Health final essay problems. 5 problems, minimum 100 words EACH

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Stimulants

Why do we need them?

How are they socially acceptable?

Reasons Why People Use

  • Experimentation/study aid (students)
  • Appetite suppressant/weight control
  • 4% of OU students have used cocaine at least once in the last 30 days 0.42 Crack
  • 63% had used Ritalin type medications for non-medical reasons 18% to increase academic performance

2019 Healthy Campus Survey

Stimulants

  • Major and Minor Stimulants

  • All major stimulants cause increased alertness, excitation, and euphoria; thus these drugs are referred to as “uppers.”

Amphetamines

  • Cause dependence due to their euphoric properties and ability to eliminate fatigue.
  • Can be legally prescribed by physicians.
  • Abuse occurs in people who acquire their drugs by both legitimate and illicit ways.

Approved Uses of Amphetamines

  • Narcolepsy
  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Tell your doctor if…….
  • you or your child have any heart problems, heart defects, high blood pressure, or a family history of these problems.
  • you or your child have, or about a family history of suicide, bipolar illness, or depression

Side Effects

  • Abuse
  • Cardiovascular toxicities
  • Increased heart rate
  • Elevated blood pressure
  • Damage to blood vessels

Minor Stimulants

  • Caffeine is the most frequently consumed stimulant in the world.
  • It is classified as a
    methylxanthine
  • It is found in a number
    of beverages
  • Also found in some OTC
    medicines and chocolate
  • Americans consume 400 million cups of coffee per day. 75% of caffeine consumed is coffee.

Caffeine Content of Beverages
and Chocolate

  • Beverage Caffeine Content (mg)/cup Amount

  • Brewed coffee 90–125 5 oz.
  • Instant coffee 35–164 5 oz.
  • Decaffeinated coffee 1–6 5 oz.
  • Tea 25–125 5 oz.
  • Cocoa 5–25 5 oz.
  • Coca-Cola 45 12 oz.
  • Pepsi-Cola 38 12 oz.
  • Mountain Dew 54 12 oz.
  • Chocolate bar 1–35 1 oz.

Physiological Effects of Stimulants

  • CNS effects
  • Enhances alertness, causes arousal, diminishes fatigue
  • Adverse CNS effects
  • Insomnia, increase in tension, anxiety, and initiation of muscle twitches
  • Over 500 milligrams—panic sensations, chills, nausea, clumsiness
  • Extremely high doses (5 to 10 grams)— seizures, respiratory failure, and death

Physical Effects of Stimulants

  • Caffeine intoxication
  • Restlessness, nervousness,
    excitement, insomnia,
    flushed face, dizzy,
    muscle twitching, rambling thoughts and speech, stomach complaints
  • Caffeine dependence

OTC Drugs Containing Caffeine or Caffeine-like Stimulants

  • Analgesics (OTC pain meds)
  • Stay-awake products
  • Decongestants
  • Herbal stimulants

Major Stimulants

  • Meth
  • Ecstasy
  • Rx medications
  • Cocaine

Meth

  • Immediately after smoking or injection a meth user experiences an intense sensation called a “Rush”
  • Users become addicted quickly and with frequent use increase doses
  • Meth releases high levels of dopamine
  • 1% of OU students have used meth in the last 30 days Healthy Campus Survey 2019

Meth Short Term Effects

Increased alertness Increase heart rate

Sense of well-being Paranoia

Intense high “Rush” Violent behavior

Hallucinations Insomnia

Intense sexual pleasure No appetite

Aggressive behavior Numbness

Meth Long-Term Effects

  • Fatal kidney/lung disorders Decreased social life
  • Depression Loss of coping skills
  • Psychological problems Liver damage
  • Weight loss Stroke
  • Insomnia Death
  • Paranoid schizophrenia
  • Malnutrition
  • Violent/aggressive behavior

