69% 8% 23%
1958 68% 8% 24%
1959 66% 8% 26%
1960 66% 8% 26%
1961 66% 8% 26%
1962 66% 7% 27%
1963 66% 7% 27%
1964 66% 7% 27%
1965 67% 8% 26%
1966 65% 8% 27%
1967 64% 9% 27%
1968 63% 10% 28%
1969 60% 12% 28%
1970 56% 15% 30%
1971 55% 17% 29%
1972 54% 19% 26%
1973 56% 21% 23%
1974 57% 21% 22%
1975 59% 20% 21%
1976 61% 21% 19%
1977 60% 22% 19%
1978 59% 22% 19%
1979 63% 18% 19%
1980 66% 14% 20%
1981 69% 12% 20%
1982 73% 9% 19%
1983 75% 9% 16%
1984 76% 7% 17%
1985 78% 6% 16%
1986 78% 8% 14%
1987 79% 6% 15%
1988 79% 8% 13%
1989 75% 8% 17%
1990 76% 6% 18%
1991 76% 6% 18%
1992 76% 5% 19%
1993 76% 5% 19%
1994 75% 5% 20%
1995 75% 3% 22%
1996 77% 3% 20%
1997 76% 4% 20%
1998 74% 5% 21%
1999 74% 5% 22%
2000 73% 4% 22%
2001 71% 5% 24%
2002 71% 3% 25%
2003 72% 4% 24%
2004 70% 4% 25%
2005 70% 4% 26%
2006 69% 2% 28%
2007 68% 2% 30%
2008 68% 2% 30%
2009 65% 1% 34%
2010 64% 1% 34%
Source: AER, 10/19/2011 release
EPA, 11/09/2011 release

Sheet1
COAL
NATURAL GAS
PETROLEUM

Sheet2

COAL PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS
1949 135451320 28547232 36966709
1950 154519994 33734288 44559159
1951 185203657 28712116 56615678
1952 195436666 29749761 68453088
1953 218846325 38404449 79790975
1954 239145966 31520175 93688271
1955 301362698 37138308 95285441
1956 338503484 35946772 104037208
1957 346386207 40499357 114212525
1958 344365781 40371540 119759302
1959 378424210 46839719 146619391
1960 403067357 47986893 157969787
1961 421870669 48519376 169285998
1962 450249238 48879536 184301293
1963 493926719 52001610 201602073
1964 526230019 56953712 220038479
1965 570925951 64801224 221559434
1966 613474800 78926172 251151562
1967 630483363 89270724 264805785
1968 684904580 104275833 304432723
1969 706001240 137847152 333278945
1970 704394479 184183402 372890063
1971 713102454 220225423 374030784
1972 771131265 274295961 375747796
1973 847651470 314342926 340858192
1974 828432921 300930538 320065088
1975 852786222 289094900 299778408
1976 944390993 319988137 294623911
1977 985218596 358178822 305504859
1978 975742083 365060441 305390836
1979 1075037091 303525209 329485107
1980 1161562368 245994189 346239900
1981 1203203232 206420775 345777173
1982 1192004204 146797490 305259749
1983 1259424279 144498593 274098458
1984 1341680752 119807913 297393596
1985 1402128125 100202273 291945965
1986 1385831452 136584867 248508433
1987 1463781289 118492571 272620803
1988 1540652774 148899561 252800704
1989 1583779139 164358520 352628866
1990 1594011479 126460202 372765154
1991 1590622748 119751573 381553017
1992 1621206039 100154163 404074372
1993 1690070232 112788180 414926798
1994 1690693864 105900983 460218682
1995 1709426468 74554065 496057945
1996 1795195593 81411225 455055576
1997 1845015736 92554873 479398670
1998 1873515690 128800173 531257104
1999 1881087224 118060838 556396127
2000 1966264596 111220965 601038159
2001 1903955943 124880222 639129120
2002 1933130353 94567394 691005746
2003 1973736750 119405640 649907541
2004 1978300549 121145057 710100016
2005 2012873046 122225017 760960254
2006 1990511135 64166414 816440769
2007 2016455584 65738977 896589791
2008 1985801247 46242612 882980599
2009 1755904253 38936515 920978681
2010 1850749906 36924908 981814685
Source: AER, 10/19/2011 release
EPA, 11/09/2011 release
Figure 1. Share of Total Fossil Fuel Generation ( All Sectors)
Note: Data through 1988 are for electric utilities only. For 1989 to the present, data include utilities, independent power producers, and the commercial and industrial sectors. A small amount of generation from other types of fossil gases is not shown (generally <0.5%). Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review Table 8.2a and Electric Power Annual Table 2.1.A

Sheet2
COAL
NATURAL GAS
PETROLEUM