EECS4460.2111.14.19.pptx
Power System Management
EECS 4460/5460-901
Lecture #21
New Technologies and the Future Utility
1
Utilities are increasingly interested in investing in new technology
Public and political interest
General drive toward web-based applications and information
Investments can be “rate-based”
The industry funds EPRI – The Electric Power Research Institute
Founded in 1972, spurred by the 1965 Blackout
Research and funding in all functional areas: generation, transmission and distribution
Even public acceptance of being “off the grid”
Utilities and New Technologies
The Drivers for Change
BESS:
Battery Energy
Storage Systems
PEV:
Plug-in
Electric
Vehicles
DOE Grid Modernization Initiative
The DOE Grid Modernization Initiative – 6 Focus Areas
Devices and Integration System Testing
Sensing and Measurements
System Operations, Power Flow and Control
Design and Planning Tools
Security and Resilience
Institutional Support
Fundamental Changes in How Things Work
Demonstrating Real Outcomes
UToledo Power Electronics Work
The Changing Generation Mix
Natural Gas is replacing coal
Renewable Generation and Storage
Cost reductions improving solar PV
Storage and battery technology and EV’s
Sensors, Communications and Computers
Distribution system monitoring breakthroughs;
Proliferation of DER’s and distribution control
Grid Operations and Controls
Data mining to improve reliability and cost
Grid Modernization “Watchlist” Part 1
Power Electronics
Mitigating the non-synchronous generation
Unlocking the value of ancillary services
Resiliency and Cybersecurity
Storms, fires, duck curves and cyber bad guys
Government Policy
Federal support for transmission and tax laws
State support for ratemaking and policies
Global Perspective
Wide variations in obstacles and opportunities
Dealing with our default carbon strategy
Grid Modernization “Watchlist” Part 2
Additional technological investments are underway throughout the world
Advanced metering, data management
Energy Efficiency and Demand Response
Renewable Integration
Feeder automation
Grid Modernization
Electric Vehicles
Self-Driving Vehicles
Smart Grid
Microgrids
Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
Energy Storage
Technology Investing – Follow the Money
Some topics we haven’t covered…
EV Deployment continues worldwide
Global sales topped 2 Million units in 2018
There are (est.) 3.3Million all electric (PEV) cars in the world
There are (est.) 1.4Billion total cars on the road worldwide
Manufacturers are getting more serious – global leaders are Tesla and BYD (China)
Some forecasts call for 24% annual-growth rate
Autonomous vehicles adds a “wrinkle”
Much debate on safety
Many design issues, but they are being tested quickly
Design challenges are being overcome
All-electric vs. hybrids
Inverters and DC-DC converters
Roadside ecosystems
Battery systems
Electric Vehicles – Only the Highlights
The EV Energy Tradeoff is Petroleum for Electricity – a function of Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) Deployment
Origins go back to 1832 and Scottish inventor Robert Anderson
In the 1890s, in the U.S., twice as many electric cars were sold as gasoline models
Affordable gasoline and assembly line cost improvements “killed” the EV in the 1920s
Mid 60s and 70s resurgence with NiCad batteries
Today, globally there are 5.1 Million Units
3.3M All-Electric (65%)
1.8M Plug-in Hybrid (35%)
We Tried This Before…
Very popular…for awhile
1912 Charging Station
1890 – Morrison Electric
And we are still working on it…
An Australian Installation that went viral…
Lithium – foreign supply
Critical for today’s battery technology – high power density
Lithium market set to grow 30% each year
Between 2013 and 2016, 15GWhrs of battery capacity was added
Expected to reach 7000GWhr by 2025
Tibet mining experience – polluting rivers and soil
Thermal runaway issues
Chile and Argentina are primary sources
Other toxic metals: Cadmium, Mercury and Lead
Small ordinary batteries (carbon-zinc) not hazardous
Recycling underway for lead-acid, NiCd and Li-ion
End products are cobalt, lithium salt concentrate, stainless steel, copper, aluminum and plastic
Carbon footprint of the entire battery chain is an issue
Greenhouse gas emissions from the production of one 75KWhr battery (Tesla Model 3) emits 8 tons of CO2
Debates on how and if to deal with this one
Batteries and Electric Vehicles
The Smart Grid...
A Variety of Concepts
The EPRI definition
“A smart grid is one that incorporates information and communications technology into every aspect of electricity generation, delivery, and consumption in order to minimize environmental impact, enhance markets, improve reliability and service, and reduce costs and improve efficiency.”
The fundamental concept
Two-way communication between utility and customer
Improved sensing throughout the power system
Respond more accurately and quickly to changing conditions
The goals
More efficient transmission of electricity
Quicker restoration after power disturbances
Reduced operating and maintenance costs
Reduced peak demand
Improved integration of renewables
Better integration with customer-owned generation
Improved security
Potential for more customer control
The Smart Grid Defined
Many Models Exist of How this Will Work
From 2010 EIA Energy Conference
Projected Spend for Smart Grid Components
The changing resource mix adds complexity
The current supply approach: provide supply for the demand, with excess if needed.
Intermittent renewables have become “game changers”
“Behind the meter” generation is likewise unpredictable
Demand patterns have become even less predictable
Regulatory Impact and Compliance
Reliability has become more regulated through NERC Standards
Cyber and physical security standards are emerging rapidly
Environmental compliance and carbon reduction are high priorities
Parallel technological breakthroughs
Will EV penetration accelerate?
Grid and cyber security
System complexity grows through more connectivity
Legacy systems need to be secured alongside newer technologies
Security protocols are more vulnerable as networks are connected
Privacy issues may emerge
The Smart Grid Challenges (“Opportunities”)
DER’s Defined
Any resource on the distribution system that produces electricity and is not otherwise in the formal NERC definition of the Bulk Electric System (BES)
Typically using renewable resources; may include storage or cogeneration
While not “formally”, they are typically less than 10MW
Part of the concept of a microgrid
Some include controllable loads in the definition
Examples and issues today
Substantial solar DER’s in California and Arizona
Many challenges with pricing; impact on utility profits and customer rates
NERC and the reliability regions are studying the impact of DER’s on the Bulk Electric System
Distributed Energy Resources
Full deployment of smart meters
Rapid outage management
Automated billing
Real-time pricing, load information and control
Full deployment of renewables and DER’s
Stop when it doesn’t make sense anymore
Couple with storage solutions
Localized grids – supply/demand/price controls
Improved Load Management
Commercial/Industrial: cooling, heating, refrigeration
Residential: Same plus EV charging, dishwashing, laundry
Electric Vehicle (EV) Deployment
Focus on all-electric
Fix “range anxiety” and behavior changes
Fix “how we get around” in the U.S.
Such as mass transit in Europe & Asia, especially Japan
How about like bicycles in Amsterdam? (only safer!)
A “Wishlist” of Sorts…
Amsterdam Bike Overload
Amsterdam Municipal Bike Parking Lot
Or the LA Freeway System…
I-405
Southbound
New Technologies and the Future Utility
(Continued)
Utility Scale Energy Storage
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