Assignment

EECS4460.1410.9.19.pptx

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Power System Management EECS 4460/5460-901 Lecture #14 Electricity Public Policy Issues

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Adequate and reliable power supply (generation) Quantity of supply Quality of supply Response to events Adequate and reliable power delivery (transmission and distribution) Capacity of the system to deliver power Reliability of the system Response to events Utility Operational Fundamentals – “Keeping the Lights On” Outline a typical power system

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Control Area Concept Control area 1 Control area 2 Control area 3 ACE (Area Control Error)

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Criteria: Adequate and reliable power supply Real time generation to meet the load Adequate reserves, including real-time Voltage and frequency control Coordinate planned outages and maintenance Respond to unplanned plant or interconnection outages Functions: Generation dispatch – directs and schedules generation – economically AGC (Automatic Generation Control) – adjusting power output in response to changing conditions to maintain frequency and voltage Contingency analysis and communications Utility Operational Fundamentals

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Simplified AGC Scheme

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Adequate real time reserves Unplanned plant outages Excessively hot or cold weather Fuel supply shortages Operating with intermittent resources (separate lecture) Functions: Contingency analysis and communications Coordination with system operators, suppliers and governmental agencies Power Supply Reliability Issues

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Criteria: Adequate and reliable transmission grid Operate system within the limits “Situational Awareness” with contingencies Coordinate planned outages and maintenance Respond to unplanned line or plant outages “Black start” capability Functions: Transmission operator – functionally operates the grid Model and monitor contingencies (“N-1’) Contingency analysis and communications “SCADA” – Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition" Utility Operational Fundamentals

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Historically, people operated the electric system – manned stations, monitoring, circuit breaker controls, relay protection systems 1960’s: Information communications developed; radios and power line carrier 1970’s: Logic controllers to replace relays (first in the automotive industry) 1980’s: Standard Communications protocols 1990’s to today: System automation via programmable computerized networks SCADA Basics

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Today’s SCADA Functional Diagram

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Transmission Control Center (NYISO)

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Continuous Technology Upgrades (PJM)

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Criteria: Adequate and reliable distribution grid Operate system within the limits Minimize customer disruptions Coordinate planned outages and maintenance Respond to unplanned outages Accommodate public projects and new load Functions: Distribution substation operator – past approach Automated responses to minimizing customer outages Rapid response to outages Utility Operational Fundamentals

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Distribution Circuits Often Networked for Reliability

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Distribution Fault Devices are Coordinated Recloser Sectionalizer

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Distribution Devices for Reliability Fuse Cutout Lightning Arrester Capacitors Distribution Transformer Pothead

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Substantial debate for decades Revisited during Hurricane Sandy – weather resiliancy Can be reliability issues with underground as well What is the cost of reliability? Underground Transmission 97% of U.S. transmission is overhead Costs range from 4-14 times overhead Typical 138kv @ 390k$/mi vs. $2M/mi Higher maintenance costs; potential environmental impact Underground Distribution 41% of Europe is Underground; New U.S. is about 25% Common in residential and commercial areas Costs range from 2-5 times overhead “Who pays? Government, Developer, Induvial customer, Ratepayers Higher maintenance costs; potential environmental impact Underground vs. Overhead

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Storm Response as Part of Operations Typical checklist for storm preparation Areas in red are often a challenge

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Power plants Damage assessment and restoration; nuclear priority Transmission lines Based on grid reliability and customers served Substations Based on grid reliability and customers served Essential services Public health and safety – hospitals, nursing homes, police fire, water systems Large Service areas Largest number of customers in least amount of time Individual homes Safety, damage assessment and restoration Power Restoration Priorities

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Storm Tracking Has Become Much More Sophisticated

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Real Time Outage Data on Utility Websites is Common

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Severe Weather Fuel delivery issues Environmental alerts Forest or brush fires Geomagnetic disturbances Terrorist or sabotage threats Actual attacks of physical or cyber assets Transmission Operational Impacts which lead to “Conservative Operations”

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Government and Industry Coordination Electricity Subsector Coordinating Council (ESCC) DOE, DHS, FEMA and Utility CEO’s Regional Mutual Assistance Groups (RMAG’s) for storms with national implications Hurricane Irma – 60,000 workers from U.S. and Canada Storm Restoration has become Highly Organized