Meth Addiction/Tolerance

  • Addiction
  • Occurs when the user seeks out and takes the drug compulsively
  • Tolerance
  • The user needs larger

doses of the drug to

get the same desired results

Meth

  • 4 step process of clandestine production
  • Extraction Phase: extracting ephedrine/pseudoephedrine
  • Reaction Phase: combining pre-cursors and add heat match books, RedP, ephedrine, anhydrous, ammonia, peroxide, lithium, metal mason jars, hot plates, milk jugs and vinyl tubing

Meth

  • Separation/Oil Phase: adding solvent to form oil to separate from water lighter fluid, gasoline, kerosene or coleman fuel

  • Crystallization Phase: use of acid gas generator precipitates Methamphetamine add hydrogen chloride, salt or drano
  • Highly Volatile Production Process
  • Shake and Bake

Rx Medications

  • Methylphenidate
  • Classified as a Schedule II drug
  • Common use to treat ADD
  • Non-ADD user could be charged with possession of a controlled substance.
  • 63% of OU students have used for non-medical use.

Rx Medications

  • More potent that caffeine and less potent than amphetamines
  • In large doses can cause seizures, psychosis or stroke, psychotic episodes

  • Dexedrine, Concerta,Vyvanse, Adderall

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqWnumbraI4

Short-Term Effects

  • Appetite Suppression
  • Wakefulness/Increased heart rate & BP
  • Increased focus/attentiveness
  • Euphoria
  • Insomnia
  • Weight loss

Long-Term Effects

  • Potential for dependence and addiction
  • Anxiety, restlessness, paranoia, delusions
  • Formication, skin rash & itching
  • Tremors and muscle twitching
  • Nausea/vomiting/headaches/dizziness
  • Severe depression upon withdrawal

Ecstasy is a synthetic (man-made) drug.

The Facts - Ecstasy

  • Stimulant and Hallucinogen
  • Acts as a Psychoactive Drug
  • The chemical is MDMA, Molly
  • Street Names: Ecstasy, X, Beans, XTC, Stacy, Adam, Love Drug
  • Became a Schedule I drug in 1985
  • Most people using Molly in Athens are really using Meth
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEO1lI5ZFL8

The Wanted Effects

  • “Mood elevator” that produces a relaxed, euphoric state
  • Heightened feelings of empathy, emotional warmth, and self-acceptance
  • Sensations of understanding and accepting others
  • Enhances physical senses such as touch, taste, and smell
  • Enhanced sexual experience, loss of gag reflex
  • 3.1% of OU students had used in the last 30 days
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-I1MEQeGRA4

The Unwanted Effects

Short-term Effects

  • Muscle tension
  • Nausea
  • Blurred vision
  • Rapid eye-movement
  • Faintness, chills, and sweating
  • Death from overheating

The Unwanted Effects

Long-term Effects

  • Psychological difficulties:
  • Confusion
  • Sleep problems
  • Depression (Serotonin depletion)
  • Drug craving
  • Severe Anxiety
  • Paranoia
  • Addiction

The Unwanted Effects

Long-term Effects

  • Physical symptoms:
  • Increase in heart rate and blood pressure
  • Develop a rash that looks like severe acne because of liver damage
  • Development of panic disorders
  • Jaw clenching that leads to the grinding away of tooth enamel

Ecstasy and illegal use

Many pills sold on the illicit market as “Ecstasy” usually contain substances far more dangerous than MDMA.

  • PMA – a powerful stimulant used in place of MDMA
  • Cheaper
  • Easier to manufacture

Cough Syrup

  • DXM – a legal cough suppressant, that in high does can prevent sweating
  • Deaths can occur
  • Various Over-the-Counter medications

Bath Salts

  • The synthetic powder is sold legally online and in drug paraphernalia stores under a variety of names, such as "Ivory Wave," "Purple Wave,“ "Cloud Nine,“ "Vanilla Sky," "White Lightning," "Scarface," and "Hurricane Charlie.“

Bath Salts

  • These products often contain various amphetamine-like chemicals, such as (MPDV), mephedrone and pyrovalerone.
  • Produce Meth like effects with high rate of overdose.
  • NIDA reports that death rates of 23,000 peaked in 2012.