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Historically coal and natural gas deliveries can effect plant availability Coal: Regional, inventory stockpile Natural gas: Regional, inventory vis pipeline Coal and gas contract implications Recent regional pressures on natural gas availability Typically with “abnormal” weather New England, Texas, California, Midwest Generation reliability impacted Fuel Delivery Issues

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New England Resorts to Oil Fired Generation (Winter 2017-18)

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In Texas last August New Peak: 74,531 MW (8/12/19) $9000/ Mwhr Demand response @ 1750Mw Rotating outages @ 1000Mw Planning Reserve 8.6%

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Weather and Gas Supply Impacted Wholesale Power Prices in 2018…

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Cold Weather “Cyclones and Vortexs ”

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Environmental Alerts Limitations on specific generating units – air and water Can be regional, usually localized Air quality, spills, discharges Incident reporting and oversight Forest and Brush Fire Impact is Growing California utility actions Specific PG&E “paradox” Environmental Alerts and Forest/Brush Fires

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Electromagnetic Pulses (EMP) A short burst of electromagnetic energy Origin may be natural: lightning, meteor impact, solar corona burst Or manmade: Power line surges, nuclear explosion, non-nuclear EMP weapons High-altitude pulse is primary concern Studies ongoing regarding impact and hardening Geomagnetic Disturbances (GMD) A form of electromagnetic pulse Solar flares produce a “wind” of charged particles Magnitude of the solar flare determines intensity of the GMD GMD’s cause geomagnetically induced currents (GIC’s) Geomagnetic Disturbances Depiction of a corona mass ejection (CME )

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The “Quebec Blackout Storm” - March 13,1989 Five 735 lines tripped; 9500MW generation lost Quebec grid collapsed Salem(NJ) step-up transformer failed Multiple lines tripped in northern U.S. Ionizing particles from the sun interact with the earth’s magnetic field Voltage potentials induced in the earths crust, resulting in geomagnetically induced currents traveling through the crust Areas of igneous rock resist the flow – follows path of least resistance, up the ground path and along the lines and back to earth

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Reduce scheduled plant and line outages and/or maintenance Purchase or make available more resources Reduce transfer limits Modify analysis, consider more conservative values Staff backup facilities Work with governmental agencies as needed Increased communications/notifications Conservative Grid Operations

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Ensure worker and public safety Strong focus on workforce training and safety Education of the public Minimize environmental impact Operate the system to minimize the impact on the environment Plant emissions, construction work, spills and incidents Minimize costs to the customer Efficiency and productivity in all aspects Monitoring and improving costs: operational and capital Support community and customer needs Supporting public works projects Outage responsiveness, professionalism, customer interaction Working within the industry Event response and cooperation Sharing best practices Additional Operational Fundamentals

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Public Policy Continued Industry events and regulation Energy policy – federal and state Merchant generation Evolution of power markets Changing business structures Renewable policies ISO’s, RTO’s and NERC Next Lecture(s)

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PowerPoint Presentation Gary Leidich Gary Leidich 1 2019-09-20T13:49:35Z 2019-10-11T19:50:23Z

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Office Theme 2103 1245 Microsoft Office PowerPoint On-screen Show (4:3) 266 33 1 0 0 false Fonts Used 6 Theme 2 Slide Titles 33 Arial Calibri Lucida Sans Unicode Verdana Wingdings 2 Wingdings 3 1_Concourse Concourse Utility Operational Fundamentals – “Keeping the Lights On” Control Area Concept Utility Operational Fundamentals Simplified AGC Scheme Power Supply Reliability Issues Utility Operational Fundamentals SCADA Basics Today’s SCADA Functional Diagram Transmission Control Center (NYISO) Continuous Technology Upgrades (PJM) Utility Operational Fundamentals Distribution Circuits Often Networked for Reliability Distribution Fault Devices are Coordinated Distribution Devices for Reliability Underground vs. Overhead Storm Response as Part of Operations Power Restoration Priorities Storm Tracking Has Become Much More Sophisticated Real Time Outage Data on Utility Websites is Common Transmission Operational Impacts which lead to “Conservative Operations” Storm Restoration has become Highly Organized Fuel Delivery Issues New England Resorts to Oil Fired Generation (Winter 2017-18) In Texas last August Weather and Gas Supply Impacted Wholesale Power Prices in 2018… Cold Weather “Cyclones and Vortexs” Environmental Alerts and Forest/Brush Fires Geomagnetic Disturbances The “Quebec Blackout Storm” - March 13,1989 Conservative Grid Operations Additional Operational Fundamentals Next Lecture(s) false false false 16.0000