Krokodil-Desomorphine

  • Derivative of codeine may contain unknown ingredients. Can be cooked at home like Meth.
  • Those who inject causes extreme skin ulcerations, infections and gangrene.
  • Zombie like psychotic behavior

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY3EHQfkCsI

Cocaine is a naturally occurring psychostimulant

found in the leaves of a South American shrub.

The Facts - Cocaine

History

  • 1814 - researchers encouraged people to use cocaine as a food supplement
  • Coca-Cola was introduced in 1886 as a “valuable brain tonic and cure for all nervous afflictions.”
  • In 1906 there was undetectable amounts of cocaine in Coca-Cola.
  • It was illegalized in 1914.
  • By 1982, 20 million Americans tried cocaine compared to only 4 million in 1974.

The Facts - Cocaine

  • Powerful central nervous system stimulant
  • Interferes with the re-absorption process of dopamine, serotonin
  • Major route of administration – sniffing, snorting, smoking, injecting
  • Street Names:
  • China White, Blow, Snow, Candy,

Coke, Happy dust, Line, Rock

Free-basing is a method of reducing impurities in cocaine.

It is also the most powerful form of cocaine.

This is also known as crack or rock.

The removal of hydrochloride for a lower melting point to smoke.

The Wanted Effects

  • Intense sense of pleasure and being alive
  • Intense feeling of supremacy
  • Having more energy and being more alert
  • Elevates mood
  • Clearer thinking
  • Enhanced concentration and performance.

The Unwanted Effects

  • Insomnia/Restlessness
  • Increased temperature
  • Dilated pupils
  • Constricted vessels
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Decreased appetite
  • Increased heart rate
  • Convulsions
  • Nausea
  • Blurred vision
  • Chest pain
  • Muscle spasms
  • Coma

Short-term Effects

The Unwanted Effects

Long-term Effects

  • Paranoia/anxiety disorders
  • Irritability
  • Restlessness
  • Auditory Hallucinations
  • Formication/sensory hallucinations
  • Depression
  • Heart attacks, strokes and seizures
  • Open sores from continuous injections

Coca ethylene

  • A drug that is formed in your body when cocaine and alcohol are mixed
  • Enhances cocaine’s euphoric effects
  • Increases cardiovascular risks
  • Leads to more impulsive decision-making
  • Increases the risk of sudden death

Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse

3 Stages of Cocaine Withdrawal

The Crash, initial abstinence phase consisting of depression, agitation, suicidal thoughts, and fatigue

Withdrawal, including mood swings, craving and drug seeking

Extinction, when normal pleasure returns, which cues trigger cravings and mood swings

Treatment of Cocaine Dependence

Is highly individualistic and has variable success

Principal strategies include inpatient and outpatient programs

Drug therapy often is used to relieve short-term cocaine craving and to alleviate mood problems and long-term craving

Counseling and support therapy are essential

Cocaine Trends

  • Cocaine abuse continues to be one of the greatest drug concerns in the U. S.

  • From 1978 to 1987, the U.S. experienced the largest cocaine epidemic in history

  • Decline of abuse began in the later 1980’s

Substance-induced psychotic disorder

  • Prominent psychotic symptoms (i.e., hallucinations and/or delusions ) determined to be caused by the effects of a psychoactive substance is the primary feature of a substance-induced psychotic disorder.

  • A substance may induce psychotic symptoms during intoxication (while the individual is under the influence of the drug) or during withdrawal (after an individual stops using the drug).

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DEA Schedule

  • Schedule I and II drugs have a high potential for abuse.

 

  • Schedule I – available for research only and have not medical use

 

  • Schedule II – available only by prescription (not refillable) and require a form for ordering

 

  • Schedule III & IV – available by prescription, may have five refills in 6 months, and may be ordered through the mail

 

  • Schedule V – available over the counter